Nutritional Background Research Articles

Decom- position of cellulose in the root zone of spring wheat cultivated with the use of BioVays, TurMax and nitrogen fertilizer

The effect of BioVays Sprint and TurMax seed treatment on cellulosolytic activity of leached chernozem under spring wheat in the forest-steppe zone of the Priob'ye region was studied. The experiment was conducted in 2020-2021 in the rhizosphere layer of soil under the Novosibirskaya 31 wheat, which was placed as the second crop after the fallow on the grain forecrop on two backgrounds of nitrogen nutrition - N0 and N60. Cellulosolytic activity of soil was determined by the standard method - by the weight loss of cellulosic cloth introduced into the soil. It was shown that this indicator is influenced by the conditions of the growing season. In 2021, soil cellulosolytic activity in the wheat rhizosphere was higher than in 2020, both in the background without fertilizer application, by 36.6%, and with their application, by 119.54%. Tissue decay increased 1.3-1.4-fold if seeds treated with BioVays Sprint were sown, and 1.3-fold if TurMax was used. On the fertilized background in 2020, the application of TurMax increased the cellulosolytic activity of the soil by 1.6 times, BioVays by 1.3 times. In 2021, seed treatment with BioVays increased the indicator by 2.8 times and with TurMax by 2.2 times. The results obtained do not allow to identify an obvious advantage of one of the two preparations studied, but on their basis, it can be concluded that treatment of seeds with both TurMax and BioVays Sprint is able to increase the cellulolytic activity of the soil, especially against the background of nitrogen fertilizer application.

Энергетическая и питательная ценность различных многолетних трав и их смесей на дерново-подзолистых почвах Верхневолжья

As a result of many years of research on the energy and nutritional value of various perennial herbs and their mixtures on soddy-podzolic soil in the Upper Volga region, as well as the calculation of the possible gross milk yield when fed, it has been established that festulolium in a single-species sowing is superior to timothy grass both in control and on the background of mineral nutrition. On average, over five years, its green mass yield was 2.7 more, dry matter by 0.41 t/ha, fodder units and metabolic energy yield by 0.54 thousand/ha and 5.6 GJ/ha in control and 3.7, 0.58 t/ha, 0.75 thousand/ha, 7.3 GJ/ha, respectively, against the background with mineral fertilizers. The productivity of variable alfalfa was higher than that of red clover. In mixed crops, the most productive on both agricultural backgrounds was the grass mixture of alfalfa and festulolium, which surpassed the clover-festulolium mixture in the collection of fodder units by 2.48 thousand/ha, exchange energy — by 31.1 GJ/ha in control, by 2.68 thousand/ha and 12.3 GJ/ha, respectively, against the background of mineral nutrition. Mixtures of alfalfa and clover with festulolium are the most balanced in terms of sugar and protein. Their sugar-protein ratio was 1.63 and 1.04 in the control and 1.60 and 1.30 in the presence of mineral nutrition, and the provision of the feed unit with digestible protein corresponded to the zootechnical norm or was close to it. The highest yield of milk, both in terms of exchange energy and sugar, is provided by a mixture of alfalfa with festulolium — 10750 and 12050 liters in the control and 12287 and 13910 liters against the background of mineral nutrition, the smallest is timothy meadow in a single-species sowing.

Efficiency of Microfertilizer Oracle Multicomplex in Corn Cultivation Technology

In recent years, the use of all types of fertilizers has sharply decreased, which negatively affected the state of the agroecosystem, its stability and constancy, therefore, it is extremely important to replenish nutrients, including microelements, to maintain the stability of yields. The increasing attention of scientists and industrialists deserves the question of the use of micronutrient fertilizers in the plant nutrition system, as an important element of the technology of growing crops. It is especially important to study the various forms, types and timing of their introduction. The article presents the research results for 2019-2021 according to the effect of microfertilizer Oracle multicomplex (1.5 l/ha) applied foliarly during the development phases of plants of the mid-early hybrid Orzhitsa 237 MB (VVSN 13-15, VVSN 16-18, VVSN 59) against the background of mineral nutrition – N150P90K90. It has been established that on gray forest surface-gley soils of the Western Forest-Steppe zone, a high grain yield of the mid-early corn hybrid (FAO 200-299) of the Orzhitsa 237 MV ripeness group was provided both by favorable weather conditions and by the influence of the Oracle multicomplex. Foliar application of the Oracle multicomplex microfertilizer in the phase BBCH 13-15 (3-5 leaves) increased the yield increase versus control (without micronutrient fertilization) by 0.82 t/ha, by meeting the needs of plants of this period in available forms of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, when panicle axes were laid on the tops of the shoots, and lateral apical meristems (future cobs) formed in the leaf axils. The highest yield by 1.19 t/ha was obtained with foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer in the phase of 6-8 leaves (VVSN 16-18). In this phase, panicle flowers, pollen grains in the stamens, the number of ears and grains in a row were laid, therefore, the content of S, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn in the fertilizer positively influenced the formation of the reproductive organs of maize plants. Under the influence of micronutrient fertility introduced into the phase of full panic appearance (VVSN 59), blooming and pollution of maize effectively taken place, which ensured an increase in grain yield – 1.27 t/ha. The difference in this indicator between the VVSN 16-18 and VVSN 59 phases was unreliable (0.09 t/ha). Balanced nutrition of plants with macroelements (N150P90K90 with a gradual introduction of nitrogen) and micro – Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Co, S, Mo contributed to the formation of a 55-59 g higher weight of 1000 grains. The total yield of the coarse and medium grain fractions was 91.5-92.1%, the fine one decreased by 30.6%

Effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat varieties in the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem Region

The studies were carried out in order to identify the responsiveness of five varieties of spring wheat to the variants with applying mineral fertilizers and to study the specific features of the formation of elements of the yield structure. The work was carried out in 2019-2021 on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil in the Ryazan region. The experiment scheme was: N0P0K0 (control); N64P64K64; N64P64K64 + N30; N64P64K64 + N30+ N15. Over the years of the research, the yield in the experiment varied from 2.45 to 5.57 t/ha, depending on the growing conditions, mineral fertilizers and variety. The use of the mineral background N64P64K64 contributed to a significant increase in the productivity of varieties by 1.02-1.69 t/ha. The most responsive to the improvement of the background of mineral nutrition were varieties Maestro, Arsey and Agata, the yield increased by 48, 42 and 39 %, respectively, in comparison with the control. All varieties, with the exception of Maestro, reacted positively to nitrogen fertilization in the tillering phase (N30), increasing the yield by 0.48-0.62 t/ha. The supplementary nitrogen of RIMA, Lada, and Agata varieties was used in the best way; the addition of N64P64K64 to the background was 15, 12, and 11 %, respectively. It was revealed that under the influence of additional nitrogen (N30) in varieties, the plant stand increased by 7.3-11.2 %, the number of spikelets – by 1.3-4.7 %, the number of grains ‒ by 0.3-12.3 %, grain weight per ear ‒ by 0.9-21.4 %. The use of the second fertilizing with nitrogen in the booting phase (N15) led to a decrease in productivity, especially in Lada and Arsey varieties ‒ by 7.9-9.5 %. Variety Maestro proved to be indifferent to nitrogen fertilizing. The data obtained will be used in the adjustment of varietal technologies for the cultivation of spring wheat.

Chemical composition of chicory root ash (Cichorium intybus L.)depending on the yield level

The world practice of growing chicory root is ineffective for Ukrainian phenotypic forms of varieties, since the weight and shape of the root crop, and the accumulation of ash elements in the plant, differ from modern forms. The purpose of the study was to establish the features of accumulation of the main ash macro- and microelements in the root crop and leaf mass of chicory of the Umanskyi-99 variety, considering the different background of mineral nutrition, the size of root crops, and yield levels. The study was conducted on the premises of the Khmelnytskyi state agricultural experimental station of the Podillia Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The leaf mass (petioles and leaf blade) and root crops were combusted, and then the content of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and a complex of meso- and microelements (Ba, Si, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, B, Cr, Zn, Co) was determined in the ash using a spectrograph, or using standardised methods. The content of the studied trace elements in leaves, roots, and petioles ranged from 1×10-4 up to 1×10-2%. The specific removal of nutrients to form 8.1 t/ha of root dry matter and the corresponding amount of by-products was 216.6 kg/ha of nitrogen, 79.6 kg/ ha of phosphorus, 277.9 kg/ha of potassium, 92.7 kg/ha of calcium, 88 kg/ha of magnesium, and 109.3 kg/ha of sodium. A significant part of macronutrients accumulated in the leaf mass, so about 60-84% of the removed elements were returned to the soil. It is established that the chemical composition of ash of different-sized and different-yielding root crops differs. The content of phosphorus and potassium in root crops at an average yield level is the lowest among the samples under study, and at a high yield, it significantly exceeds low-yielding ones. Therefore, for optimal removal of nutrients when growing chicory root crops, a fertiliser system should be developed to obtain commercial roots at the level of average yield, which would reduce the specific removal of phosphorus and potassium. The practical significance of the results obtained is to highlight the features of the removal of the main macronutrients by chicory root plants, which is the basis for developing an effective fertiliser system for a high planned yield and choosing a strategy for using by-products (leaf mass) as a source of immobilised nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

MILLET PRODUCTIVITY AS A MONOCULTURE AND IN CROP ROTATIONS ON TWO AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUNDS DURING A LONG-TERM STUDY IN A REGION WITH UNSTABLE MOISTURE CONDITIONS

The article dwells upon the aftereffect influence of forecrops and crop rotations on millet productivity on two agricultural backgrounds, also, its long-term cultivation as monoculture in a region with unstable moisture conditions. The aim of the study was the influence of two agrocenoses on millet yield in the aftereffect of various forecrops, in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Long-term (31 years) experiments were carried out in dry conditions of Orenburg region. As a result of the experiment, the influence of forecrop impact and aftereffect, nutritional background and meteorological factors of the growing season on formation of millet yields in crop rotations and as monocrop was revealed. The influence of precipitation of two summer months (June and July) on the millet yield level was discovered. Abundant precipitation in June and July contributes to growth of millet yields on two nutritional backgrounds. No effect from mineral fertilizer application was noted. Millet yield rise on an unfertilized background in the second, fourth and fifth rotation of crop rotations amounted to 0.01 tons, in the third - 0.09 tons per 1 ha. Millet cultivation in crop rotation with green manure fallow leads to yield increase in wet years on average up to 3.20 tons on a fertilized background, 3.12 tons per 1 ha on an unfertilized background. Millet productivity as monoculture decreased in comparison with cultivation in crop rotations in all years of a long-term experiment.

INFLUENCE OF KEY FACTORS AND SOIL PROCESSES ON BARLEY PRODUCTIVITY IN CROP ROTATIONS ON BLACK SOILS OF THE CIS-URAL REGION

The article shows the results of studying the influence of soil moisture, cellulose-decomposing activity of microorganisms and the amount of nutrients on barley productivity in crop rotations and monocrops in the central zone of Orenburg region. The purpose of the experiment is to identify the effect of moisture, soil cellulolytic activity and macronutrients (nitrates, phosphorus, potassium) on barley productivity increase in crop rotations and in monocrop cultivation. The following research methods were used: field, thermostatic-weight, application-weight, ionometric and Machigin methods. There was a yield increase of barley feed and energy units up to 2.10, 1.63 and 1.24, 0.96 t/ha in the second and fourth variants of the experiment on a fertilized background on average for 2002-2020. The increase of feed unit yield occurs due to productive moisture utilization by the plant during the growing season of 32.3, 32.2 mm, nitrates - 4.20, 1.91 mg, phosphorus - 1.76, 0.50 and potassium - 2.47, 1.01 mg/100 g of soil in case of cellulose- decomposing activity of microorganisms - 7.93 and 10.37%. As far as other variants of the experiment is concerned, the range of soil moisture on nutritional background is from 17.4 to 41.7 mm during sowing and 3.5-10.5 mm during harvesting; the degree of linen decomposition - 4.05-9.37%, the content of digestible nitrates - 0.05-1.11 mg, mobile phosphorus - 0.04-0.29 mg, exchangeable potassium - 0.05-0.95 mg /100 g, feed units - 1.16-1.44 t, energy units - 0.68-0.85 t per 1 ha. As a result of the study, the influence of moisture, activity of microorganisms, nutrients on barley productivity growth was determined as a result of the aftereffects of millet and peas in crop rotations after application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of 40: 80: 40 kg (N: P: K) of the active substance per 1 ha. The yield dependence of barley energy feed units in a crop rotation with millet on the content of used nitrates in the arable soil layer was found.

INFLUENCE OF SOWING TIME AND FERTILIZER DOSAGE ON WEEDINESS AND YIELD OF SWEET SORGHUM

The studies were carried out in order to determine the appropriate period of sowing and doses of mineral fertilizers for sweet sorghum in 2018-2020 on leached medium-thick, heavy loamy black soil of Zakamie of the Republic of Tatarstan. Humus content was 6.0-6.2% (according to Tyurin), alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen - 81-84 mg/kg, mobile forms of phosphorus - 167-170 mg, exchangeable potassium - 172-173 mg/kg of soil (according to Chirikov); the sum of the absorbed bases is 40.3-40.8 mg-eq per 100 g of soil, hydrolytic acidity - 3.42-3.50, pH of the salt extract - 5.6-5.7. The seeding amount was 300,000 pcs/ha of viable seeds, the depth of seed placement was 5–6 cm. Mineral fertilizers were applied after harvesting the previous crop, before main tillage. The main tillage type was 22 - 24 cm depth plowing. The forecrop was annual grasses for haylage. High weediness was observed in sorghum crops of the first term (10 May). Moreover, the doses of applied fertilizers significantly increased the weed infestation, their number was 58 pcs/m2on an unfertilized background in the full shoots phase, whereas, their number was 69 pcs/m2 on the background of N60P60K60, and 76 pcs/m2 on the background of N80P80K80. The above trend persisted throughout the growing season of the agrophytocenosis. The sowing time and the mineral nutrition background influenced both the growing season duration and crop formation: N60P60K60, the duration of the growing season averaged 113 days over three years, which is 9 days more compared to the control. The variant of the mineral background up to N80P80K80 increased the vegetation period by 15 days compared to the unfertilized variant of the experiment. The mineral nutrition background of N60P60K60 in the second term of sorghum sowing allowed to obtain a yield increase of feed mass from 6.6 to 8.0 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N80P80K80 provided a yield increase from 10.8 to 15.4 t/ha.

Toll-Like Receptor-Induced Immune Responses During Early Childhood and Their Associations With Clinical Outcomes Following Acute Illness Among Infants in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Severely ill children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience high rates of mortality from a broad range of infectious diseases, with the risk of infection-related death compounded by co-existing undernutrition. How undernutrition and acute illness impact immune responses in young children in LMICs remains understudied, and it is unclear what aspects of immunity are compromised in this highly vulnerable population. To address this knowledge gap, we profiled longitudinal whole blood cytokine responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands among severely ill children (n=63; 2-23 months old) with varied nutritional backgrounds, enrolled in the CHAIN Network cohort from Kampala, Uganda, and Kilifi, Kenya, and compared these responses to similar-aged well children in local communities (n=41). Cytokine responses to ligands for TLR-4 and TLR-7/8, as well as Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), demonstrated transient impairment in T cell function among acutely ill children, whereas innate cytokine responses were exaggerated during both acute illness and following clinical recovery. Nutritional status was associated with the magnitude of cytokine responses in all stimulated conditions. Among children who died following hospital discharge or required hospital re-admission, exaggerated production of interleukin-7 (IL-7) to all stimulation conditions, as well as leukopenia with reduced lymphocyte and monocyte counts, were observed. Overall, our findings demonstrate exaggerated innate immune responses to pathogen-associated molecules among acutely ill young children that persist during recovery. Heightened innate immune responses to TLR ligands may contribute to chronic systemic inflammation and dysregulated responses to subsequent infectious challenges. Further delineating mechanisms of innate immune dysregulation in this population should be prioritized to identify novel interventions that promote immune homeostasis and improve outcomes.

Influence of abiotic environmental factors on agricultural technology of barley cultivation in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of abiotic factors on the yield of barley grain in arid conditions of the Orenburg region. The aim of the study is to study agrometeorological conditions, soil moisture, nutrient background, previous crops and their impact on the yield of barley grain in six-field crop rotations. The studies were carried out from 2015 to 2020 according to six options for growing barley on a plot of an experimental stationary field according to crop rotations with black and green manure fallow, laid down in 1988. In the experiments, the following research methods are used: field, thermostat-weight method and analysis of variance. The moisture level in the soil layers in all variants is from 112.2 to 173.2 mm. For the rotation of the six-field crop rotation with black fallow in the second variant of the experiment, there is an increase in the yield of barley grain in the aftereffect of peas against the background with applied mineral fertilizers and contains 1.40 t, without their use - 1.16 t/ha. For the rest of the experiment, a change in the yield of barley grain is noted and the range is from 1.07 to 1.38 t/ha. The increase in grain from mineral fertilizers by 0.17-0.25 t/ha can be seen for all variants of the study. The dependence of the yield of barley grain in grain-fallow crop rotation with peas on the content of soil moisture and precipitation on a fertilized background of nutrition was revealed. The results of the study are of great importance in the development of agriculture and the production of fodder grain in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

Effect of rumen-protected fat on performance, carcass characteristics and beef quality of the progeny from Nellore cows fed by different planes of nutrition during gestation

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance, carcass traits, meat quality and the expression of myogenic and lipogenic genes in muscle of steers finished with or without rumen-protected fat and born from dams that were supplemented with protein or not during mid- to late gestation. Forty-eight Nellore steers with an initial body weight (BW) of 341 ± 7.54 kg at 21 ± 0.7 months of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the following treatments: two offspring feedlot diets and two nutritional planes for pregnant dams. Steers born from dams of both maternal nutritional planes and reared on pasture, were allocated to individual pens for 135 days, with half of each group being fed a diet without (NFAT) or with rumen-protected fat (RPF; 6% calcium salts and 7.6% ether extract - EE). Regarding maternal nutritional planes, after 124 ± 21 days of gestation until calving, half of the grazed cows received 1 kg/cow/day protein supplement (SUPP; ∼369 g of crude protein [CP] per kg of dry matter [DM]), and the other half received only mineral salt (CTL). Steers were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, and the weight of the feed and orts was recorded daily for performance measures. After slaughter in a commercial slaughterhouse, carcass evaluations were performed and longissimus thoracis muscle samples were collected for meat quality and gene expression analyzes using RT-qPCR. There was no interaction between the finishing diets and the maternal nutritional background for performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and gene expression of the offspring. Feeding with RPF decreased the dry matter intake, final BW, average daily gain and carcass weight (P < 0.05). Diet with RPF upregulated the MyHCI, MyHCIIx, IGFR1, COL3A1, FN1 and ACACA genes (P < 0.05) and tended to upregulate the SREBF1 (P = 0.07). Maternal supplementation did not affect feedlot performance, carcass and meat quality traits (P > 0.05). Maternal supplementation upregulated the MyHCI and CPT2 genes (P < 0.05) and tended to upregulate the FASN and ACACA genes (P < 0.10) of the offspring. In conclusion, feeding RPF to the offspring regardless of maternal nutritional background affected the performance and weight of the carcasses, as well as the expression of myogenic and fibro/lipogenic genes, without affecting the deposition of intramuscular fat, total collagen or meat tenderness.

Agrotechnological efficiency of cultivation of new varieties of winter wheat in the conditions of the Stavropol Territory

In 2 years of research, the most successful combination of high yields and good grain quality indicators was obtained when cultivating winter wheat according to the fallow precursor. Thus, the yield in this version was higher than on wheat after winter wheat by 2.7-3.1 times on the version without fertilizers and, accordingly, by 1.8-1.9 times on a fertilized background. For the entire period of research on both precursors, the application of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the yield of winter wheat grains by 0.8-1.2 t/ha for the precursor black steam and by 1.7-1.8 t/ha for wheat. The positive influence of fertilizers affected not only the yield, but also the content of gluten. On average, their application contributed to an increase in the crude gluten in grain by 1.7% (from 22.5 to 24.2%) in fallow and by 3.6% (from 14.5 to 18.1%) in semifallow land. The largest increase in gluten content in the experience options with fertilization for both predecessors was given by Victoria 11 variety - by 2.8 and 5.9%, the lowest Paritet - by 0.6 and 1.6%. The analysis of the economic efficiency of the cultivated varieties of winter wheat showed that the most cost-effective is the cultivation of winter wheat by the predecessor of pure steam, regardless of the background of nutrition. It was found out that the introduction of mineral fertilizers contributed to a reduction in the cost of a unit of production for steam by 48.5%, for the ear predecessor by 32.8%. Analyzing the obtained data on the economic efficiency of winter wheat, it can be noted that the high values of profitability on average for the predecessors and backgrounds of mineral nutrition were obtained by the varieties Sekletia and Tsaritsa, and the lowest – Partner and Paritet.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИЕМОВ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ НОВЫХ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Purpose: to determine the optimal method of primary tillage, the mineral nutrition background when cultivating new varieties of winter wheat in Rostov region. Materials and methods. Place and time of the research is the experimental station of the Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Centre, 2019–2021. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary calcareous, medium-thick, light loamy chernozem on loess-like loam with a bulk density of 1.26 g/cm³ in the 0–30 cm layer. New varieties of winter wheat Bylina Dona, Akapella and Oktava were used in the experiments. Factor A: methods of primary tillage: 1) plowing at 25–27 cm (control); 2) combined (surface at 14–16 cm + slotting at 40–45 cm); 3) chisel at 25–27 cm. Factor B: fertilizer backgrounds (control without fertilizer, moderate (N80P60K60), high (N120P80K80)). When conducting a field experiment, generally accepted methods were used (B. A. Dospekhov, 1985; A. N. Kostyakov, 1961; A. F. Vadyunina, 1986). Results. A higher grain yield of new varieties of winter wheat was provided against the background of plowing, where the grain yield changed regardless of the background of nutrition: for the variety Bylina Dona within 3.17–4.68 t/ha, Acapella – 3.64–5.19 t/ha, Oktava – 2.71–4.00 t/ha. The nutritional background of N80Р60K60 with different methods of primary tillage gave an increase in the yield of varieties: Bylina Dona – 31.6–32.5 %, Acapella – 27.4–27.7 %, Oktava – 31.2–32.8 %, compared to control. The high background of N120Р80K80 provided similar gains in varieties: Bylina Dona – 45.2–47.6 %, Acapella – 40.9–42.6 %, Oktava – 45.7–47.6 %. The best benefit from the fertilizer application and the lowest water consumption coefficient were obtained on the Acapella variety under conditions of plowing and N120P80K80 fertilizer background (respectively 5.54 kg/kg and 320 m³/t). Conclusions. The most productive variety was Acapella with a yield of 5.19 t/ha.

МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЕ УДОБРЕНИЯ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The paper presents results of study of the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers in the technology of spring wheat cultivation. Experimental studies were carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University in 2017-2020 in a five-field grain green manure crop rotation: green manure fallow - winter wheat - spring wheat - soybeans - barley. We studied change of grain yield and quality of spring wheat of Ulyanovskaya 100 variety in the experiment. Mathematical processing of the data showed that a significant increase of spring wheat grain yield was provided on the variants with fertilizer application at a dose of 40 and 60 kg / ha of active agent, which was 0.57 t / ha and 0.73 t / ha, respectively. At the same time, there was an increase of gluten amount up to 27.8% and improvement of its quality in the variant with application of fertilizers at a dose of 60 kg / ha of active agent (73 FDM units), which assigns it to the I quality group. The performed correlation-regression analysis made it possible to reveal the relationship between the grain yield of spring wheat and the conditions of its formation. A direct relationship was revealed between the yield and the background of crop nutrition (r = 0.64). It is important to note that the main factor which influences gluten accumulation in grain is mineral nutrition of plants (R2 = 0.55), the determination coefficient of the dependence of gluten accumulation on the hydrothermal index was R2 = 0.26. The research results showed a close relationship between the mass fraction of gluten and protein in the grain of spring wheat of Ulyanovskaya 100 variety (R2 = 0.70). The accumulation of protein varied from 264 (control) to 509 kg / ha (N60P60K60) within the research years.

FORMATION OF A SYMBIOTIC APPARATUS OF LENTIL DEPENDING ON INOCULATION AND PROCESSING OF SEEDS WITH MICROELEMENTS

The article presents the results of a long-term study of the features of the formation of the symbiotic potential of lentil plants, taking into account both the hydrothermal features of the vegetation period of plants, and from the standpoint of using various options for pre-sowing seed treatment with inoculant and complex micronutrient fertilizers. Aspects of the formation of the symbiotic potential of lentils in the context of different years according to the hydrothermal regime were determined, which made it possible to determine the optimal SCC interval for the realization of the effective potential of the formation of nodule bacteria and their vital activity. The features of the use of one of the modern lentil seed inoculants Anderiz-r and complex chelated micronutrient fertilizer for presowing seed treatment - Oracle in the format of single and combined use against the background of the recommended background of mineral nutrition at the level of 30 kg / ha of the active substance nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the standpoint of the formation of a symbiotic apparatus in the dynamics of the phenological development of lentils. The effect of these preparations on the formation of the number and mass of nodule bacteria on the root system of lentil plants was studied for the period from the branching of the stem to the beginning of the formation of fruit elements. It has been proven that the combined use of an inoculant and microfertilizer provides a general increase in the number of nodule bacteria on a plant by at least 80% for an increase in their mass by 2.4 times. The features of the formation of the ratio between the number and mass of nodule bacteria in lentil plants have been established both from the standpoint of hydrothermal vegetation regimes and from the standpoint of using options for pre-sowing seed inoculation and the use of complex micronutrients for the same pre-sowing seed treatment. It is noted that from the standpoint of a positive influence on the general indicators of the formation of the symbiotic potential of lentil plants, an obligatory technological element is the pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with a species-specific strain of bacteria, which makes it possible to significantly increase the total number of nodule bacteria on lentil roots from 5-7 to 30-31, depending on the phenological phase. plants and years of research

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ МЕЖІ ДОЦІЛЬНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КАЛІЙНИХ ДОБРИВ

The issues of the recoupment of potash fertilizers are considered, which is one of the most controversial in agronomy, since it is precisely this that determines the need for fertilizers and the economic efficiency of their use. It is shown that the payback of fertilizers is a complex value and not constant in different crops. The increase in yield from fertilizers in kind is taken on the basis of field experiments with fertilizers carried out on podzolized chernozem in the Uman NUS. The cost of the increase in yield from the use of potash fertilizers was determined by the average actual sales prices of products prevailing on the market through various sales channels in the 6th quarter of 2021. collecting a yield increase from potash fertilizers. The cost of potash fertilizer was taken at the current price of 16000 UAH/t with the addition of a margin for their delivery to the farm. The costs for the use of fertilizers on the farm and for collecting the increase in yield were set calculated according to the accepted standards. The difference between the value of the yield increase (YI) and additional costs (AC) gives the net income received from the use of fertilizers. The ratio of the cost of increasing the yield to additional costs shows their payback. On the basis of comparing the indicators YI and AC, the boundaries of the economic efficiency of the use of fertilizers were determined: YI&gt;AC (general expression of the task). The minimum necessary increase in yield from fertilizers and the limits of the increase in prices for potash fertilizers were also calculated. It has been established that at a price for potassium chloride of 16000 UAH /t and the cost of its use in optimal doses for field crops against the background of a balanced nitrogen-phosphorus nutrition, the cost of an increase in yield is 1164–14820 UAH/ ha. Payback (unprofitableness) of 1 kg. potash fertilizers vary in a wide range – from – UAH 18.6 to 104,0, depending on the crop. The limit of the unprofitable price per unit of the active substance of potash fertilizers at the optimal dose of application depends on the crop and is in the range of 6.9–129,5 UAH/ha. With the current disparity in prices for crop products and potassium chloride, its use is unprofitable for winter rye, spring barley, grain sorghum and sugar beet (when applied against a background of 40 t/ha of manure). This is due to the availability of podzolized chernozem with mobile potassium compounds, biological characteristics of crops and technologies for their cultivation.

АГРОЕКОНОМІЧНІ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ АЗОТНИХ ДОБРИВ ПІД ПОЛЬОВІ КУЛЬТУРИ

The issues of recoupment of nitrogen fertilizers are considered, since they determine the need for fertilizers and the agro-economic efficiency of their use. It is shown that the payback of fertilizers is a complex value and not constant in different crops. The increase in yield from fertilizers in kind is taken on the basis of field experiments with fertilizers carried out on podzolized chernozem of the opita field of the Uman NUS. The cost of an increase in the yield from the use of nitrogen fertilizers was determined by the average actual sales prices of products prevailing on the market through various sales channels in the 6th quarter of 2021. Additional costs included: the cost of fertilizers, a margin for their delivery to the farm, the cost of using it on the farm and collecting increase in yield from nitrogen fertilizers. The cost of ammonium nitrate was taken at UAH 24,000 / t with the addition of a margin for their delivery to the farm. The costs of using fertilizers on the farm and collecting an increase in yield were set calculated according to the accepted standards. The difference between the value of the yield increase (PU) and additional costs (AD) gives the net income received from the use of fertilizers. The ratio of the cost of increasing the yield to additional costs shows their payback. On the basis of comparing the indicators of PU and DZ, the boundaries of the economic efficiency of the use of fertilizers were determined: PU&gt; DZ (general expression of the task). We also calculated the minimum required increase in yield from fertilizers and the limits of price increases for nitrogen fertilizers. It has been established that at a price of ammonium nitrate of UAH 24,000 / t and the cost of its use in optimal doses for field crops against the background of a balanced phosphorus-potassium nutrition, the cost of an increase in yield is 3075–47894 UAH/ha. Payback of 1 kg a.c. nitrogen fertilization varies in a wide range – from 3.0 to 217.3 hryvnyas, depending on the crop. The limit of the unprofitable price per unit of the active substance of nitrogen fertilizers at the optimal application rate depends on the crop and is in the range of UAH 76.5–219.0 /ha. With the current disparity in prices for crop products and ammonium nitrate (24,000 UAH/t), its use is profitable, which is explained by the low ability of podzolized chernozem to provide plants with nitrogen, biological requirements of crops for this food element and technologies for their cultivation. Key words: nitrogen fertilizers, agricultural crops, fertilizer recoupment, loss threshold, price increase limit.

Nutrition Capacity Building to Meet National Priorities: Lessons Learned in Developing and Implementing Malawi's First Dietetics Program.

The current nutrition situation in Malawi, characterized by high rates of malnutrition in communities and hospitals and a rapidly increasing burden of overweight/obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases, highlights the urgent need for registered dietitians, who have a proven track record in the prevention and management of all forms of malnutrition and improving patient outcomes. However, dietetics practice has been described as underdeveloped and fragmented in many parts of Africa, exacerbated by a severe and chronic shortage of dietetics professionals and a lack of nutrition and dietetic education programs in most African countries.We share early lessons learned in the development and implementation of the first dietetics program in Malawi. Within 6 years, the program produced 10 graduate dietitians who have filled the first clinical dietitian posts in Malawian public hospitals. This early success can be attributed to the model used to develop and implement the program, which included early stakeholder engagement to define the priority skills and competencies of a Malawian dietitian, the use of internationally recognized training standards, and the development of strategic institutional partnerships that brought together complementary skills and expertise. Furthermore, using existing resources and recruiting students with a nutrition and health background accelerated implementation. The current dietetics curriculum responds to the national nutrition and health policy direction and strategic objectives. Early and sustained government engagement was crucial in creating demand and securing career prospects for graduates. Although still in its infancy, dietitians in Malawi are poised to contribute significantly to alleviating the country's complex nutrition challenges.

Efficiency of the applied elements of the technology of growing sunflower of confectionery direction

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of growing confectionery sunflower in the moderately arid conditions of the northern steppe of Ukraine. The features of the formation of the yield and quality of seeds of modern varieties and a hybrid of sunflower of the confectionery direction, depending on the elements of the technology of their cultivation, namely on the variety, the method of the main tillage, the background of nutrition and the density of sowing, have been established. The most favorable conditions for the formation of high yields were formed during the main moldboard tillage. Depending on the dose of fertilizers and the sowing scheme, the yield was 1.88-3.04 t/ha for the SPK variety, 1.72-3.03 t/ha for the Belochka variety, and 1.96-3 for the Zaporozhye confectionery variety 14 t/ha, for the Goodwin hybrid – 1.50-2.68 t/ha. The highest yield of the variety Zaporozhskiy konditerskiy – 3.14 t/ha – was obtained when growing on a dump system of tillage, fertilizing at a dose of N60P80K80 and for a sowing density of 40.8 thousand plants/1 ha. The highest net profit – 37051.30 UAH/ha (profitability – 264.25 %) from the use of mineral fertilizers with a dose of N60P80K80 was obtained for the Belochka variety for a planting density of 40.8 thousand plants/1 ha with non-moldboard tillage. But a great profitability (372 %) was obtained for the Goodwin variety during moldboard tillage using mineral fertilizers N20P40K40 and for a planting density of 40.8 thousand plants/1 ha. At the same time, the profit amounted to 29693.32 UAH/ha, and total expenses – 7985.65 UAH/ha.

Optimal growing regulations – guarantee of high productivity of sunflower

Optimal growing regulations – guarantee of high productivity of sunflower