Nutrition For Athletes Research Articles

Rehabilitation Nutrition for Injury Recovery of Athletes: The Role of Macronutrient Intake.

An adequate and balanced diet is of utmost importance in recovery and rehabilitation. “Rehabilitation nutrition” for injury recovery of athletes is similar to sports nutrition, except for the differences that concern the prevention of the risk or presence of sarcopenia, malnutrition, or dysphagia. Rehabilitation nutrition also aims, combined with training, to an adequate long-term nutritional status of the athlete and also in physical condition improvement, in terms of endurance and resistance. The aim of this paper is to define the proper nutrition for athletes in order to hasten their return to the sports after surgery or injury. Energy intake should be higher than the energy target in order to fight sarcopenia—that is 25–30 kcal/kg of body weight. Macro- and micro-nutrients play an important role in metabolism, energy production, hemoglobin synthesis, lean mass and bone mass maintenance, immunity, health, and protection against oxidative damage. Nutritional strategies, such as supplementation of suboptimal protein intake with leucine are feasible and effective in offsetting anabolic resistance. Thus, maintaining muscle mass, without gaining fat, becomes challenging for the injured athlete. A dietary strategy should be tailored to the athlete’s needs, considering amounts, frequency, type and, most of all, protein quality. During rehabilitation, simultaneous carbohydrates and protein intake can inhibit muscle breakdown and muscle atrophy. The long-term intake of omega-3 fatty acids enhances anabolic sensitivity to amino acids; thus, it may be beneficial to the injured athlete. Adequate intakes of macronutrients can play a major role supporting athletes’ anabolism.

To the 90th anniversary of the Institute of Nutrition: a look through the years

Half of our health depends on the food quality. Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety has been dealing with this problem for 90 years. Core issues are medical enzymology, searching new food sources (protein problem), nutritional epidemiology, nutrition for professional athletes and cosmonauts, seeking new biologically active compounds, food toxicology and safety assessment of nanotechnologies, a study of the metabolism and mechanism of action of food contaminants, creation of a regulatory framework for chemical and microbiological safety, and much more. The infant and baby nutrition and nutrition of older people in recent years has developed rapidly.

Dietary Acid-Base Balance in High-Performance Athletes.

Physical exercise leads to metabolic changes that affect the acid-base balance in skeletal muscles and other tissues. Nutrition is one of the factors that may influence the acid-base balance in the body. Keeping alkaline circumstances in the body is important not only for health and athletic performance in training but also during competition in many sport events. This is especially significant for athletes who practice in sport at the highest level of competition. The aim of the study was to determine the dietary acid-base balance in competitive Lithuanian high-performance athletes, and to evaluate the effect of actual diets of athletes on NEAP (net endogenous acid production), muscle mass and body mineral content during a four-year Olympic cycle. The research participants were 18.1 ± 3.3-year-old Lithuanian high performance athletes (n = 323). The actual diet was investigated using the 24 h recall dietary survey method. The measurements of body composition were performed using BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis). The potential renal acid load of the diets of athletes (dietary PRAL) and NEAP were calculated. In 10.2% of athletes, NEAP exceeds 100 mEq day−1 and is on average 126.1 ± 32.7 mEq day−1. Higher NEAP in athletes is associated with lower muscle mass (β -1.2% of body weight, p < 0.001) but has no effect on the amount of minerals in the body (β 0.01% of body weight, p = 0.073). Overall, 25–30% of Lithuanian high-performance athletes use high-protein diets (2.0–4.8 g kg−1 day−1) leading to a dietary acid-base imbalance as well as an excessive production of endogenous acids in the body. Athletes are recommended to consume higher amounts of potassium and magnesium. An increase in calcium intake up to 1500 mg per day is recommended. In exceptional cases, periodised nutrition for athletes may involve diets complemented with bicarbonate and/or beta-alanine supplements.

Getting Yogurt Enriched with Beta-Carotene

The possibility of replacing the milk component in unsweetened drinking yogurt with 15% homogenized carrot puree for the product to be enriched with beta-carotene is considered. This product can be used in the nutrition of athletes, workers associated with harmful working conditions, in children’s nutrition. The work was carried out to determine the organoleptic parameters, the titrated acidity of yogurt, as well as its nutritional value.

Development And Validation Of An Electronic Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire For Athletes

PURPOSE: Reliable assessment of sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) would help inform athlete nutrition education to address knowledge gaps. Electronic assessment is an accessible option able to provide immediate feedback. The aim of the study was to validate an electronic SNK assessment tool - Platform to Evaluate Athlete Knowledge of Sports Nutrition Questionnaire (PEAKS-NQ). METHODS: PEAKS-NQ was informed by focus groups with sports nutritionists (n=16) from elite sports institutes in Australia and New Zealand (NZ) with content validity established via a modified Delphi Process. The PEAKS-NQ captured demographics (Section A) and assessed SNK across 5 domains (Sections B-F; max score 113 points). PEAKS-NQ was deployed to 92 developmental (junior) athletes (DA) in NZ, with a subset (n=50) invited to complete a re-test to evaluate reliability. To establish construct validity via the known groups method, 255 accredited sports dietitians (ASD) were invited to complete PEAKS-NQ. Score differences between DA and ASD were analysed using independent t or non-parametric tests. Reliability and internal consistency were evaluated using Sign Tests and Cronbach’s α (good = ≥0.8) respectively. Results are reported as mean±SD. RESULTS: DA (n=88) were 17.6±1.4y, 61.4% female, and mostly in high school (94.3%). ASD (n=45) were 37.8±7.6y, 82.2% female, with >5 years of dietetic experience (59.1%). ASD scored higher in all sections and overall (91.5±3.4%) compared to DA (67.1±10.5%)(p<0.001). Both DA and ASD scored best on Section B - Food groups (87.1±8.5 v 98.5±3.5%, p<0.001) and lowest on Section D - Applied Sports Nutrition (51.1±13.8 v 86.7±10.0%, p<0.001). In DA, there were no section or overall differences between re-tests (n=18; p=0.14). Overall Cronbach’s α was good (0.86). Overall median completion time was 24 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: PEAKS-NQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing SNK in athletes. A final stage of testing with more athletes will assist in establishing score ranges and factors influencing SNK.

Understanding healthy body and dieting of youth athletes among Javanese Muslim parents

This phenomenological research is aimed to explore the perspectives of parents about the healthy body and dietary requirements for youth athletes. Data were obtained from the Javanese Muslim parents who have children who are youth athletes in two provinces of Indonesia, Central Java and East Java. Interviews were conducted with nine participants using a semi-structured guideline. Data analysis used Giorgi phenomenological approach. This study found various perceptions about the healthy body and dieting of youth athletes. Parents perceived a healthy body could be shown by no injury and the ability to reach the targets in either training or competing. As Muslims, they emphasized the importance of providing halal food because the food that enters the body would affect bodily functions. They stressed the importance of supplements to replace the lack of nutrients in the body and increased water intake. However, they expressed confusion in the composition, portion and frequency of nutrition for athletes. The limited understanding of nutrition for athletes urged parents to value the importance of advice from health workers related to maintaining athletes’ performance and the nutrition they needed. The results of this study indicated the need to improve parents’ knowledge and skills regarding nutrition management to maintain athletes’ performance by considering Islamic laws.

Preliminary development of a tactical athlete nutrition score

Tactical athletes are at high risk for numerous conditions that are susceptible to nutritional intake. However, nutrition risk assessments in tactical athletes are not routinely implemented. The purpose of this paper was to describe preliminary development of the Tactical Athlete Nutrition Score (TANS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of career firefighters (N = 150, all males) in southern California. Participants completed a 3-Day Food Record and other health-related questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements. The TANS was developed through best available evidence, observations, and an expert judgment exercise. The TANS include five variables: total energy, protein, omega-3 fatty acids, total sugar, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Risk levels were quantified according to data from these categories and analyzed accordingly. The TANS appeared to effectively differentiate individuals based on nutrition risk, with separation observed among the TANS risk levels – low risk (n = 7), moderate risk (n = 77), high risk (n = 66). One-way analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the risk categories for the five nutrition variables and TANS total (p &lt; 0.001). The observed risk categories are plausible based on knowledge of this population. This study suggests the TANS is feasible to proceed to full-scale validation research trials. If validity is established, TANS will contribute to assessing nutrition risk level and improving nutrition interventions among tactical athletes.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Orang Tua tentang Pengaturan Menu Makan Atlet SSB Melalui Fokus Grup Diskusi

Athletes need nutritional information accurate sports nutrition for optimal support achievement. In contrast nutrition inadequate, inhibits athletes reached best performance. Focus group discussion about regulating diet to explore the problem in depth parents about nutritional. The provision of food in an athlete should be adapted and with the same period inexercise. Feeding in athelete adapted to the period exercise. Nutrition in athletes divided into three periods. Athletes having different energy needs related to differences in type, intensity, exercise duration. Related the athletes develop, balanced diet necessary requirements. Focus group discussion performed to 24 parent’s atheletes at Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Real Madrid on September 17, 2019 at Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta and performed to 30 parents’s athletes at Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) Baturetno on September 15, 2019. Overall, some parents atheletes football know a difference diet in periode exercise. But, paretns athletes not be able to apply diet before, while, recovery peiods exercise because limited knowledge, limited time preparing food, and food habit. Community devotion is expected to be made in a sustainable way. This is due to the possibility of different students each year. In addition to education to parents, activities of this devotion is expected to be done not only to parents, but SSB Real Madrid UNY and SSB Baturetno to athletes and also coach soccer athletes.Keywords: focus group discussion, athlete’s parents, food patern

Coaches’ perceptions about food, appetite, and nutrition of adolescent Indian athletes - A qualitative study

Adolescence is a transitional phase of development with the risk of adopting unhealthy behaviours, which is carried on to adulthood. Adolescent athletes tend to resort to unhealthy eating habits resulting in eating disorders and other clinical outcomes. Hence, it forms a crucial age to understand modifiable food habits and provide appropriate counselling. In India, coaches closely monitor the adolescent athletes, even concerning their eating habits due to the lack of multi-disciplinary support staff. Thus, our study aimed to understand the perceptions of coaches towards food, appetite and nutrition of adolescent athletes using In-depth interviews (IDI). Of all 14 coaches at the state-sponsored residential sports centre, 10 consented. The IDI were conducted in a standardized manner and were recorded and transcribed. They were coded manually, using the open and axial coding in the grounded theory approach to determine themes. They considered nutrition as key to performance and consumption of higher animal protein as important. Majority of them considered sprouts, dry fruits, fruits and vegetables as healthy foods, though were unable to define the quantities nor nutrients therein. Coaches considered protein as “important”, while fat as “unhealthy”. They also observed that athletes were avoiding fruits and vegetables, while consuming more rice. Meal timing, fluid and supplement intake were considered essential for international performance, albeit unaware of the specific requirements. Hygiene practices and peer isolation were considered to affect food intake. This lacunae in the nutrition knowledge and the modifiable nutrition practices explored can be targeted by developing a nutrition education and assessment tool for coaches and junior athletes. Further, a long-term engagement of a nutritionist with every sports academy in India is recommended.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED FOOD PRODUCTS FOR NUTRITION OF SPORTSMEN

The article is based on the relevance of the development and production of specialized food products for nutrition of athletes, aimed at solving the problem of maintaining the appropriate physical condition of the population engaged in sports, fitness in a healthy lifestyle. As a result of theoretical and experimental researches the scientific concept of creation of fermented specialized food products on a dairy basis for sports nutrition is formulated, the structural and logistic scheme of realization of scientific and methodical principles of creation of these technologies is developed. Biotechnologies and recipes of specialized food products for sports nutrition have been developed. The biological and energetic value of diets with the use of specialized foodstuffs is determined. For practical realization of results of analytical and experimental researches normative and technical documentation for manufacture of new products which have been tested in industrial conditions of the operating enterprises of milk branch are developed. The technologies of all products are highly appreciated by consumers who are effectively engaged in sports and fitness.

РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ БИОПРОДУКТА ДЛЯ СПОРТИВНОГО ПИТАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the development of bioproduct technology for sports nutrition. Currently, both in the Russian Federation and throughout the world, there is an intensive development of professional and amateur sports. Scientific research is carried out aimed at developing the technology of products for the nutrition of athletes, studying the effect of certain products and substances on physical fitness and obtaining high results by athletes. The production of specialized food products for athletes is an important task for a domestic manufacturer. Athletes of different qualifications need products of increased biological value, biologically active additives and specialized sports nutrition of a functional orientation. Specialized food products for athletes are very widely represented on the market, but among them only 5% are domestic products. To solve the problem of optimal balanced nutrition of athletes, it is necessary to develop and introduce into the production of domestic specialized products with a given composition (high-protein, high-carbohydrate, carbohydrate-mineral, etc.), which should contribute to an increase in performance, endurance, the fastest recovery of the athlete's body after physical exertion and, as a result - improving athletic performance. In this regard, the development of a bioproduct for sports nutrition, with an increased biological value and with a natural component composition, is relevant. The expediency of using plant components in the technology of biological products for sports nutrition has been scientifically justified and experimentally confirmed. The permissible level of introduction of functional plant components for the formation of organoleptic, physicochemical indicators has been substantiated and experimentally confirmed.

Features of nutrition for athletes in cyclic endurance sports

The number of different endurance sporting events is increasing annually. In the general population the number of participants in such competitions as marathon running, road racing, open water swimming and triathlon is growing. In this regard, much attention is paid to the scientific study of various aspects of nutrition as a factor in energy synthesis in muscle tissues during prolonged physical activity. The review summarizes an analysis of the nutritional data of athletes of various sports who have a long and extra-long physical activity. Information on the role of energy macronutrients (carbohydrates and fats) in the biochemical processes in the organism of athletes during long-term training and competition activities is given. The effectiveness of their consumption to improve performance in cyclic sports during prolonged exercise is analyzed. Various options for using certain compositions to improve endurance indicators, as well as possible undesirable consequences of the use of some nutrients by athletes-styers, are considered in the article.

Оценка фактического питания и пищевого статуса спортсменов циклических видов спорта

Objective: assessment of the actual nutrition of athletes involved in cyclic sports. Materials and methods: actual nutrition was investigated using 24-hour (daily) nutritional reproduction. Anthropometric study was conducted by height (cm) and body weight (kg) measuring with subsequent calculation of body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ). Body composition was determined by the method of bioimpedansometry. Biochemical markers of nutritional status were determined using the «400 ABXPENTRA» Analyzer in unattended mode. Results: assessment of the actual nutrition of athletes revealed its imbalance-excess consumption of animal fat, cholesterol, sodium and added sugars (including confectionery). In the diet of athletes a vitamin deficiency of Group B, magnesium, calcium was detected, that was due to the insufficient consumption of dairy products, fish, vegetables and fruits. Conclusions: nutritional disorders caused adverse changes of the nutritional status in some of athletes surveyed that manifested by changes in the body composition, dyslipidemia against the background of insufficient efficiency of recovery processes and the risk of overwork.

RESEARCH OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF PROTEIN-FAT MIXTURE FROM FLAX AND SESAME SEEDS FOR NUTRITION OF ATHLETES

The aim of the research is to determine the microbiological stability of a protein-fat mixture of flax and sesame seeds that allows to correct its storage life. A protein-fat mixture has a high content of irreplaceable amino acids ВСАА and polyunsaturated fatty acids of w-3group, so it may be positioned as a component of nutrition for athletes. Flax and sesame seeds, cultivated in Ukraine, were used as research materials. The product was created, based on comminuted flax and sesame seeds in ratio 1:1. There were determined organoleptic (outlook, taste, smell, color) and physical-chemical (mass share of moisture, ash, protein, fat, acidic, peroxide, anisidine number) parameters of the product. There was determined the microbiological stability of the protein-fat mixture of the increased food value for athletes nutrition after 6 months. It has been proved, that as opposite to the control sample, the protein-fat mixture of the developed composition manifests its microbiological stability by the following parameters: content of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, molds, yeast, bacteria of the colon bacillus group and pathogenic microorganisms. The control sample that is comminuted flax seeds doesn’t manifest at the end of the storage term any correspondence of microbiological parameters by the content of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, molds, and bacteria of the colon bacillus group. This regularity is explained by the presence of lignans, sesamol and sesamoline, with preservative properties in the developed product. The obtained data may be used for reasoning recipes of products, based on the protein-fat mixture and correction of the food supplements ratio in them.

Features of the diet of athletes playing sports

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of hygienic approaches to nutrition of students involved in game sports. The article analyzes the practical skills and methods of organizing the culture of nutrition of athletes of high-intensity sports. Some approaches to the rationality of the diet, taking into account modern scientific trends in the biochemical state of the organism, have been determined. Features of the diet of participants of game sports are associated with the definition of the needs of the body of athletes in energy, food and biologically active components. The issues of the use of food additives and specialized food ingredients in the practice of sports nutrition are considered. Recommendations on the development of biochemical orientation of dietary regimes were prepared depending on the level of energy expenditure of athletes, indicators of basic metabolism and body weight regulation. Such recommendations will be useful to participants of team sports and to all who are interested in the peculiarities of improving the diets of athletes. Compliance with a specially designed diet for players of game sports is especially important due to the extremely high physical activity during the competition. At the same time, before the game you can not completely abandon the usual diet and dramatically change the range of consumed foods. It is necessary to turn to a benign and simple diet that takes into account the tastes of each athlete, but with the condition that traditional products will be enriched with natural highly concentrated dietary supplements. Team sports players should pay particular attention to adaptogens, substances that are not doping-related, but have a general tonic effect on the athlete's body.

Regression Analysis of Breaststroke Swim Performance From Physical, Physiological and Energy Parameters

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of leg muscle power, maximal oxygen, and achievement motivation on breaststroke swimming athlete. This research used a survey method to see the direct relationship between height variables, leg muscle power, maximal oxygen volume, achievement motivation on breaststroke swimming athletes. The sample used 42 people who were determined by purposive male swimmers aged 15-17 years and had participated in the championship. Performed an all-out 50-m breaststroke swimming test in a 50-m pool. The data analysis technique uses path analysis. The results of the analysis of each variable have direct effects where: Body height has a positive direct effect on swimming skills (R² = 0.308), leg muscle power has a positive direct effect on swimming skills (R² = 0.548), 3) the energy cost of oxygen has an effect positive direct to swimming skills of (R² = 0.519), motivation has a positive direct effect on athlete swimming skills with (R² = 0.419). Of the five-leg muscle power variables that have the greatest influence on breaststroke, swimming speed is 54.8% the remaining 45.2% is caused by other factors such as weather conditions, mental state, nutrition, recovery and health conditions of athletes.

Fresh and Savory: Integrating Teaching Kitchens with Shared Medical Appointments.

Objectives: In the fall of 2017, Fresh and Savory, a Culinary and Lifestyle Medicine Teaching Kitchen (TK) program proved systematically feasible as a Shared Medical Appointment (SMA). A portable TK complemented physician consultations, interactive didactic presentations, nutritious cooking, and mind-body exercises. A series of SMAs were launched to develop a system for physicians to address patients' nutritional and lifestyle needs. Interventions: MedStar Health implemented three TK SMA programs to improve patients culinary and lifestyle skills and improve relevant habits. Two cohorts were recruited from Internal Medicine and Cardiology (Internal Medicine/Cardiology I and II) and completed an 8-week program leveraging a culinary and lifestyle medicine curriculum. One cohort (Sports Performance) was held with young, elite athletes completing a 4-week program regarding athlete's nutrition and lifestyle. Feasibility was assessed through patient surveys, staff program operation assessments, and reimbursement. Results: Fifty-three unique patients attended SMA programs, 4-18 patients per weekly session; 223 appointments billed in 2018. E&M code 99213 was billed at $157 and reimbursed, on average, at $116 per patient encounter. During a 4- to 8-week SMA program, changes in patient vitals were statistically insignificant, yet habit changes showed clinical significance. Patients noted increased knowledge of plant-based meals, importance of sleep, and adding mindfulness and exercise to their weekly routine. Conclusions: This exploration investigated the feasibility to implement TK SMA programs at MedStar Health. Developing financial and operational infrastructure for TK SMAs requires financial, staffing, location, and population considerations. TK SMAs proved patient demand for opportunities to develop healthy behaviors. However, sufficient time is required to recruit patients. Vital signs may not acutely improve over an 8-week period, however, small habit changes may improve health outcomes longitudinally and additional exploration is required to assess longitudinal patient outcomes. Financially, SMAs suggest a sustainable and effective approach to integrative medicine in health care.

Biomarkers of Nutrition and Metabolic Health of Athletes: A Review

Biomarkers of Nutrition and Metabolic Health of Athletes: A Review

Об использовании витаминов в питании спортсменов

Об использовании витаминов в питании спортсменов

Изучение ассоциации полиморфизма генов с питанием и пищевым статусом спортсменов-единоборцев

Изучение ассоциации полиморфизма генов с питанием и пищевым статусом спортсменов-единоборцев