Official Interpretation Research Articles

Toward ICD-11 Implementation: Attitudes and Expectations of the Russian Psychiatric Community

Background. ICD-11 implementation will start in early 2022 in WHO member countries, including Russia. This process should be preceded not only by the official translation and wide distribution of ICD-11 statistical classification and diagnostic guidelines but also by clinicians’ training. For recent years ICD-11 development and innovations in the diagnosis of mental disorders were in the focus of attention of mental health professionals in all over the world. Objectives. This online survey aimed to identify the current views of the Russian psychiatric community on the upcoming implementation of ICD-11. Methods. A survey was composed in a Google form and circulated through the website of the Russian Society of Psychiatrists and other professional networks. Statistical and narrative analysis was provided. The sample was represented by 148 psychiatrists working in inpatient or outpatient clinical settings. Results. Expectations for the classification of mental disorders reported by the respondents were wider than the current purpose of ICD-10. In general, the Russian psychiatrists expressed their interests to forthcoming ICD-11 implementation. Positive attitudes to ICD-11 innovations were associated with the familiarity with the ICD-11 draft. Conservative or negative views were related to longer years of clinical experience. Early carrier psychiatrists were more practically oriented than ’old school’ clinicians. Conclusion. This survey may help to promote the ICD-11 by focusing on its advantages for clinical practice and develop targeted training programs.

Ideological and implementational spaces in Covid-era language policy and planning

The ongoing global pandemic exacerbates, but does not initiate, longstanding language policy and planning (LPP) concerns around the ways language education policies and practices sustain inequalities across linguistic and social identities. Elsewhere, I have argued there is an urgent need for language users, educators and researchers to counter those inequalities, filling up and wedging open ideological and implementational spaces for multiple languages, literacies, identities and practices to flourish in classroom, community and society. Here, using the lens of layered, scaled and interacting implementational and ideological spaces and focusing on cases of Indigenous education in the Andes and Mexico, I explore how ethnographic studies uncover intertwining LPP dynamics that might be leveraged to promote social change in the Covid heightened context of inequality. For example, potential equality and actual inequality of languages intertwine in Mexican education policy and practice to interrupt spaces for Maya language in a Yucatec Mayan Indigenous preschool, and intertwining monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies in the discourse of Indigenous leaders of Ecuador’s bilingual intercultural education reveal tensions negotiated in the politics of Kichwa identity and language across spaces like ministry offices, bilingual classrooms or official translation workshops. Meanwhile, top-down and bottom-up LPP activities intertwining in Peruvian bilingual education are leveraged locally to create transformational spaces for Quechua youth to acquire and use their heritage language in multimodal ways, and critical and transformative LPP research paradigms intertwine in an ethnographic project examining how higher education administrators, teachers and students collaborate to create new spaces for Indigenous language learning in Diidxazá/Isthmus Zapotec classes in Oaxaca, Mexico. How might these dynamic LPP ideological and implementational spaces be leveraged to confront the ever-greater inequities wrought by Covid in Indigenous educational access and ways of speaking and being?

Italian Dictionaries of Abbreviations and the Preparation of Entries of the Italian–Slovene Dictionary of Abbreviations

The present article addresses the two contemporary Italian dictionaries of abbreviations Malossini (1999) and Righini (2001) and outlines the position of the Italian abbreviations in some other Italian dictionaries, namely the monolingual Zingarelli (2000) and Garzanti (2021) and bilingual Slovene–Italian (Šlenc 2006) and Italian–Slovene (Šlenc 1997). The aim of the paper is to give an insight into the compilation of the abbreviation dictionary entries in monolingual Italian, bilingual in tandem with the Slovene language and specialised abbreviation dictionaries; highlight the elements present within the dictionary entries; present the deficiencies in compiling and examples of good practice; with the aim of introducing the outcomes in the compilation of the bilingual Italian–Slovene dictionary entries of the Slovene Contemporary Dictionary of Abbreviations. Within the paper we present the composition of the bilingual dictionary entries giving the reader an insight into the elements of the dictionary entry, namely the usage of language and field qualifiers, articulated prepositions, i.e. preposizioni articolate (composed of prepositions and definite articles), official translations and additional descriptions.

Validation of the Polish version of the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS).

In 2008, the Movement Disorders Society published the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS). This has become the established tool for assessing the severity and disability associated with dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). We translated and validated the Polish version of the UDysRS, explored its dimensionality, and compared it to the Spanish version, which is the Reference Standard for UDysRS translations. The UDysRS was translated into Polish by a team led by JS and GO. The back-translation, completed by colleagues fluent in both Polish and English who were not involved in the original translation, was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the MDS Rating Scales Programme. Then the translated version of the UDysRS underwent cognitive pretesting, and the translation was modified based on the results. The approved version was considered to be the Official Working Document of the Polish UDysRS and was tested on 250 Polish PD patients recruited at movement disorder centres. Data was compared to the Reference Standard used for validating UDysRS translations. The overall factor structure of the Polish version was consistent with that of the Reference Standard version, as evidenced by the high Confirmatory Fit Index score (CFI = 0.98). The Polish UDysRS was thus confirmed to share a common factor structure with the Reference Standard. The Official Polish UDysRS translation is recommended for use in clinical and research settings. Worldwide use of uniform rating measures offers a common ground to study similarities and differences in disease manifestations and progression across cultures.

Translation and validation of the Italian version of the user version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS).

SummaryBackgroundHealth sciences are steadily developing apps to help people to adopt correct lifestyles and to help physicians to monitor patients with chronic diseases. However, a properly validated tool that can evaluate patients’ perception of apps is still lacking in many languages. In English, a validated questionnaire, called User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS), is currently available. We translated the uMARS into Italian and validated our version.MethodsThe uMARS questionnaire was translated from English to Italian by an official translator, and then administered to 100 smartphone users in order to evaluate the same app at times 1 and 2 (after 2 weeks). Paired t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICCs) and Cronbach’s Alpha were used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Italian uMARS.ResultsWe recruited 100 subjects, 52 males (52%) and 48 females (48%), with a mean age of 22.8 (SD: 3.4). All subjects answered all questions both at time 1 and at time 2. Paired t-test showed no statistically significant difference in each answer or group of answers between times 1 and 2 (P > 0.05). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.945, as all subjects answered all questions. Each question was further assessed through the Pearson correlation coefficient, which demonstrated high reliability, with significant P (< 0.05) and Pearson Coefficients higher than 0.7. Similarly, ICCs were always higher than 0.750.ConclusionsOur results validated the Italian version of uMARS, which may become a reliable and useful tool for evaluating health apps.

Problematic aspects of the application of ECHR practice by the courts of Ukraine

Introduction. Ukraine signed Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms many years ago to provide effective protection of fundamental rights for every human that stands out on its' territory. This document is interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights. Practice of this Court must be used by national courts of Ukraine to match international human rights' standards. However, according to results of statistical research, application of that legal positions by national judges aren’t correct enough. The purpose of the paper is to identify and analyze problematic issues of application of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights by national courts of Ukraine. The authors also wanted to investigate the national practice of using the ECHR' legal positions and to provide recommendations to address shortcomings in such application. Results. The paper considers the issue of application of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights by the national courts of Ukraine. The legal nature of ECHR decisions' is studied. Authors are stick to the idea that judgments of ECHR aren’t classic precedent. There are authors' opinions about the problem of applying the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which has no official translation. They think that judges need to be taught professional English and French. So that they will be able to understand original text of judgments correct. There is also a thought about necessity of creating special database with Ukrainian translation of some judgments. Authors have also revealed problematic aspects of the application such as: erroneous, manipulative, formal references. There are some decisions of Ukrainian courts that have been analyzed by the authors. Erroneous references to decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in such cases have been determined. Authors stated that the reason of those defects is insufficient awareness of judges about the specifics of application legal positions of ECHR. Conclusion. According to the results of the work, the importance of education and training of future judges is stated. In addition, authors emphasized on necessity of further observations of this question.

Bara and Viala, or Virtue Rewarded: The Memorialization of Two Child Martyrs of the French Revolution

Abstract This article explores the commemoration of republican child martyrs Joseph Bara and Joseph-Agricol Viala, in Year II (1793–4), during the French Revolution. It compares the official interpretation of their deaths with the subsequent appropriation of this narrative in wider culture. The article argues that leading revolutionaries—notably Robespierre, Barère and David—utilized the heroic deaths of children specifically for their associations with natural virtue and innocence, setting the tone for a new model of republican morality. It then demonstrates that the state’s narrative was widely circulated, yet appropriated and commodified, using popular prints and theatre as case studies. This article thus demonstrates the limits of official control over French Revolutionary culture and traces the fragmented roots of what would become a revived memory cult in the Third Republic.

Mediating at the Margins: Yucatan’s Interpreters in Unconquered Lands, 1600-1697

Objective/Context: This article emphasizes the distinct duties of interpreters general, primarily working in legal matters, and mediators at the margins of colonial control. The widespread flight of Mayas seeking relief shifted the linguistic map of the interior, requiring speakers of multiple languages rather than the service of interpreters general who resided in Yucatan. Methodology: Research in the Archivo General de Indias and published primary sources show that mediation with migratory Mayas avoiding colonial rule required polyglot indigenous interpreters who moderated encounters between friars and neo-conquistadors, on the one hand, and resistant Mayas, on the other, in Yucatan’s interior, even as the holders of the office of interpreter general— the primary legal translators—were overwhelmingly European-descent creoles. Originality: This article seeks to add depth to our current understanding of the role of translators during the often overlooked seventeenth century. Conclusions: Official translators—interpreters generals whose duties were increasingly circumscribed as court functionaries—diverged from mediators in unconquered terrains whose knowledge of diverse indigenous languages, cultural broker abilities, and similar backgrounds made them ideal intermediaries with resistant Mayas.

Типичные ошибки адвокатов-защитников в применении уголовного закона при квалификации по объекту и предмету преступления

Analyzing the current legal situation in Russia, the author comes to the conclusion that in the field of qualification of crimes there are not enough acts of official interpretation of the norms of the criminal law and there is no unified approach to understanding the basic concepts and rules of legal assessment. These circumstances directly affect the effectiveness of the criminal law and affect the accuracy of legal qualifications. The article examines the typical mistakes of defense lawyers in the application of the criminal law when qualifying for the object and subject of the crime.

From détente to Revolution: Soviet Solidarity with Chile after Allende, 1973–79

Based on untapped sources from the state and foreign policy archives of the Russian Federation, and bridging the historiographies of human rights, Cold War Latin America, and Second-Third World relations, this article argues that Soviet solidarity with Chile after the 1973 coup that toppled socialist president Salvador Allende reflected the fundamental dilemma at the heart of Soviet policy in the 1970s: the pursuit of détente jeopardized Moscow’s leadership of the international communist movement. Soviet solidarity with Chile is analyzed at the diplomatic level; at the transnational level, through exchanges with a variety of political and social groups not limited to communist parties; and at the international level, where these groups pursued their agendas in the United Nations and other organizations. Removing the East/West lenses and viewing Soviet responses to Allende's downfall in the context of intra-communist bloc rivalries and the explosion of global human rights activism, demolishes the orthodox paradigm of the Cold War international system and reveals the ways in which Soviet ideology was shaped not only by official party interpretations of Marxism-Leninism, but by the innovations of allies and competitors in the Global South, and the universal language of the UN Charter and human rights.

The practical significance of xi Jinping’s concept of shared development

At different stages of Development, Society has different development goals, themes and priorities. China continues its socialist modernization, while maintaining Chinese specifics in choosing development paths and Planning Development Strategies. At different stages of development, China set different development goals and was guided by different development concepts. In his opening speech to the Nineteenth Party Congress on October 18, 2017, Xi Jinping noted the creation of the fully mature xiaokang (小康社会) society as the first of the four strategies of the «new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics», which official translators translate as «moderately prosperous society». One of the main tasks of a mature society is the development of human capital. At this stage of China’s development, people’s development is at the forefront. To achieve this goal, five development concepts were proposed. These concepts cover the areas of economy, political and spiritual culture, education and science, i.e. innovation, openness, environmental development, coordination and shared development. This article describes the concept of shared development, which plays an important role in the in the formation of Xiaokang society, attempts are made to reveal the main aspects of the concept of shared development, to show its practical application and prospects in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Key words: China, development, CPP, socialism, xiaokang, shared development, Datong.

"Migrânea" and "enxaqueca": not opposite, but complementary words.

In this opinion paper, the authors discuss historical and etymological aspects of the term "migrânea" and refute the most common criticisms regarding its adoption by the Brazilian Headache Society in the official translation of the International Classification of Headache Disorders.

Translator is Wrong!: Readers’ Attitudes towards Official Manga Translations Biased by Fan-Made Scanlations

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the knowledge of fan-made translations (scanlations) of Japanese comics (manga) influence the perception of official translations of volumes published in Poland. An analysis is performed on readers’ comments regarding the Polish translation of the Dragon Ball Super series and can be seen as a multiple-case study, showing how readers’ attitudes can be biased by their knowledge of scanlations (in both English and Polish). Criticism is analyzed using existing translation theories and explained accordingly.

A netnographic exploration of Iranian videogame players translation needs: the case of in-game texts

ABSTRACT The number of official translations of games in the videogame market of Iran is very scant. Additionally, the existing ones contain only dubbed or subtitled menus, dialogues and narrations, and it has left the rest of in-game texts untranslated. Therefore, the translation needs should be analysed, but study of the game platforms has been ignored. In view of this gap, the current study aimed to analyse Iranian videogame players’ needs of the translation of in-game texts. To this end, 5000 gamers’ comments about the translations of in-game texts (i.e. menus, game installer applications, system messages, dialogues, narrations, and game manuals) of eight strategy videogames were collected by adopting the participative role and interviewing the professional gamers. The data were then analysed using an inductive approach via Microsoft Word. The findings indicated that the gamers preferred to play games having translated menus, game installer applications, system messages and game manuals; however, they preferred untranslated dialogues and narrations of the games. The findings of the study have implications for professional translators working in the market of videogames.

International experience on the improvement of national management technology and legal regulation of public contracts

The objective of the research is to study the global experience of the legal regulation and organization of public procurement (from a not only legal but also a technological perspective), which should be the basis for suggestions to improve the legal regulation mechanism for procurement public in Ukraine. For the implementation of the comparative legal part of the study, normative legal acts and acts of official interpretation of the legal systems of the following states, as well as related scientific and scientific-practical materials, were used: USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Switzerland, South Korea, United Kingdom, Japan, Egypt, Canada, Malaysia, Israel, India, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand. The unification of electronic public procurements systems remains to be a topical and unresolved task for the WTO GPA member countries. The experience of some countries in encouraging small and medium-sized enterprises in electronic public procurement is considered progressive and positive. We consider it necessary to adopt the experience of the USA, Israel, China countries and accelerate the adoption of laws in Ukraine to support national producers.

“El abrazo de Almanzor” : Nota sobre una huella de Adam Mickiewicz en la obra de Manuel González Prada

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo señalar un tema que debe ser analizado en el contexto de la obra de Manuel González Prada, es decir, la influencia de las composiciones de un romántico polaco, Adam Mickiewicz. La autora señala los pasajes tomados por González Prada directamente de la obra de Mickiewicz. Entre ellos aparecen no solo las traducciones oficiales, sino también fragmentos que no quedan claros para quienes no conocen la obra del poeta polaco. Un ejemplo evidente es el motivo del “abrazo de Almanzor”, metáfora ideada por Mickiewicz, que González Prada utiliza al menos en dos ocasiones: como título de una balada inconclusa que pretendía ser una traducción libre de la balada de Mickiewicz, así como en sentido fraseológico, en uno de sus escritos políticos.

Genus – Species and Whole – Part Relations in Legal Terms

The research featured the way legal terms express the genus – species relationship (hyperonyms vs. hyponyms) and whole – part relationship (holonyms vs. meronyms / partonyms). The article introduces the basic differences in the relations of these types, as well as terminological variants. The author specified the related research terminology, the specific use of hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms in the formation of a legislative definition, and the intra-text semantic correlation of concepts expressed by these relations. The author also defined the means and ways of expressing hyper-hyponymy and holonymy-meronymy: syntactic, grammatical, punctuation, numbering, graphic, speech markers, etc. The paper describes the main functions of legal hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms: structuring the terminological system of law and the textual space of the law, official legal interpretation, the formation of an interpretation strategy, synonymous correlation, etc. It also mentions nominal (subject-conceptual, attributive) and verbal (procedural, effective) semantics. The research was based on the methods of conceptual, contextual, and comparative analysis of Russian legal texts, their classification and generalization. The research was based on Russian laws, as well as the Dictionary of Legislative Terms and Concepts, compiled by the author from federal laws.

Legal procedure of official interpretation of legal texts

The scientific article is devoted to the substantiation of the procedural nature of the official interpretation of legal texts. The author emphasizes that it is on the official interpretation that legally significant decisions are based, which establish the specific rights and obligations of the subjects. However, today there are no systematized methodological recommendations, requirements, officially established legal procedure and principles of interpretive activity, which could determine common standards of official interpretation. The procedure of interpretation consists in the sequence of actions of the authorized subjects within separate stages.The article formulates the author’s definition of legal interpretation procedure as a system of successive legally significant actions of authorized entities, which are aimed at clarifying, constructing and explaining to other legal entities the meaning and scope of legal norms formulated in legal texts. Taking into account the latest methodological approaches to interpretation and the requirements of the rule of law,the author reveals the content of legal interpretation, which consists of separate stages, which in turn include a number of successive procedures. In particular, the stage of clarifying the content of the legal text involves the following procedures: initial study of the legal text and the form of its consolidation in the provisions of the legal act, comprehensive analysis of the legal text, analysis of the received interpretation in terms of justice, human rights, rule of law, design normative rule. The explanation, according to the author, includes the following procedures: preparation of a draft interpretative act, namely a legal document that contains an explanation of the content and application of the legal norm, formulated by the authorized body within its competence; adoption of a legal interpretation act, making it universally binding for all those who apply the clarified rules of law; promulgation of an interpretative act, namely, bringing its content to the attention of society or law enforcement agencies; control over the use of the act of interpretation of the law by the subjects of its application; generalization of legal interpretative acts in order to systematize them. Given the importance of official interpretation of legal texts, the feasibility of determining at least the general principles of legal interpretation at the regulatory level is considered. Keywords: interpretation of law, official interpretation, legal procedure, legal interpretation activity.

Scientific writing like a native English-speaker: tips for Italian researchers.

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ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТРАНСЛЯЦИИ ФИГУР РИТМА ПРИ ПЕРЕВОДЕ ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ

The present study is done within the framework of the theory of stylometry using interlingual analysis and is intended to identify trends in the reproduction of rhythmic devices in the translation of publicistic texts, namely public speeches. The study is based on the Address by President Obama to the 71st Session of the United Nations General Assembly and its official translation into Russian. Being designed for the search and analysis of rhythmic devices based on syntactic and phonetic repetition, the ProseRhythmDetector tool (PRD) was used to collect and examine the statistical data. The results of a comparative research show that diacope (58, 3%), anaphora (50%) and anadiplosis (50%) display the highest accuracy of reproduction in the translation of an English public speech into Russian, while polysyndeton (23%) and epiphora (0%) are characterized by the lowest figures. The reasons for the robust and accurate translation of syntactic devices are related to equal opportunities of English and Russian in the formation of a rhythmic text pattern. The reasons for partial or zero reproduction of rhythmic devices in translation are explained by discrepancies in the grammatical and lexical structures of English and Russian, as well as by differences in the actual division of a sentence. The loss of rhythmic means is partially compensated for in translation: there have been instances of rhythmic devices appearing in sentences which do not contain any rhythmic means in the original as well as cases of rhythmic device substitution. Phonetic rhythmic means are reproduced with a very high degree of precision – 95.3% for assonance and 117.1% for alliteration. This can be explained by the fact that the number of sounds in an average Russian word is equal to or greater than that in an English word. In addition, the overall quantity of words in the translated text is greater than in the original, which also increases the number of assonating and alliterating sounds. Despite the heterogeneity of the quantitative reproduction of rhythmic devices in translation, the rhythmic tension of the original, as well as its message, voice and sentiment have been recaptured.