Period Of Occupation Research Articles

Archaeology, ethnography, and geosciences reveal central role of traditional lifeways in shaping Madagascar's dry forests.

Many communities in southwestern Madagascar rely on a mix of foraging, fishing, farming, and herding, with cattle central to local cultures, rituals, and intergenerational wealth transfer. Today these livelihoods are critically threatened by the intensifying effects of climate change and biodiversity loss. Improved understanding of ancient community-environment dynamics can help identify pathways to livelihood sustainability. Multidisciplinary approaches have great potential to improve our understanding of human-environment interactions across spatio-temporal scales. We combine archaeological survey data, oral history interviews, and high-resolution multispectral PlanetScope imagery to explore 400years of human-environment interaction in the Namonte Basin. Our analysis reveals that settlement and land-use led to significant changes in the region's ecology, both during periods of occupation and after settlement abandonment. Human activity over this period may have stabilized vegetative systems, whereby seasonal changes in vegetative health were reduced compared to surrounding locations. These ecological legacies may have buffered communities against unpredictable climate challenges.

Single-grain luminescence and combined U-series/ESR dating of the early Upper Palaeolithic Lagar Velho Rock Shelter, Leiria, Portugal

The existing radiocarbon (14C) dating framework for Lagar Velho is broadly consistent but provides limited constraint on several geoarchaeological complexes (GCs) and does not favour detailed chronological comparisons across all sectors of the site; including the stratigraphically disconnected child burial complex in the east area and the broader archaeological sequence in the central-west area. In this study, we undertake a complementary chronological assessment of Lagar Velho Rock Shelter using single-grain quartz OSL, single-grain quartz TT-OSL and combined U-series/ESR dating of fossil teeth, with the aim of establishing more comprehensive reconstructions of archaeological events and placing the human occupation sequence in a firmer regional climatic context. Expanding on the original chronological study, we also compare the published 14C datasets against widely used sample quality indicators (i.e., organic preservation and contamination proxies) to ensure reliable comparisons with our new luminescence and combined U-series/ESR ages. Eight 14C samples pass our combined chronological and stratigraphic hygiene criteria and are included in the final dating evaluations. Ten of the twelve optical dating samples produce homogeneous equivalent dose (De) datasets indicative of suitable daylight exposure. The replicate single-grain TT-OSL De datasets exhibit more pronounced scatter, consistent with enhanced potential for insufficient bleaching of TT-OSL residual doses in some karst settings. The fossil enamel samples dated using U-series/ESR span relatively low natural dose ranges, necessitating the inclusion of maximum dose (Dmax)-adjusted dose response curve fitting and additional background noise subtraction to avoid De biases of up to 13%. Stratigraphically consistent ages (n = 26) spanning the full archaeological infill sequence are obtained using the four different dating methods, providing a robust interpretive framework and underscoring the significant role of single-grain OSL and combined U-series/ESR dating for refining early Upper Palaeolithic histories of Iberia. Bayesian modelling of the combined chronological dataset reveals a site accumulation history spanning 35,750–23,440 cal. BP and provides improved age constraints on all GCs; particularly the al, bs, tc, gs and ls deposits that were previously undated or imprecisely constrained. The age of the child burial complex is refined to 29,410–28,280 cal. BP, potentially occurring within Greenland Interstadial 4. Comparison of the modelled GC ages from the east and west-central areas enables improved temporal correlations of depositional events across stratigraphically disconnected sectors of the site. This analysis suggests that the child burial complex and the Late Gravettian occupation are statistically indistinguishable based on current dating evidence. The new dating assessments reveal three periods of human occupation at Lagar Velho: the Late Gravettian (including the shorter duration child burial event) 31.6–26.0 ka from the end of Heinrich Stadial (HS) 3 until the emergence of HS2; the Terminal Gravettian 26.5–24.5 ka coinciding with HS2; and the Middle Solutrean 25.2–23.4 ka extending from HS2 to the end of Greenland Stadial 3. The timing of these occupations during late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and early MIS 2 highlights the significance of central western Portugal for supporting regional human populations during periods when much of Europe was experiencing extreme cold, aridity and expanded glacial coverage.

The Antinomies of Latvian Literary Realism

This article traces the social and literary contexts of Latvian literary realism. During its rise in the nineteenth century, Latvian realism was seen as developing along the general lines of European culture that helped to foster aesthetic diversity and innovative potential. These processes are the focus of the first part of the article. The subsequent reshaping and distortion of the concept of realism during the period of Soviet occupation are then scrutinized in some detail. The investigation follows in the footsteps of the current rise of interest in realism, considering its importance in a broad spectrum of contexts, and claims that realism is an innovative aesthetic practice of great historical and contemporary relevance. However, it has also frequently been misunderstood or consciously misinterpreted by representatives of other aesthetic trends as well as misused by political regimes. The article points toward the necessity of restoring a sound interpretation of realist aspirations and their social and aesthetic contributions.

Agropastoral and dietary practices of the northern Levant facing Late Holocene climate and environmental change: Isotopic analysis of plants, animals and humans from Bronze to Iron Age Tell Tweini.

One of the largest isotopic datasets of the ancient Eastern Mediterranean region is evaluated, based on plants (n = 410), animals (n = 210) and humans (n = 16) from Tell Tweini (Syria). Diachronic analysis of plant and faunal specimens from four main periods of occupation: Early Bronze Age (2600-2000 BC), Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC), Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) and Iron Age (1200-333 BC) were investigated. Mean Δ13C results from seven plant species reveal emmer and free threshing wheat, olives, bitter vetch, rye grass and barley were adequately or well-watered during all periods of occupation. The grape Δ13C results suggest excellent growing conditions and particular care for its cultivation. The δ15N results indicate that especially the emmer and free threshing wheats received some manure inputs throughout the occupation sequence, while these were likely further increased during the Iron Age, encompassing also the olive groves and grape vineyards. Generally, domestic animals (cattle, sheep, goats) had C3 terrestrial diets and were kept together in similar environments. However, some animals consumed significant amounts of marine or C4 plants, possibly from disturbed habitats due to land use pressure or salt tolerant grasses and shrubs from wetland environments, which were recorded in the direct vicinity of the site. Middle Bronze Age humans consumed a C3 terrestrial diet with no measurable input from C4, freshwater or marine protein sources. Interestingly, the human diet was relatively low in animal protein and appears comparable to what is considered today a typical Mediterranean diet consisting of bread (wheat/barley), olives, grapes, pulses, dairy products and small amounts of meat. The combined isotopic analysis of plants, animals and humans from Tell Tweini represents unbroken links in the food chain which create unparalleled opportunities to enhance our current understanding of environmental conditions, climate change and lifeways in past populations from the Eastern Mediterranean.

Wilno mityczne we współczesnej prozie litewskiej

The myth of the founding of the city of Vilnius became particularly important in Lithuanian art in the decade of the restoration of independence. After a long period of occupation, the capital of Lithuania became not only a catalyst for new formulations of national and civic identity, but also a symbol of freedom. The landscape and architecture of the Old Town of Vilnius embody the archaic Baltic imagination, which is not upstaged but, on the contrary, complemented by the Christian world of Vilnius. The restoration of independence activated the archaic Baltic imagination in Lithuanian art and literature as this kind of imagination had nurtured Lithuanians’ national self-awareness over centuries. This article focuses on two modern Lithuanian prose writers, Antanas Ramonas (1947–1993) and Ričardas Gavelis (1950–2002), whose works evoke the two most striking and different images of the same mythical Vilnius – divine and demonic, hopeful and hopeless. These two opposing images of mythical Vilnius reveal two different viewpoints on the world, on history and on the human being in modern Lithuanian literature.

What Happens When the Police Stop Policing?

Following the murder of George Floyd, protests broke out in Seattle, WA, around the Seattle Police Department’s (SPD) East Precinct. On June 8, 2020, the SPD abandoned the precinct in an attempt to alleviate tensions with protesters. An encampment was set up and the area remained a police-free zone until July 1, 2020. The situation in Seattle provided an opportunity for a natural experiment to examine the impact of reduced policing on crime and violence. In the immediate encampment area, crime was found to be 132.9% higher than a comparable ‘control’ area that was not experiencing reduced policing during the occupation period. Adequate funding for community organizations is important for crime and violence prevention, but effective policing is critical too. Eliminating police services leads to an increase in crime, which can harm public safety. Policy makers need to simultaneously support the evidence-based crime prevention work of both police and community organizations.

Evolving landscape and cultural change during the Middle Palaeolithic in Southeast Zagros (Iran): Insights from a micromammal assemblage

The Iranian Zagros is a remarkable zone to study Middle and Upper Palaeolithic human occupations and Tang-e Shikan (Arsanjan) is a strategic cave site which archaeological evidence can be taken as a proxy for the southeast portion. Micromammals have been extensively used as palaeoecological indicators and here we use the assemblage from Tang-e Shikan to infer the landscape and environment that framed and arguably triggered cultural change. A thorough taphonomic analysis was undertaken prior to any interpretation. Fourteen taxa have been identified: two “insectivores” s.l., nine rodents, two lagomorphs, and unidentified chiropterans. The remains would be the digestion by-products of a category 5 opportunistic predator: either an avian raptor or a mammalian carnivore. Our results show that shrubland and grassland dominated the distribution of habitats in the area during the Middle Palaeolithic (MP), followed by moderate rocky, desert, and steppe components, and sparse patches of woodland. The younger period of the MP occupation (NMP: ∼55-45 ka BP) would be somewhat wetter than the older period (OMP: ∼70-55 ka BP). Within a general environmental stability, slight changes between OMP and NMP are reasonably correlated with a shift in certain cultural patterns, as the use of a water reservoir and a stone drainage system during the OMP or the increase of hunting and moderate change in lithic technology and raw material acquisition during the NMP. Our environmental inferences are further supported by palynological data and match a regional trend towards wetter habitats in moving from the MP to the present.

Mortality from the 1944–1945 famine in Java, Indonesia

AbstractThis article examines the human toll of the 1944–1945 famine in Java, Indonesia's main island. It estimates birth and death rates for the Indonesian population in Java during 1941–1951. Using the net population loss method, the article approximates a net loss of 3.3 million people during the 1942–1945 Japanese occupation period. This includes 1.8 million excess deaths; 0.7 million during 1944 and 1.1 million during 1945. The remainder are 1.4 million missing births in 1944 and 1945, associated with the malnutrition of women of childbearing ages and physical separation of wives from husbands recruited by Japanese authorities for forced labour.

Pesquisa arqueológica como meio de conhecimento e proteção do patrimônio cultural, histórico e arqueológico – estudo de caso da Casa Garibaldi, Piratini

Archaeological research is essential in the restoration of cultural assets. Casa Garibaldi, located in Piratini, Rio Grande do Sul, housed the newspaper "O Povo" and the Carbonari Garibaldi and Rossetti, important figures in the Farroupilha Revolution. Virtually the entire restoration work of the house took place without archaeological oversight, only present during the final stages. For the project, historical research was conducted on the importance and uses of the house in the regional context, fieldwork, which needed to be adapted to the situation, and curation of the retrieved material. We opened two test pits and conducted five excavations in the unpaved area of the courtyard, limited by the new construction structures. In the historical research, the cultural value of the house during the Farroupilha Revolution period in the first half of the 20th century became clear. The occupation of the building and its uses from the 1980s onwards were elucidated. We believe that in the earlier period, it may have been a residence for local residents. The excavations resulted in material finds (pottery, glass, fauna, metals) from the 19th and 20th centuries and suggested the existence of a larger feature located below the newly constructed bathrooms. There is a change in the soil stratigraphy, disturbed and with two layers of fill from different periods. The identified material may be related to any of the periods of occupation of the house, or may even have been partially transported with sediments for landfill. However, it provides information about the circulation of imported goods in Piratini from an early stage, already in the early 19th century, and shows its potential for archaeological research, which could significantly contribute to the understanding of lifestyles, urbanization processes, and economic development of the city. Finally, the reported case highlights the damages caused by works on listed buildings that occur without archaeological oversight

Violation of the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War by the Russian Federation in relation to certain categories of socially vulnerable groups of the population (on the example of Chernihiv region)

The article is devoted to the analysis of violations by the Russian Federation of the provisions of the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War in relation to certain categories of socially vulnerable groups of the population in the context of a full-scale invasion (on the example of Chernihiv region). It is emphasized that Ukraine is currently a socially oriented state, its activities are aimed at providing life support and support to socially vulnerable citizens, creating conditions for their decent existence in society. One of the elements of the national state policy in the field of social protection of the population is a well-developed system of state social and medical institutions for persons with mental disorders, the elderly, persons with disabilities, patients, etc. A significant number of people living in these institutions are unable to take care of themselves and need constant care and attention. Chernihiv region, which borders the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the north of Ukraine, is one of the ten regions most affected by the aggression of the above-mentioned states. During the period of occupation of Chernihiv region by the military of the Russian Federation, from February 24, 2022 to April 3, 2022, a number of episodes of violations of the laws and customs of warfare were documented - shelling of civilians and evacuation routes with prohibited weapons, executions, looting, rape, etc.
 Numerous cases of shelling of social welfare institutions and medical facilities where socially vulnerable groups of the population were permanently or temporarily residing were emphasized, which is a gross violation of Articles 16, 18, 20, 28 of the Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. The documented war crimes committed by Russian military personnel against civilians from among socially vulnerable citizens need to be studied, made public and condemned by the international community.

«Зворотній курс» у політиці США щодо Японії 1947-1952 рр.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the evolution of the foreign policy course of the USA in relation to post-war Japan and to show the economic, political, and strategic achievements of the "Reverse Course". The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, comprehensiveness and multi-vectority, objectivity and systematicity. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that Ukrainian historiography on the issue of the history of post-war Japan is extremely small and has a number of white spots, in particular, on the issue of cooperation between the Japanese government and the American military administration. Conclusions. American policy in Japan proves that yesterday's enemy can become a potential partner and, even more so, an ally in the future. Having paid a bloody price for the victory, the USA began radical reforms in Japan, which were aimed, at least in the first period of occupation, at the demilitarization and deindustrialization of yesterday's enemy. However, practice has shown that building a strong and structural economy, liberalizing and democratizing political processes work much more effectively. After the end of the Korean War, Japan's economy started to grow steadily and very soon led to the famous "economic miracle." Modern Japan is a successful democratic state that ranks among the top five in terms of GDP and other economic indicators and is a pioneer in the latest technologies and science. The example of Japan, in our opinion, is indicative and proves that a country that has survived a devastating war with terrible losses can recover if deep and comprehensive reforms are carried out in all social, political, cultural, and economic spheres.

Modernity of the Bataknese in Tapanuli during the Dutch Colonial and Japanese Occupation Period

Modernity of the Bataknese in Tapanuli during the Dutch Colonial and Japanese Occupation Period

The Lampung History According to Old Newspapers Collection at the National Library of Indonesia

This paper raises the theme of the history of Lampung in the old newspaper collection. The old newspaper collection is one of the rare collections in the National Library of Indonesia. Rare newspaper collections, apart from being a primary source in historical research, have other characteristics that are not shared by the collection of books or other collections in the National Library of Indonesia. This is the background of this research. This research used a descriptive analysis method. It observed and analyzed several collections of selected rare newspapers representing various periods from the Dutch colonial era, the Japanese occupation period, era of the independence revolution, and the old order government to the new order government period. The newspaper collections selected were those that contained information about Lampung from different periods. This is to prove that there are many traces of Lampung’s history in old newspaper collections and they are not minor sources of data. There is a lot of important data that can become primary sources for historical research on Lampung.
 Keywords: old newspapers, collection, library, Lampung, history, information-searching

일제강점기 한남권번과 권번시조

The purpose of this study is to examine the establishment process of Hannam-Gwonbeon during the imperial Japan’s forced occupation period and Sijo (formal poetry) works that introduced Hannam-Gwonbeon, and to analyze their content and meaning. The main characteristic of Gisaeng (female entertainers) during the imperial Japan’s forced occupation period is that they escaped from the status of government-gisaeng. As these changes had a significant impact on the Gisaeng system and Gisaeng activities, before analyzing their works, this study attempted to explore the change process of the Gisaeng system. Based on this, this study attempted to grasp the meaning of Hannam-Gwonbeon by examining Hannam-Gwonbeon’s establishment process and the Sijo’s works that introduced Hannam-Gwonbeon.
 During the imperial Japan’s forced occupation period, after the abolition of the government-gisaeng system, as the Gisaeng crackdown decree was implemented, the Gisaeng guild was established to manage these people of Gisaeng. Gisaeng was recognized as one of the occupations that make a living from dancing and singing. In a capitalist society, Gisaeng’s various activities became a means of making money.
 Hannam-Gwonbeon were a Gwonbeon, the majority of whom were from Namdo (southern Jeolla province). Although its size was smaller than other Gwonbeon guilds, their Namdo Sori gained popularity as a special talent, and they used that advantage as a competitive advantage. These characteristics of Hannam-Gwonbeon also appear in their Sijo works. ‘Wolgyehwa (laurel flowers; 月桂花)’ and ‘Nambangjigang (南方之强)’ would mean their effort and sincerity, and at the same time, they mean those Gisaeng (Gwonbeon) with outstanding skills from Namdo. Through this, it can be seen that Hannam-Gwonbeon’s unwavering momentum and hope for eternity.
 These Gisaeng of Hannam-Gwonbeon learned their skills with constant effort and sincerity amidst the changes of the times and sought to be recognized for their technical-artistic abilities through performances. For these Gisaeng, technical-artistic crafts were not simply a means to make money, but a means to prove their worth as artists with tradition and expertise. Therefore, Gisaeng during the imperial Japan’s forced occupation period should not be recognized only as a sexual object, but there is a need to re-identify as artists who continued the tradition and passed it on to future generations.

IFE-Olukotun Community, North-Central Nigeria And Issues of Migration and Linkages with Other Yoruba Towns

Human beings world over tend to be perennially restive and Yoruba people seem to have had their own share of this human trait. People migrate for various reasons. Hence, it will certainly be a stretch of imagination to think that they have always occupied their present land. (Ogunba 1973:91) Though, a long period of effective occupation can make a community feel they are the original owner of a place. As such, to lay claim to a place as one’s original home, the number of years one’s fore fathers had settled there is imperative, likewise the language spoken whether original or borrowed and how homogenous or otherwise the culture is. It is in this wise that the heterogeneous nature and the recent awareness of certain Yoruba towns having the same cognomen and names with certain quarters in Ife-Olukotun engendered the desire to search for their link with such Yoruba towns to unearth the historical and socio-cultural accounts for insight for the present and future and preservation for posterity. More importantly, is the current wave of Obaship in the community with each of the quarters that made up Ife-Olukotun having their own Oba (king) as against the hitherto one Oba (Olukotun of Ife) for the entire community. Methodology adopted for the paper are Archival and Secondary sources.

“Death or conversion”: From welfare to famine in the Jewish quarter of Lleida, Spain (12th–14th century)

AbstractThe urban planning work carried out in the old seminary district of Lleida, over an area of more than 6,000 m2, uncovered important remains of the old Cuirassa quarter. This quarter was inhabited by the Jewish aljama between the 12th century and the end of the 15th century CE. Archeological excavations have documented streets, squares, and private spaces corresponding to several houses, one of which was destroyed by the Christian assault and fire of the Jewish quarter on 13 August 1391. The study of the important archeozoological assemblages from this area has made it possible to characterize, for the first time, the dietary practices of the Jewish communities in different periods of occupation of this neighborhood. In addition, the consumption of certain non‐kosher species in the late 14th century assemblages could be related with a situation of crisis or famine (which could correspond to the period after the attack of 1391), providing relevant data on the status and situation of the Jewish community in the city at that time. The results are consistent with the context defined by the historical sources, which describe an important period of decline after the attack.

ESR/U-series and pIR-IR290 dating of the Middle Pleistocene site of Lunel-Viel (LV I), Hérault, Southern France

The Mas des Caves site at Lunel-Viel, Southern France, is a complex of several caves, developed in Miocene limestone, that have yielded a rich archaeo-palaeontological sequence attributed to the Middle Pleistocene with abundant vertebrates and lithic artefacts. The first caves (LVI, II and III), discovered in 1800, were excavated at the beginning of the 19th century (Serres et al., 1828) before falling into oblivion for over a century. The main cavity is LVI, when LVII and III are smaller subparallel galleries not connected to LVI. In the early 1970s, research was conducted in the main gallery by E. Bonifay who discovered an extension named LVIV and the natural entrance (sinkhole, doline) both completely closed now.Recently, a multidisciplinary approach has been set up (DRAC-SRA Occitanie) to contextualize the ancient collections with the recent ones and to allow a better understanding of the site formation, palaeoenvironmental and behavioral history of the animals and humans who lived there (Brugal et al., 2021). The previous chronology based on faunal evidence yields important biomarkers (including new genus and species/subspecies) making Lunel-Viel a major Middle Pleistocene site in the European record. Among various dating techniques used in this study, trapped-charged methods such as combined ESR/U-series and pIR-IR290 were applied on fossil tooth enamel and on K-feldspars, respectively. The results obtained by both methods are in agreement and suggest a period of human occupation between 300 and 200 ka. This age range matches well with the composition of the faunal assemblage attributed to the second part of the Middle Pleistocene (biochronology) and which constrains the occupation to a cool/temperate and humid period which could be contemporaneous with the MIS7 (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) cited in figure 5 legend.

Staple or delicacy: Sea urchin exploitation over the last 40,000 years at Makpan Cave, Alor Island

Sea urchins are consumed in many parts of the world today. Human consumption of these marine invertebrates can be traced back to at least the Late Pleistocene in various archaeological sites from Island Southeast Asia. Makpan Cave, on Alor Island in Indonesia, is one of the earliest Wallacean prehistoric sites with an occupation record beginning ∼43,000 years ago. Coastal resources (i.e., shellfish, barnacle, crab, and sea urchin) play a dominant role in the subsistence strategy at this site, with urchins important throughout all occupation phases. In this study, we used three different quantification methods (weight, NISP, and MNI) to analyze the over 13 kg of sea urchin remains recovered from Makpan. Our analysis showed that sea urchins were collected during the initial occupation period, when other coastal resources were sparsely utilized. This indicates that sea urchins were intentionally targeted rather than being the result of subsidiary foraging during shellfish collection. The quantity and consistency of sea urchin exploitation at Makpan indicates that urchin was considered a staple food, especially during the initial phase of occupation. We hypothesize that a focus on sea urchins may have been a key strategy for the colonization of novel environments by the earliest human settlers in the region.

Preservation and heritage protection of the archaeological remains of prison and forced labour camps from the period of Nazi occupation and the Communist era in West Bohemia

This article presents research on the material remains of Nazi and post-war communist prison and forced labour camps in West Bohemia (1939-1945 and 1949-1961). The location of a sample of 35 camps was carried out using historical evidence and aerial images from the 1940s and 1950s. Non-invasive surveys and small-scale excavations of selected camps revealed the preservation of the archaeological record and its attributes, which are closely linked to the subsequent use of the sites. The spatial context showed an interconnection of the camp system with WWII as well as Cold War armament production. The heritage protection of these sites, the current state of memorials and the contemporary utilisation of the camp areas has also been examined. Research has shown the potential of neglected archaeological evidence of places of mass repressions, where crimes against humanity were committed by totalitarian regimes in the former Czechoslovakia. It has also revealed the disturbing fact that these sites have been disappearing at an alarming rate without any documentation, as a result of development and construction activities.

일제강점기 대정권번과 권번시조

The purpose this study is to examine the establishment process of Daejeong- Gwonbeon in the Imperial Japan's forced occupation period and Gwonbeon's Sijo based on Daejeong-Gwonbeon, and analyze its content and meaning. First, by exploring the change process of the Gisaeng (female entertainers) system, this study attempted to examine the characteristics of the Gisaeng system and changes in perception of Gisaeng in the Imperial Japan's forced occupation period. Next, this study tried to understand the process of Daejeong- Gwonbeon's establishment and its meaning through Sijo works based on Daejeong-Gwonbeon.
 In the Imperial Japan's forced occupation period, Gisaeng's role and perception changed after the abolition of the government-gisaeng system. Gisaeng, who was recognized as an artist with expertise, participating in Joseon dynasty national events and various banquets, was perceived as a professional woman who made her living from the craft since the Imperial Japan's forced occupation period. In this way, the change in the Gisaeng system and perception of Gisaeng was due to social changes at the time and had a great impact on Gisaeng themselves.
 In this situation of the times, Daejeong-Gwonbeon's Gisaeng tried to prove their own value as artists. Daejeong-Gwonbeon's Gisaengs tried to emphasize their aspect as artists through dance and song within the changed system. Especially as well as traditional dancing and singing, they tried to differentiate themselves from other Gwonbeons by showing their own unique performances by utilizing their various fortes.
 These characteristics of Daejeong-Gwonbeon are also clearly visible in the Sijo works included in the 『Joseon Beauty Bogam』. Sijo, created in the form of a question-and-answer dialogue, expresses the characteristics and prosperity of Daejeong-Gwonbeon through chrysanthemums and nature. The metaphors and symbols that appear in the works, as well as the question-and-answer form in parallel form, are a typical feature of Sijo, which was often used in the Joseon dynasty, which confirms that the Sijo works created based on Daejeong- Gwonbeon follow the traditional Sijo style.