Optimization Of Extraction Parameters Research Articles

Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from medlar (Mespilus germanica l.) seeds

The production of SC CO2 extracts from different types of biologically active raw materials growing in different soil and climatic conditions has been studied and continues to be studied. The object of this study was the bones of a wild medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) growing in Azerbaijan. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal technological parameters of extraction. The experimental part of the work included obtaining oil from medlar seeds by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide at the extraction plant of the company “SITEC” Switzerland at different technological parameters and determining the content of fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography with mass-selective detection (GC-MS). Data were obtained characterizing the oil yield in a wide range of temperatures (40 …80°C) and pressures (100 …280 bar), as well as its physico-chemical parameters and fatty acid profile. It has been established that the optimal parameters for the extraction process are a pressure of 150-250 bar (preferably 200 bar), a temperature of 40°C, a time of 1 - 1.5 h. The data obtained allow us to get a more complete picture of the biotechnological potential of the local medlar as a raw material for processing by modern extraction methods.

Effect of solvent type on ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Ficaria kochii: Optimization by response surface methodology

The optimization of extraction conditions to recover antioxidant rich extract from plant of Ficaria Kochii with an ultrasound-assisted system was achieved by response surface methodology. The rotatable central composite design (RCCD) was used to optimize extraction parameters in terms of total phenolic and total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The optimum conditions for extraction by methanol were: ratio of solvent to raw material, 10%; extraction time, 50 min and extraction temperature, 60 °C. Under these conditions, the obtained total phenolic content 46.379 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry matter and total flavonoid content 11.754 mg quercetin equivalents/g dry matter with antioxidant property (DPPH: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity) was 89.548%. Also, the optimum operating conditions for extraction by water were: ratio of solvent to raw material, 10%; extraction time, 30 min and extraction temperature, 40 °C. Under these conditions, the obtained total phenolic content 51.112 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry matter and total flavonoid content 4.331 mg quercetin equivalents/g dry matter with antioxidant property was 97.004%. This study suggests that the antioxidant rich extract from plant of Ficaria Kochii can be a candidate for food antioxidant and Due to these features, this extract can be used in food storage.

Selection of optimal extraction parameters for determination of fl avonoids in fruits and cormus empetrum nigrum

The selection of the optimal extraction parameters allows the maximum extraction of biologically active substances from raw materials and further research for the development of industrial extraction methods. The conditions of extraction with the highest yield of fl avonoids from Empetrum nigrum fruits were experimentally selected: extract ant ‒ alcohol 95 %, particle size 0,5 mm, ratio of raw materials and extract ant 1: 100, extraction time 45 minutes, ratio of extraction and complexing agent 1:2, concentration of complexing agent 2 %; from shoots of Empetrum nigrum: extractant – alcohol 95 %, particle size 1,0 mm, ratio of raw materials and extractant 1:100, extraction time 30 minutes,
 ratio of extraction and complexing agent 1:2,5, concentration of complexing agent 5 %. The content of the sum of fl avonoids in terms of rutin in the fruits of the Empetrum nigrum was 0,77±0,02 %, in the shoots of the Empetrum nigrum – 4,23±0,07 %.

Optimization of the Extraction of Total Phenols from Medicago sativa and Its Antioxidant Capacity.

The phenolic compounds from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are used as antioxidants and in native medicine. They play an indispensable role in defense and signal transduction of the plant under stress conditions. This exploration of the optimal extraction parameters of the total phenols from alfalfa by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was aimed at providing a theoretical basis for better utilization of the total phenols in alfalfa. In this study, the effects of solvent volume fraction (A), extraction time (B), solid-liquid ratio (C) and extraction temperature (D) on the total phenols content and the total antioxidant capacity of Medicago sativa L. WL363HQ after thrips infestation were determined through single-factor experiments. Additionally, the extraction conditions of total phenols were optimized by using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the proposed model had a good fitting degree for total phenols extraction (R2 =0.9564). The total phenols extraction from WL363HQ had significant relationship with solid-liquid ratio (C) and extraction temperature (D) (P<0.05). The influence levels of the four factors on total phenols extraction were as follows: extraction temperature (D) > solid-liquid ratio (C)>acetone volume fraction (A)>extraction time (B). The optimum extraction conditions of total phenols from WL363HQ were 50 % acetone, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 20 (g/mL), extraction time of 45 min and extraction temperature of 60 °C. The corresponding content and total antioxidant capacity under the optimized conditions were 15.76 mg g-1 and 28.79 μmol Trolox g-1 . These results provided a new extraction method of total phenols from alfalfa.

Ultrasound-assisted preparation of ‘Ready-to-use’ extracts from Radix Paeoniae Rubra with natural deep eutectic solvents and neuroprotectivity evaluation of the extracts against cerebral ischemic/ reperfusion injury

Natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) is widely applied in the extraction of nutrients from natural resources as a greener alternative for fossil solvent. In the present work, 27 different NaDESs were screened for the extraction of paeoniflorin (PF) and galloyl paeoniflorin (GPF) from Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR). After screening and extraction parameter optimization, the extraction yields of PF and GPF reached up to 182.8 mg/g and 77.4 mg/g with the selected NaDES, ChCl-Sor. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity in vitro and neuroprotectivity in vivo of the ‘ready-to-use’ extracts were evaluated comprehensively. Especially in vivo, the cerebral ischemic/ reperfusion injury model was established in rats and the protective effects of the RPR extracts were determined. The results not only proved that NaDES is a valuable green extraction media, but also indicated the safety and potential pharmaceutical application of NaDES based ‘ready-to-use’ extracts from medical plants.

Ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis fruit: Modeling, optimization, purification, and characterization

Ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis fruit was modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), and optimized using genetic algorithm coupled with ANN (GA-ANN). Statistical analysis showed that the models obtained by RSM and ANN could accurately predict the Cornus officinalis polysaccharides (COPs) yield. However, ANN prediction was more accurate than RSM. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest COPs yield (7.85 ± 0.09)% was obtained at the ultrasound power of 350 W, extraction temperature of 51 ℃, liquid-to-solid ratio of 17 mL/g, and extraction time of 38 min. Subsequently, the crude COPs were further purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to obtain a homogenous fraction (COPs-4-SG, 33.64 kDa) that contained galacturonic acid, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 34.82:14.19:6.75:13.48:12.26. The structure of COPs-4-SG was also characterized with UV–vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Congo-red test, and circular dichroism (CD). The findings provide a feasible way for the extraction, purification, and optimization of polysaccharides from plant resources

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of herbicides from soil and rice using Response surface modelling

ABSTRACT A simple, efficient and cost-effective ultrasound-assisted extraction method for the quantification of penoxsulam, anilofos, bispyribac sodium, butachlor and pretilachlor from soil and rice was developed and validated. Three independent variables, including ultrasonication temperature, ultrasonication time, type and volume of solvent, were studied by single-factor experiments. Box–Behnken design (BBD) was also used to determine the optimal parameters for efficient extraction of penoxsulam, anilofos, bispyribac sodium, butachlor and pretilachlor herbicides from soil and rice. Under optimum conditions, the mean percent recoveries ranged from 82.1 ± 3.32 to 93.8 ± 2.56 from soil and rice grain with relative standard deviation <10% and limit of quantification less than the maximum residue limits imposed by principal regulatory agencies. Results depicted that the experimental values were consistent with the predicted values, indicating that RSM is accurate and reliable method to find the optimal UAE extraction conditions for studied herbicides from soil and rice. Furthermore, the greenness was evaluated using AGREE metrics, and UAE was found to be a greener and efficient method for the determination of herbicides from soil and rice. The developed method was extended to the analysis of real samples and concentration of herbicides at 0 day in soil samples varied from 0.483 ± 1.65 to 1.420 ± 1.41 µg g−1. At harvest, the concentrations of herbicides in soil and rice were below the permissible limit (<0.01 µg g−1).

Regression Analysis in Development of Method for Isolation and Quantitative Determination of Water-soluble Polysaccharides from Sunflower Roots of One-year-old

Introduction. The roots of one-year-old sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are mainly wastes of agricultural enterprises when cultivating this crop. At the same time, they differ in a rich chemical composition and contain water-soluble polysaccharides, the base of which is inulin.Aim. The aim of this study is to select optimal parameters of ultrasonic extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from sunflower roots of oneyear old based on regression analysis.Materials and methods. For the experiment, raw materials purchased from one of the pharmacies in the city of Voronezh were used. A sample of raw materials (1.0 grams) was placed in an ultrasonic bath Grad 40-35, which allows maintaining the necessary temperature and frequency of ultrasound with a given duration of time. Then, 10 (15 or 20) ml of purified water purified from impurities at a temperature of 60 °C to 80 °C was measured with a measuring flask and extracted from 10 to 20 minutes with a multiplicity of 1 to 3, and after each of the multiple studies, the same raw material was further filtered with a new solvent.Results and discussion. The initial conditions and the data obtained during the experiments made it possible to present the regression model in the form of a linear multiple regression equation, which can be used with sufficient accuracy in prediction and analysis. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by testing hypotheses against Pearson's χ2 criterion. The correlation coefficient derived from the values of the regression coefficient and the mean square deviation was used in determining the tightness of the overall relationship between the source and the obtained data. In addition, a detailed study of a sample of those variables whose priority was not clearly expressed was carried out by processing when fixing their values.Conclusion. The most important conditions for extraction of the roots of sunflower of a one-year old should be considered: extraction temperature equal to 80 °C; extraction multiplicity equal to 3; an ultrasound frequency of 35 kHz; Note here that raw material grinding can vary from 0.5 mm to 2 mm, extraction time can range from 15 min to 20 min, ratio of raw material and extractant can vary from 1 g per 10 ml to 1 g per 15 ml.

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Extraction Improves Polyphenol Yield and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extracts.

Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) herbal dust has been recognized as a potential underutilized resource for the recovery of antioxidants. The aim of this paper was to optimize natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of polyphenols to obtain improved antioxidant activity of extracts determined by selected in vitro assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). Twenty different NADES systems were investigated in the first step of the screening of the extraction solvent and l-proline (Pro)–glycerine (Gly) based solvents provided the best results. Preliminary experiments organized by 25−1 fractional factorial design narrowed down the number of extraction factors from five (temperature, extraction time, NADES type, water content and L/S ratio) to three and determined their experimental domain for the final step. A face-centered central composite design with temperature (40–55–70 °C), extraction time (60–120–180 min) and L/S ratio (10–20–30 g NADES/g sample) was applied for influence analysis and process optimization. Multi-response optimization suggested a temperature of 65 °C, time of extraction of 180 min and L/S ratio of 28 g NADES/g DW as optimal extraction parameters. Experimental validation confirmed good agreement between experimental and predicted results in the extract obtained at optimal conditions and the interactions in the most suitable NADES (N16; Pro–Gly–H2O; 1:2:1) were confirmed by the 1H-NMR.

Investigation of the chemical composition of cell cultures of DIOSCOREA CAUCASICA in connection with the production of BAS sources with cardioprotective potential

Dioscorea Caucasica is a source of various biologically active substances (BAS), e.g. saponins and polyphenols, which are known for their anti-atherosclerotic action. However, this species is in the Red List of many Russian regions. Biotechnological methods of production of callus, suspension, and root cultures in vitro can solve this problem. The research objective was to select the optimal BAS extraction parameters. The study featured in vitro cell cultures, grown according to standard methods, and extracts, obtained from these cultures using various organic solvents and extraction parameters, i.e. temperature, the ratio of raw material vs. extractant, time, etc. The best yield of the extract from callus cultures was observed when methanol was applied in a ratio of 1:10 at 40°C for 60 min. As for suspension cultures, the greatest yield was provided by isopropanol in a ratio of 1:10 at 40°C for 30 min. In case of root cultures, the most effective combination was that of isopropanol in a ratio of 1:10 at 40°C for 60 min. The root culture proved the source of the highest BAS content, namely caffeic acid, rutin, mangiferin, quercetin, and apigenin. The content of rutin was 13 and 22 times higher than that of callus and suspension cultures. TLC, HPLC, and NMR procedures demonstrated that the isopropanol extract contained such saponins as glucopyranoside, rhamnopyranoside, deltoside, protodioscin, spirosthenol A, and spirosthenol B. These substances are known for their antiatherosclerotic properties. Therefore, in v itro cell cultures of Dioscorea Caucasica can be used as raw materials for various pharmaceutical purposes, as well as in functional foods.

Polyphenol, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Garlic (&lt;i&gt;Allium sativum &lt;/i&gt;L.) Extract Obtained by Two Different Extraction Processes

Garlic is a globally used spice due to its pungent taste and a fishy deodorant and digestive stimulator. Owing to the widespread use of garlic in both Oriental and Western medicine, further investigations on garlic extracts might carry important implications in the industry. In this study, we conducted extraction of garlic extraction by two conventional methods and an ultrasonic assisted method. The processes were optimized with respect to various quality parameters including polyphenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that extracting garlic under the ultrasonic support will show higher efficiency than the non-ultrasonic extraction. The optimal extraction parameters are: 70% ethanol solvent, 10/1 solvent / material ratio, 40 °C temperature and 40 minutes time. Keywords: Allium Sativum L., Garic, Polyphenol, Flavonoid, Antioxidant

Bioactive compounds from Taraxacum officinale extracts obtained by optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction

In this study, the extraction of plant species Taraxacum officinale (F. H. Wigg) was optimized providing the maximum extraction of phenolic compounds using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum extraction parameters were as follows: extraction temperature of 60°C, extraction time of 30 min and 1:32.7 g/mL solid-liquid ratio for ethanol extract, and 60°C, 30 min, 1:14.2 g/mL ratio for acetone extract. The optimized extracts exhibited different biological activities. Ethanol extract showed better DPPH radicals scavenging activity and reducing power compared to acetone extract. The extracts had low antibacterial activity. In addition, the extracts had no effect on the healthy MRC-5 cell line, while acetone extract reduced the viability of HCT-116 carcinoma cells. This paper provides a basis for further research on the optimization of dandelion extraction under different conditions and testing the bioactivity of this medicinal plant.

Selecting optimal parameters for obtaining the extract of red grape pomace

Due to the industrial processing of grapes, large amounts of by-products are produced. The main varieties of by-products are pomace, which is comprised of skins, seeds and any other solid remaining after pressing process and sediments. It is necessary to implement new effective ways of processing to minimize these residues. This problem is relevant for all the wine-producing countries, including Georgia. It is well-known fact that pomace is an important source of phenolic compounds, which are characterized by high antioxidant activity and possess healing-prophylactic properties. It is also worth mentioning that pomace is an easily spoiled product, and without the proper processing, it cannot be stored for a long time. Thus, this research aimed to obtain optimal parameters for extraction, preserving the antioxidant characteristics. The optimal range of the following parameters for extraction was determined: the temperature for drying 45-50 °C, grinding level 1.5 mm, diluent concentration 70% ethanol/water solvent, extraction module 1:20, extraction temperature 50-55 °C, and duration 2 h. This determination of technological parameters of extraction was done according to the best physical-chemical measures and antioxidant activity level. The physical-chemical tests were performed according to the European Union standards. These parameters can produce an extract with distinct antioxidant characteristics that can be used in the food industry as a natural antioxidant. The extract with distinct antioxidant properties was obtained, which can be used in the food industry as a natural antioxidant.

Physicochemical properties of winter savory extracts prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction

This study aimed to assess the optimal extraction parameters, solvent-to-solid ratio, and extraction time, for ultrasound-assisted extraction of Satureja montana L. (winter savory) harvested from a 6-year-old experimental plantation. The optimization was performed in order to acquire extracts that are rich in the content of polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and proteins, and also exhibit strong antioxidant activity, while maintaining satisfactory physical characteristics. Besides this, the influence of UV irradiation on the physicochemical properties of the selected extracts was also analyzed. The TPC values increased with longer extraction time and higher ratio (ranging from 41.4 to 56.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g for the ratio 30:1, and 52.4-58.4 mg GAE/g for 40:1), and the TFC followed the same trend. Total protein content values increased with the increase in the solvent-to-solid ratio, while the extraction time had no significant influence. All used antioxidant assays showed better activities when a higher solvent-to-solid ratio has been performed. pH values ranged from 6.00 to 6.46. The extraction time and solvent-to-solid ratio did not significantly influence the conductivity, whereas the zeta potential was significantly affected. The highest density was detected in the extract acquired at a 40:1 ratio after 30 min (0.994 g/mL), and higher viscosity of the extracts attained at a 30:1 ratio compared to the parallels at a 40:1 ratio. According to the results of UV stability, UV light significantly affected the TPC, TFC, total proteins, ABTS radical scavenging, cupric, and ferric ion-reducing activities, with a positive effect on ferric ion-reducing potential, and the denisty. In conclusion, the extraction conditions that yielded the best phenolic-rich extract with good antioxidant potential and satisfactory physical properties were a 40:1 solvent-to-solid ratio and a 30 minute extraction time.

Substantiation of technological parameters of the oil extract obtained from Urtica dioica roots based on the yield determination of phytosterols using capillary gas chromatography method

Due to the content of phytosterols, extractive preparations of Urtica dioica roots are able to show antiandrogenic effect in the case of external therapy of men and women with androgenic alopecia. Oil extracts (OE) are characterized by several advantages when applied to the skin of the scalp compared to water-alcohol extracts. For the development of OE technology from Urtica dioica roots, it is important to choose the optimal extraction parameters, which are based on the quantitative determination of phytosterols in the extractant and the studied samples of extracts.&#x0D; The aim of the work is to choose the optimal parameters for obtaining OE from Urtica dioica roots based on quantitative determination of phytosterols content in experimental samples of OE by gas capillary chromatography.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Objects of the research – Urtica dioica root, refined corn oil, refined sunflower oil, samples of oil extracts. Determination of phytosterol content in experimental samples was carried out by gas capillary chromatography (chromatograph “Crystal 2000”, manufacturer – research and production company “Analytics”).&#x0D; Results. 5 different compounds of steroid structure (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, etc.) were identified in sunflower oil by gas liquid chromatography, and 10 (campesterol, 2-α stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenosterol, etc.) were identified in sunflower oil. The quantitative content of β-sitosterol in the sum of sterols of corn oil was significantly higher compared to the content of this substance in sunflower oil and amounted to 59.33 %. Optimal technological parameters were established considering the peculiarities of extraction with oil extractant and quantitative determination of the amount of phytosterols and β-sitosterol in experimental samples of OE. The total content of plant sterols in OE, including considering their amount in the extractant, was in the range of 7880 mg/kg; the amount of β-sitosterol was 4638 mg/kg.&#x0D; Conclusion. The choice of optimal parameters for obtaining OE from UDR based on determination of phytosterol yield by gas capillary chromatography was experimentally substantiated, namely: extractant – corn oil, raw material-extract ratio – 1: 5, extraction time – 6 h, extraction method – maceration

Inclusion of a pitching mid-wall for a dual-chamber oscillating water column wave energy converter device

The concept of a dual-chamber oscillating water column (OWC) device consisting of a pitching mid-wall (restrained by an angle spring stiffness) is proposed and the corresponding theoretical model is established under the framework of potential flow theory. By employing the matched eigenfunction method along the common interfaces in terms of the velocity and pressure continuity, the present model can be numerically solved. A numerical strategy of successive approximation is utilized to determine the optimal turbine parameters for the optimal energy extraction. Some potential influential factors, including the linear density, installed location and draft of the mid-wall, chamber breadth and angle spring stiffness, are explored to analyze their impacts on the power extraction performance. It is found that the mid-wall in the dual-chamber structure with a relatively larger linear density and smaller draft is more beneficial for energy extraction. Under the condition that the dual-chamber structure is designed with a relatively wider size, an asymmetry configuration with a narrower front but a wider rear chamber is more recommended. In addition, a relatively smaller angle spring stiffness is advisable due to the occurrence of more satisfactory peak efficiency.

Selective separation of lithium from the high magnesium brine by the extraction system containing phosphate-based ionic liquids

The new extraction system containing phosphate-based ionic liquid ([N 1888 ][P 507 ] + TBP+FeCl 3 ) could significantly reduce the striping acidity from 6–9 mol·L −1 to 1~1.5 mol·L –1 . At the same time, the Li + extraction efficiency and separation factor were 63.8% and 190.7, respectively. • For the new system, Li + could be effectively stripped by HCl (1~1.5 mol·L −1 ). • The optimal results of E (Li) and β (Li/Mg) were 63.8% and 190.7, respectively. • The E (Li) remained above 70% by six extraction-stripping-extraction cycles. The high acidity of stripping is one of the major problems that hinder the industrialization of the tributyl phosphate (TBP) + FeCl 3 system for lithium extraction from the salt lake brines with high Mg/Li ratio. In this study, a novel solvent extraction system, trialkylmethylammonium di(2-ethylhexyl)orthophosphinate ([N 1888 ][P 507 ]) + TBP + FeCl 3 , was developed to significantly reduce the difficulty of stripping and simplify the extraction process. The conditions of extraction and stripping were systematically studied in the present work. The results showed that Li + extraction efficiency could reach 61% under the optimal extraction parameters and Li + stripping ratio was 90% with a relative mild conditions of O/A = 10:1, [HCl] aq = 1.5 mol·L –1 . Also, combined with experimental results, FT-IR analysis, and UV analysis, the possible mechanisms of lithium extraction and stripping were put forward. Li + was extracted from the aqueous phase through the formation of [Li·2TBP][FeCl 4 ] adduct, meanwhile [N 1888 ][P 507 ] was just slightly involved in the extraction step. In the stripping procedure, the interaction between [FeCl 4 ] − and [Li·2TBP] + might be destroyed, and new possible complexes, [Li·2TBP] + , and [FeCl 4 ·TBP·P 507 ] 2− /[FeCl 4 ·P 507 ] 2− were formed in the organic phase. Additionally, the extraction efficiency of Li + remained above 70% while the organic phase was reused for six cycles. Compared with the traditional system, the addition of [N 1888 ][P 507 ] resulted in a slight decrease of Li + extraction efficiency (about 5%), the stripping acidity significantly reduced from 6 mol·L –1 HCl to 1.5 mol·L –1 HCl. This new extraction system showed a promising performance in selective extracting and easy stripping in lithium separation from the salt lake brines with high Mg/Li ratio.

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis Samples Using Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm

Abstract In this study, the optimum values of propolis ethanol extracts parameters were determined with the use of single and multi-objective optimization procedures. The euclidean distance approach was used in the multi-objective optimization process. Firstly, propolis was extracted using water with ethanol contents 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% for 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Then, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities of all extracts were determined. With the obtained data a prediction model was produced with the use of artificial neural networks (ANN), and optimization was performed using a moth-flame (MFO) algorithm. The best prediction models for the TPC and FRAP were observed in 2-5-1 and 2-5-1 network architecture with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, 5.126 and 2.451%, respectively. For maximum TPC, the extraction parameters were determined as ethanol content 57.5% and extraction time 13.56 h. To maximize FRAP, the optimized extraction parameters were ethanol content 72.03% and extraction time 18.04 h. The optimum extraction conditions for both maximum values of the studied assays were ethanol content 70.03% and extraction time 16.93 h. The study concluded that the integrated ANN and MFO algorithm system can be used in single and multi-objective optimization of extraction parameters. The established optimization model can save time, money, labor and energy.

Combination of Analytical and Statistical Methods in Order to Optimize Antibacterial Activity of Clary Sage Supercritical Fluid Extracts.

The extraction of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was systematically studied by using thin layer chromatography-direct bioautography (TLC-DB) and response surface methodology (RSM). The three parameters temperature, pressure, and cosolvent ratio were optimized for the maximum antibacterial activity of clary sage extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The highest inhibition zone was 7.51 mm for P. aeruginosa and 7.57 mm for MRSA. According to RSM analysis, the predicted optimum extraction parameters are 18.6 MPa pressure, 40 °C temperature, and 2% ethanol (EtOH) ratio. The combination of this analytical and statistical method allows saving time, money, and instrument runtime in the optimization of essential oil composition, which is tailored to a specific task and could be useful on any kind of herbs in a wide range of use from perfume manufacturing to the food industry.

Optimization of the Extraction Technology and Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Chlorogenic Acid-Rich Extracts From Eucommia ulmoides Leaves

Chlorogenic acid has been proved to have cardiovascular protection, antibacterial, antiviral, hemostatic, and hypolipidemia effects. Modern scientific research on the bioactivity of chlorogenic acid has been extended to the fields of food, medicine, health care and daily-use chemical industry. The aim of this research was to optimize the extraction conditions for chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae) leaves. The significant variables were screened and optimized by a combination of Plackett-Burman test and Box-Behnken design. Optimum extraction parameters with ethanol concentration of 50%, solvent pH value of 3, and particle size of 60 mesh were determined according to variance analysis and contour plots. Under these conditions, the yield of chlorogenic acid was up to 4.36 mg/g, which was basically consistent with the theoretical prediction value of 4.50 mg/g. This study also proved the potential antioxidant activity of E. ulmoides leaves. The optimal extract of E. ulmoides leaves rich in chlorogenic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity in the FRAP method, which was 219.8 μM Trolox equivalents (TE) per g extract weight (EW) (μM TE/g EW). The DPPH method gave a similar value (168 μM TE/g EW) to the ABTS method (152 μM TE/g EW). The established extraction process was efficient in the recovery of chlorogenic acid from E. ulmoides leaves, encouraging its valorization as a cheap and sustainable alternative for the isolation of chlorogenic acid.