Period Of Occupation Research Articles

The Effect of Workplace Bullying on Employees' Work Attitudes during Occupational Adjustment Period

In recent years, workplace bullying has attracted the attention of researchers all over the world and become a hot topic in academic research. After more than 20 years of research and development, the field of workplace bullying has accumulated relatively rich theoretical and empirical results. However, in China, the research on workplace bullying started late, and relevant theories and empirical studies are relatively few. Bullying in the workplace is a problem that Chinese enterprises pay little attention to, especially for the employees who adapt to the occupation period. Because of the transition from student to employee, these employees will encounter various issues. Whether they can successfully survive the adaptation period is not only closely related to their career, but also closely related to the development and growth of the enterprise. Therefore, this paper chooses the employees in the career adaptation period as the research object to explore the influence of workplace bullying on their work attitude, which has important theoretical and practical significance.

RADIOCARBON DATING OF THE MAJOR SETTLEMENT AT SKARKOS (IOS ISLAND, CYCLADES) AND INFERENCES FOR THE EARLY CYCLADIC CHRONOLOGY

ABSTRACTWe have radiocarbon-dated the main settlement of Skarkos (Skarkos II) on the Cycladic island of Ios, using a set of animal bone samples. The site of Skarkos stands on a hill in a coastal plain, mid-way down the western side of Ios island and about 1 km from the island’s harbour. It is the first time this important settlement with a wealth of finds and an extraordinary building system with two-storey houses is dated in absolute terms complementing the chronology of the Cycladic EBA II period. The radiocarbon determinations show that the major phase of the settlement came to an end between circa 2550 and circa 2500 BC. The dates also confirm the archaeological evidence that the main occupation period is dated archaeologically to the EC II period (Keros-Syros culture). Furthermore, in order to embed the new Skarkos dates within the overall Cycladic chronology and define better the end of the EC II phase, we treated the Skarkos dates together with published dates from other Cycladic sites using Bayesian analysis considering two different models.

The Heritage of Tsarist Russia’s Military Forts as an Object of Postcolonial Revision: Case of the Kaunas School of Art Building 1922–1923

The aim of the article is to rethink which objects in contemporary Lithuania are worth being European cultural heritage and which are not — as many of them are now being used by the neighboured aggressive country as examples (politicised arguments) for today’s Russia’s imperial historical narratives. Results of the research demonstrate that the discussion on mitigations of Tsarist Russia’s military forts heritage is a new topic, as the recent decades in Lithuania have shown that the heritage of military forts’ architecture in the post-soviet decades is being protected even more than in Soviet Russia’s occupation period. So, this trend in Lithuanian cultural Heritage research emerges as an object worth deeper postcolonial revision. Significant is building the future from the past. Within this frame of thinking, the article invites us to remember the national history and select well-known cases from the country’s past as most valuable for national and cultural identity. The example of the famous 100-year-old Art School building in Kaunas city (which in the interwar period 1918–1940 was the temporary capital of the Republic of Lithuania) was chosen as the article’s main case study. After 100 years, there are no longer any doubts or debates as to how much the area of the 9th battery in Kaunas Oaks Hill (Ąžuolų kalnas) has “suffered” due to the fact that the complex of buildings of the Lithuanian national Art School was built in a Tsarist Russia military fortress plot. This is evidenced by the other mentioned cases — today outstanding national cultural heritage objects were built a century ago replacing Tsarist Russia’s military architecture, meanwhile, according to the laws in force today — these buildings should be protected. Conclusions. Russia’s war against Ukraine, it’s the right time to reassess countries’ critical heritage: in which situations it is worth, how much it is worth, and in which it is no longer worth protecting the architectural heritage of military power formed by Tsarist Russia, especially when it is ruined and too difficult to adapt it to the needs of modern people.

The Puppet Regime, Rent-Collecting Groups, and Rent-Tax Relations in Changshu County, Jiangsu Province, during the Japanese Puppet Regime Era

Abstract The land tax was a major source of local fiscal revenue in southern Jiangsu during the Japanese puppet regime era. It involved a complex tug-of-war between the puppet “central” and local governments and was closely tied to rent affairs. At the onset of the “Rural Pacification,” the simultaneous imposition of rent and taxes by the Japanese puppet regime infringed upon various stakeholders’ interests but did not aid in increasing land tax revenue or stabilizing the economy. Instead, the regime could only profit from local surcharges via the embezzlement case in Changshu County. In the process of grabbing land taxes and constructing tax collection standards, both the puppet regime and the rent-collecting groups pursued their own interests, colluding and competing with each other. In the meantime, the puppet regime, aiming at extracting land output, disrupted the existing rent-tax management method, thereby reconstructing the urban-rural relationship in southern Jiangsu and increasing the peasants’ burden. The rent-tax issue in Changshu County during the occupation period reflects the entanglement of the three-fold relationships – “central” vs. local, “official” vs. civilian, and landlord vs. tenant – under the Japanese puppet regime. Yet, the acute landlord-tenant contradiction was ultimately replaced by social conflicts provoked by the Japanese puppet regime’s intervention in land ownership and usage rights.

Crop cultivation in the Talayotic settlement of Son Fornés (Mallorca, Spain): agricultural practices on the western Mediterranean islands in the first millennium bce

The Balearic Islands were colonised around the transition from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age, not earlier than 2300 cal bce and certainly much later than any central or eastern Mediterranean islands. The number of archaeobotanical records is low and consists mainly of cereals and a few pulses. We present here new results of our long-term study of Son Fornés, an archaeological site on Mallorca which was occupied since the beginning of the Iron Age Talayotic period (~ 850 cal bce) and until Roman times (123 bce onwards), in the Balearic Islands. In the Talayotic period of Son Fornés Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare (hulled barley) and Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum (free-threshing wheat) were the main cereals grown and Vicia faba (broad bean) was the main pulse, while Avena sp. (oats) is considered to have been a weed but was nonetheless consumed and was probably in an early phase of being domesticated. For the subsequent post-Talayotic (ca. 550 − 250 bce), Classic I and Classic II, the Republican Roman occupation period (from 123 bce onwards) the databases are weak, displaying hulled barley as the main crop and broad bean as the main pulse. The archaeobotanical records of Ficus carica (fig), Olea europaea (olive) and Vitis vinifera (grapevine) represent wild or cultivated and domesticated forms. Prunus dulcis (almond) and Pinus pinea (stone pine) were found on Eivissa (Ibiza), pointing to a Phoenician introduction to the islands, while Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) and Castanea sativa (chestnut), found on Menorca, might have been brought in by the Romans. The number of crops being used on the Balearic Islands was limited when compared to sites of similar periods on the European mainland or the central and eastern Mediterranean islands. According to carbon isotope results of Δ13C, hulled barley grew under damper conditions than free-threshing wheat. The high δ15N values indicated that both crops were well-manured with animal dung during the entire occupation period.

Climate-sensitive Design in Traditional Residential Architecture: Kars Karakurt Houses

Design based on performance and energy efficiency is important in residential buildings. The design approach, which considers climatic data and energy conservation, was also used in traditional building design. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate the Karakurt houses in Kars, built during the Russian occupation period (1878-1918) in Turkey, within the scope of climate-sensitive design. The inadequacy of studies in the literature on Kars Karakurt houses, which are traditional architectural examples that preserve the original texture of the region as qualified representatives of Baltic architecture, constitutes a research gap. In this study, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. The architectural plan and facade typologies of the buildings in Karakurt village were obtained by measuring techniques and tools. In the qualitative research part, information about the buildings was obtained from on-site investigations and a situation analysis was made. In the quantitative research part, orientation analyses of buildings and spaces, and window-wall area ratios of facades have been evaluated according to climate-sensitive design approaches. In the research findings, design criteria such as plan, facade, roof and material properties of 10 Karakurt houses, were examined and it was seen that the buildings were standardized within the scope of climate-sensitive design. It is seen that the north direction, where the wind is dominant and the sunlight penetration is the least, is not preferred for the orientation of the buildings and the space, and the window/wall area ratio is kept to a minimum, reducing the energy loss especially due to the openings.

The early lives of the islanders: Stable isotope analysis of incremental dentine collagen from the prehispanic period of the Canary Islands.

This study presents isotopic information for incremental dentine collagen and bone bulk collagen from individuals from the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) to explore dietary differences during childhood life. Eight individuals have been studied, which comprises 122 δ15 N and δ13 C incremental dentine measurements and eight bulk bone collagen analyses. A baseline of potentially consumed food sources has been developed for comparative purposes. A food reconstruction using isotopic transferred signals (FRUITS) model of probable contributions of each food source towards the diet of each individual has been developed. All samples but one belongs to the later period of indigenous occupation of the archipelago. The dentine collagen data are presented in correlated δ13 C and δ15 N plots per individual, showing the isotopic changes throughout time. δ15 N values for each individual tend to be variable whereas δ13 C data are generally more stable with a range of +9.1 to +14‰ for δ15 N and -17.4 to -20.8‰ for δ13 C. The isotopic analysis allows for the reconstruction of eight dietary profiles, which allow us to estimate the different dietary protein sources. The FRUITS model shows different percentages of the primary food sources for each individual. Where both δ13 C and δ15 N are elevated, this could be indicative of a higher marine contribution to the diet. There appear to be two main dietary profiles identifiable in the dataset and these may be related to changes in status or place of residence. Short-term variations in δ13 C and δ15 N and opposing co-variance of isotopic values can be indicative of nutritional stress, although metabolic changes during growth are also considered.

A Humble Blind Singer's Autobiographical Song: Oral Creation Facing a Hong Kong Teahouse Audience

Abstract In 1975, I arranged for the blind professional singer Dou Wun (1910–1979) to sing a traditional narrative genre called naamyam in an old Hong Kong teahouse, three times weekly for three and a half months, facing the teahouse diners. Of the forty-five hours he sang there, he sang an original song composed by himself on his own life for six hours, which he reluctantly did after I pressed him on the idea. It totaled about 1,800 lines of verse, interspersed with spoken prose. In this essay, I shall first report on my concept, construction, and implementation of the fieldwork. Second, I use selected passages from his song to outline his life story. Born to a poor peasant family and blind at three months of age, Dou Wun wandered alone on the streets of Canton from age nine, received training to sing naamyam from a master singer, and finally arrived in Hong Kong in 1926, where he sang in brothels and opium dens. He lived through the difficult periods of the Japanese occupation, changing tastes in entertainment, and the early days of mass media. When times changed and his songs were no longer in demand, he ended up singing on the street. In the last part of the article, I argue for the significance of this epic autobiographical song in world oral literature and assess Dou Wun's creativity and artistry.

Ethnicity as journalism paradigm: Polarization and political parallelism of Ethiopian news in transition

In the wake of the 2018 liberalization of journalistic freedoms in Ethiopia, new waves of political unrest and a re-tightened grip on the media have emerged. A key feature in this context is the increasing reference to ethnic contrasts reflecting regional differences. While Ethiopia is a unique country in the African context in the sense of never having been colonized (with the exception of a brief period of Italian occupation), features of the contemporary media situation are also of general validity in understanding political realities in other African countries. This paper explores the concept of ‘journalism paradigms’ in that regard, with the follow-up question of how an understanding of journalism paradigms founded on ethnic boundaries might also contribute toward a more distinctly ‘African’ journalism research framework.

Lietuvos studijų biuro veikla vokiečIų okupacijos metu,1941–1944 m.

The article analyses the founding, functions, and activities of the Bureau of Lithuanian Studies and its subdivision, the Museum of the Red Terror, which worked during the German occupation of Lithuania (1941–1944) and is fragmentarily represented in historiography. The institution discussed performed three functions: archival, by collecting and accumulating materials about the first Soviet occupation in Lithuania; research, by analysing and publishing the collected material in its publication; and, finally, the museum function, by organising an exhibition and developing the idea of the Museum of Red Terror. The article states that during the entire period of occupation, the smooth functioning of the Bureau of Lithuanian Studies and the Museum of Red Terror subordinated to it was determined by the activities carried out by both institutions, which were favourable to both Lithuanian and German interests.

일제강점기 한성권번과 권번시조

The purpose of this study is to examine the establishment process of Hanseong Gwonbeon (government female entertainers guild) and Gwonbeon Sijo in the Imperial Japan’s forced occupation period, and to understand its contents and meaning. First, this study looked at the establishment background of Gwonbeon through the process of change in the Gisaeng (government female entertainers) system. Next, this study looked into the establishment process of Hanseong Gwonbeon, Korea’s first Gwonbeon, and looked at Sijo works that introduced Hanseong Gwonbeon.
 In the Imperial Japan’s forced occupation period, Gisaeng changed along with the era and system. Joseon’s Gisaeng, who played an important role in the country as official-government-gisaeng, changed their role and meaning with the change of era. Gisaeng, who was recognized as a professional entertainer, had a sexual image emphasized through the Imperial Japan’s forced occupation period. This is because the distinction between Gisaeng, who practiced skills and arts, and Changgi (prostitute-gisaeng), who engaged in prostitution, gradually became blurred. This change in perception of Gisaeng distorted and made the image of Gisaeng negative.
 However, in the Imperial Japan’s forced occupation period, Gisaeng sought to discover their own meaning and value within the changed society and system. The Gisaeng of Hanseong Gwonbeon honed their skill-art and engaged in various social activities within the guild and system of Gwonbeon. As their activities can be confirmed through newspapers at the time, through the contents, it can be found that the Gisaeng of Hanseong Gwonbeon attempted to inherit the tradition as art entertainment professionals. It can be seen that Gisaeng clearly distinguish themselves from Changgi (prostitute-gisaeng).
 The works of Sijo express Hanseong Gwonbeon through metaphors and symbols, and take the form of a question and answer in the form of a couplet. This method is a frequently used feature in the works of Sijo in the Joseon era, and it was confirmed that these works follow the style of Sijo in the Joseon era.

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN KOSOVA DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

<p><span>Following the occupation of Kosova by the dual Austria-Hungarian Empire, the Albanian people had now passed through a long period of occupation by the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the late occupation of the Serbian Kingdom, where the Albanians had gone through a terrible calvary from the new invaders. With all these sufferings and prohibitions, the occupation of Austria-Hungary found the Albanian people in a miserable state in terms of education. The majority of the population was illiterate, therefore the Dualist Empire aimed at bringing the Albanian people closer to itself and tried to regulate the issue of education as much as it was possible, as well as allow freedom in terms of Albanian culture and traditions. It also tried to raise the Albanian population to a higher level in every sphere by cooperating with bright figures, such as Hasan Prishtina and others. On this occasion, they took advantage of the opportunity to develop education in the Albanian language as much as possible. The German language was also included in the program. This short period for the Albanians was a great advancement in various fields such as in the improvement of infrastructure, culture and especially in education through the opening of schools and courses to combat illiteracy in Kosova.</span></p><p><span><strong><span>Keywords: </span></strong><span>World War I, Austria-Hungary, Kosova, education, culture, etc.</span></span></p>

CONTEMPORARY POLITICS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: HISTORICAL DETERMINANTS AND POLITICAL EXPERIENCES

The original foundations of democratic politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina were developed during the period of Austro-Hungarian occupation, and political pluralism was institutionalized in an incomplete form in 1910. The monarchical regime in the first Yugoslav state did not stimulate political development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, because fictitious political pluralism was introduced in political practice. It was not possible to achieve enviable political development not even in a second Yugoslav state, because it was built on the principles of socialist monism. The independent and sovereign existence of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina is limited by ethnocracy and imposed stabilocracy. First, this article will investigate to what extent the post-socialist development of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which takes place in the stages after the multi-party elections in 1990, is determined by earlier political experiences, and above all by the original concept of incomplete democratic politics founded during the Austro-Hungarian occupation government.

BREAKING SHADOW OF THE PAST: TOURISM AND A BETTER IMAGE OF THE JAPANESE IN PENANG, MALAYSIA

The relationship between Japan and Southeast Asian countries has shifted from occupation to a better political and economic partnership in the last few decades. However, in Penang, Malaysia, bitter legacies rooted in the occupation period are continuously reproduced through the educational system, folklore and the existence of the Penang War Museum. This article aims to identify the role of direct encounters between the host community in Penang and the Japanese visitors in shaping a better image of the Japanese. Employing qualitative methods, findings from a series of observations and in-depth interviews in Penang reveal several interesting facts. First collective memories inherited from the Japanese colonization still exist although the economic and political relationship with Japan has reached its best level. Second, the role of direct interaction completed by the economic benefit from tourism is effective in breaking the cultural block between groups inheriting conflict in the past. Moreover, direct interaction between Japanese visitors and the host community in Penang has significantly produced a better mutual understanding, compared to the perception of people who did not have any interaction with the Japanese visitors. It shows that tourism can be considered as the alternative soft diplomacy to complete the puzzle of public diplomacy through its people-to-people interaction.

METHODOLOGY AND MEANING OF THE 3D MODELLING OF THE LOST BAALSHAMIN TEMPLE IN PALMYRA

Abstract. The Baalshamin temple in Palmyra was completely destroyed by ISIL in 2015. To address this issue, the “Collart-Palmyre Project” at the University of Lausanne (UNIL) digitally published the scientific archive of Paul Collart who was in charge of the excavation of the temple in the 1950’. Since 2017, the Project makes the archives accessible on an online open access database (tiresias.unil.ch). A 3D reconstruction of the temple has been realized by the UNIL team in collaboration with ICONEM. The 3D models (including handily drawn elements) are now being integrated onto a PoTree platform ( https://github.com/potree/potree) that allows archival items to be geolocated, associating them with the architectural or archaeological objects they document.The challenge here was to access metadata on the 3D model and to ease access to the archives through online tools.We also published a diachronic 3D model showing the different periods of occupation of the site (from the second century BC to the ninth century AD). Partnership with NGO’s also permit the presentation of 3D models to displaced Syrian refugees in the Spirit of the Faro Convention. Last but not least, the Project follows the guidelines of the London Charter and the Sevilla principles for Virtual Archaeology and questions the broader facets of neo-colonialist, economic and nationalist agendas that emerges from the 'migration of digital heritage' as assets to be exploited. This project wants to explore how these digital assets provide a scaffold for the memories of migrants.

LANGUAGE AND WAR: PROSPECTS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM

The article presents the essential requirements for effective communication in a foreign language classroom, specifically pertaining to the topic of Russian-Ukrainian war. During the classes of Ukrainian as a foreign language (hereinafter referred to as UFL), communication takes place between participants belonging to different national linguistic and cultural communities, so the need for international understanding remains relevant both in terms of internal politics and, in particular, the foreign policy relations of Ukraine. The article’s author seeks to address whether the repertoire of thematic catalogues required for proficiency levels in Ukrainian as a foreign language encompass the topic of war. Additionally, the article explores the timeline and differing interpretations regarding the nature of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The study utilized specific research materials, employing general linguistic methods such as descriptive analysis and comparison. The conducted analysis confirmed that the sub-topic war is in the repertoire of thematic catalogues in the Standardized requirements for the levels of proficiency in the Ukrainian language as a foreign language (level B1-C2). The timeline of the Russian-Ukrainian war is uncertain – from the period of occupation and annexation of the Republic of Crimea (in 2014) to today. During UFL classes, the falsity of the versions of the civil war in Ukraine or the illegal annexation of Crimea and the civil armed conflict in Donbas should be exposed (as popularized interpretations of events until February 24, 2022, in particular). The Russian-Ukrainian war (from 2014 to the present day) is an interstate armed conflict caused by the aggression of the Russian Federation not only against Ukraine, goes beyond the scope of a bilateral confrontation, the nature of which most fully reveals the meaning of the concept of “hybrid war”. Key words: Russian-Ukrainian war (from 2014 to today), hybrid war, lexical-semantic means of naming war events in Ukraine, UFL.

RURAL OCCUPATIONAL MIGRATION: A COASTAL INDIA STUDY

The current study was conducted in 3 districts of West Bengal, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states for rural occupational migration post COVID in 2022. Approximately 58% of our country’s demographic dividend is associated with agriculture as their primary source of income. However, due to changing global trends caused by urbanisation, the rural population is more likely to shift their focus to other sources of income. For the first time in Post-independence India, there was an absolute decline in agricultural employment (23.7 million) between 2004‒2005 and 2009‒2010, with 22.5 million being unpaid family workers. So, the current study was undertaken to analyze the extent and pattern of migration in the rural households in three coastal states of India using ex post facto research design with a multi stage random sampling technique. This paper has deduced the pattern observed among the migrated respondents of Purba Medinipur, Bhogarai and Sompeta districts of the 3 states in terms of gender, income, time period, social participation and type of occupation undertaken. This may not have an immediate impact, but it may have long-term consequences in the form of consumable goods for future generations. Certainly, government should come up with new policies formulations made by focusing such pattern in order to stop the people from migration and engage them in agricultural and allied activities with help of extension personals through effective training and awareness programs.

„Я також пала жертвою війни”: війна в мемуарному наративі Костянтини Малицької

The article analyses the memoir narrative (memoirs and correspondence) of the Ukrainian writer, educator, editor, and public figure Kostiantyna Malytska, which is a valuable human testimony and emotional self-description of her difficult five-year experience in Siberian exile. Malytska was the only woman among thirteen men, well-known public figures, who, in February 1915, were arrested by the Russian occupation authorities in Lviv and exiled to the Yenisei province. In her memoirs, against the background of descriptions of the military and political situation, Malytska conveys in detail her impressions of “Asia” (as she called the foreign land), the geographical environment of “disastrous Siberia”, comparing it with the toponymy of her native land, and shows the way of life of the local population of “Choldonians”. Th e memoirs touchingly describe meetings with new people, the spirit of sincere compatriotism between Ukrainian prisoners in a foreign land, the difficulty of “getting used to” Siberia, the experience of time, the activities of the Ukrainian community in Krasnoyarsk, and teaching at a local Ukrainian school. For their factual basis, Malytska’s memoirs are valuable as a vital source for understanding the writer’s life and human destiny, the historical and political situation in Galicia during the period of Russian occupation, and for highlighting the cultural and patriotic life of wartime Lviv and the fate of its prominent public figures who were also persecuted, arrested, and exiled.

Korea, Its People and Customs as Seen by the World Renown Novelist Vicente Blasco Ibañez (1923)

Abstract: This article examines the image that the famous Spanish novelist Vicente Blasco Ibañez offers of Korea, its people, and its customs based on his writings derived from his stay in the country in 1923 during the period of Japanese occupation. It discusses his descriptions of Korea’s dress, weather, and customs, as well as his praise for the Korean people. In the same way, it addresses the subtle perceptions and well-documented readings that the author makes of different periods of Korean history, including the compassion he shows towards the last prince of the Yi dynasty and his apologetic vision of Queen Min for her resistance against the Japanese colonial power. It is a new look at the novelist’s trip to Korea, highlighting unknown aspects which were silenced or poorly interpreted, and adds new sources for his study.

Investigating the Situation for Children with Autism and Their Families in Cambodia

Following periods of conflict and instability during the oppressive regime of the Khmer Rouge (1975–1978) and the period of Vietnamese occupation (1978–1992), the Kingdom of Cambodia has adopted policies and initiatives that aim to ensure greater equity and stability across all services in the country as a signatory to international agreements for the promotion of universal primary education (United Nations 2015). The education of children with disabilities continues to present challenges to both policy makers and service providers in Cambodia, though government agencies have made a commitment and invested resources to improve facilities and increase awareness of the difficulties experienced by children and families. Previous studies of provision for children on the autism spectrum in Cambodia suggest that they are little understood and that many experience difficulties accessing appropriate services or support. However, these reports have often been based on localised small-scale studies and have not provided a broader national perspective of the situation. A national analysis of the situation for persons with autism was conducted to provide a more detailed picture of the experiences of children with autistic spectrum disorders and their families. Data were collated using focus groups and interviews with service users and providers from a purposive stratified sample across the country. The findings reveal that a limited awareness and understanding of autism amongst both professionals and the general public has limited opportunities for development. Education facilities and expertise are limited, and access to therapeutic and specialist medical provision is poor. The pervasive nature of poverty has been a major contributory factor in the slow development of and accessibility to services to this population. A number of recommendations have been made and are being used to shape future policies for children with autism and their families in Cambodia.