Nonequilibrium Open System Research Articles

Capturing non-Markovian polaron dressing with the master equation formalism.

Understanding the dynamics of open quantum systems in strong coupling and non-Markovian regimes remains a formidable theoretical challenge. One popular and well-established method of approximation in these circumstances is provided by the polaron master equation (PME). In this work, we re-evaluate and extend the validity of the PME to capture the impact of non-Markovian polaron dressing, induced by non-equilibrium open system dynamics. By comparing with numerically exact techniques, we confirm that while the standard PME successfully predicts the dynamics of system observables that commute with the polaron transformation (e.g., populations in the Pauli z-basis), it can struggle to fully capture those that do not (e.g., coherences). This limitation stems from the mixing of system and environment degrees of freedom inherent to the polaron transformation, which affects the accuracy of calculated expectation values within the polaron frame. Employing the Nakajima-Zwanzig projection operator formalism, we introduce correction terms that provide an accurate description of observables that do not commute with the transformation. We demonstrate the significance of the correction terms in two cases, the canonical spin-boson model and a dissipative time-dependent Landau-Zener protocol, where they are shown to impact the system dynamics on both short and long timescales.

Plasma-Driven Sciences: Exploring Complex Interactions at Plasma Boundaries

Plasma-driven science is defined as the artificial control of physical plasma-driven phenomena based on complex interactions between nonequilibrium open systems. Recently, peculiar phenomena related to physical plasma have been discovered in plasma boundary regions, either naturally or artificially. Because laboratory plasma can be produced under nominal conditions around atmospheric pressure and room temperature, phenomena related to the interaction of plasma with liquid solutions and living organisms at the plasma boundaries are emerging. Currently, the relationships between these complex interactions should be solved using science-based data-driven approaches; these approaches require a reliable and comprehensive database of dynamic changes in the chemical networks of elementary reactions. Consequently, the elucidation of the mechanisms governing plasma-driven phenomena and the discovery of the latent actions behind these plasma-driven phenomena will be realized through plasma-driven science.

Water as a sensor of weak impacts on biological systems.

A characteristic feature of weak impacts is the non-monotonic response of living organisms and model biological systems to monotonically decreasing impacts. The qualitative similarity of the effects caused by the different acting factors makes one think about the common cause of the observed effects, which is water. A comprehensive analysis of the actual composition of water indicates that water under normal conditions is a multicomponent open non-equilibrium system. Nanobubbles that are always present in water play a significant role in the properties of dilute aqueous solutions. When collapsed, they can produce active oxygen and nitrogen species that have a strong effect on biological systems. Significant non-monotonic changes in electrical conductivity found in a series of sequentially diluted solutions subjected to vigorous shaking after each dilution convincingly demonstrate the presence of chemical changes in the composition of aqueous solutions explained by mechanochemical processes. Similar changes were observed in water samples prepared in the same manner with vigorous shaking and dilution without the addition of any chemical compounds. The long-term evolution of the conductivity of such solutions depends on the chemical structure of the solutes.

Nonadiabatically Driven Subcritical Crack Nucleation in Solids

This paper discusses a subcritical crack nucleation mechanism in a brittle solid within a real range of applied stress. A medium deformed by uniaxial tension is considered as an open nonequilibrium system of nuclei and electrons. Structural relaxation of the medium begins with the excitation of dynamic displacements during nonadiabatic Landau–Zener transitions. Dynamic displacements induce the instability of the medium to the longitudinal displacement wave. The kinetics of structural relaxation is described by two nonlinear parabolic kinetic equations for dynamic order parameters. Conditions are derived for the existence of localized solutions (autosolitons). The excitation of autosolitons leads to local elongation and cross-sectional reduction of the specimen. The resulting neck is a subcritical crack.

Methodology of nonlinearity in the research of the phenomenon of the innovation space of higher school expansion

The article relates to the formation of a methodology of nonlinearity for nonlinear cognition of the spatial expansion of higher education in the innovation sphere, which manifests itself as the implementation of its innovative activities and the spread of innovations not only inside, but also outside its own national states. This trend of embedding higher education in the global innovation process has a stable and long-lasting character, due to its all-round innovatization and globalization.The article offers a rationale of the relevance and presentation of the methodology of nonlinearity as the most effective tool for understanding the expansion of the innovation space of higher education and its integration into the worldwide innovation process. The proposed methodology of nonlinear research is opposed to the so-called linear logic, a linear method often used in economics that considers objects and phenomena with predictable behavior and is not able to give a complete picture of the development of open nonequilibrium systems. The methodology of nonlinearity includes the principles of the theory of systems self-organization and the theory of evolutionary economics. It allows combining both stationary and dynamic components of the nonlinear process under study in one model, revealing the nature of changes in both spatial and temporal properties accompanying the modification of higher education integrated into the global innovation space.The study’s results are presented as the parameters of the nonlinearity of the university innovation space expansion. Theirs disclosed using a nonlinear methodology. There are: the openness of higher education to the import-export of information, energy and material flows; the state of instability, disequilibrium under the influence of external and internal factors; updating the structure through self-organization, leading to the replacement of obsolete parts of the system with new ones; the ability to make qualitative leaps, once at the bifurcation points.The article offers a rationale of the relevance and presentation of the methodology of nonlinearity as the most effective tool for understanding the expansion of the innovation space of higher education and its integration into the worldwide innovation process. The proposed methodology of nonlinear research is opposed to the so-called linear logic, a linear method often used in economics that considers objects and phenomena with predictable behavior and is not able to give a complete picture of the development of open nonequilibrium systems.The methodology of nonlinearity includes the principles of the theory of systems self-organization and the theory of evolutionary economics. It allows combining both stationary and dynamic components of the nonlinear process under study in one model, revealing the nature of changes in both spatial and temporal properties accompanying the modification of higher education integrated into the global innovation space.The study’s results are presented as the parameters of the nonlinearity of the university innovation space expansion. Theirs disclosed using a nonlinear methodology. There are: the openness of higher education to the import-export of information, energy and material flows; the state of instability, disequilibrium under the influence of external and internal factors; updating the structure through self-organization, leading to the replacement of obsolete parts of the system with new ones; the ability to make qualitative leaps, once at the bifurcation points.

Institutional transformation of society in the light of the sociosynergetic paradigm

The object of theoretical research presented in this article is society as an open non-equilibrium system capable of self-organization. The subject of the study are the factors and driving forces of the institutional transformation of the societal system. The relevance of the study is justified by the prolonged transformational period in the life of Russian society, as well as the increasingly widespread socio-structural crisis phenomena in the world. The scientific problem is determined based on such well-known facts as the low predictability and manageability of the processes of institutional transformation, on the one hand, and the need to reduce the risks associated with them, on the other. Accordingly, the question is raised about the mechanism of institutional transformation, which is proposed to be considered using the principles and provisions of sociosynergetics as a methodological basis. The main element of novelty in this article is the synthesis of neoinstitutional theory with the provisions of sociosynergetics. The study analyzes the process of institutional transformation from the standpoint of the sociosynergetic concept using such categories as energy dissipation, entropy, stationary and nonequilibrium state in their social expression. The characteristics of the evolutionary and crisis stages in the development of the institutional system are given. Attention is focused on the risks of the transformation period and the relationship of its results with the previous period of stability. As a result of the conducted research , the author formulates the following conclusions:1) Subjects of social relations act in accordance with the principle of minimum energy dissipation, as a result of which the foundations of any new order are laid in fluctuations of the previous structure.2) The course of the crisis (transformational) process is adversely affected by both excessive control actions aimed at preserving the previous order, and premature and ill-conceived reforms.3) The prolonged transformation threatens the complete degradation of the societal system due to the depletion of resources needed to reduce entropy.

CATEGORY OF GENRE STYLE IN THE CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM OF MODERN MUSICOLOGY

The problem of musical style is interdisciplinary in nature and requires a new approach. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to extrapolate the evolutionary-synergetic approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of musical style as an open non-equilibrium non-linear system, which allows detecting specific patterns and trends inherent in its historical development, and developing new theoretical and methodological foundations for further comprehension of the style concept. Such an approach will help, to some extent, eliminate contradictions in understanding style’ essence, and present the history of musical art and musical style as a synergistic process based on the specific interaction of chaos and order.

Thermodynamic instability of the atmospheric boundary layer stimulated by tectonic and seismic activity

The number of researches during the recent two decades clearly demonstrated that a few weeks/days before moderate and strong earthquakes the specific thermal anomalies emerge within the earthquake preparation zones. In these papers some physical mechanisms were proposed, but they could not explain the avalanche character of the observed anomalies. In our works we studied a rich collection of pre-earthquake thermal/meteorological cases and proposed an explanation of the physical mechanism. We consider the Boundary Layer (BL) within the earthquake preparation zone as an open non-equilibrium system with energy dissipation. We show, that the external impact of ionization and following plasma chemical reactions between new-formed ions provide a specific autocatalytic exothermic reaction with a sharp increase of the thermal energy release. We use atmosphere chemical potential (ACP) as a parameter to estimate energy for processes connected with condensation. Monitoring of the latent heat release and ACP in the boundary layer can be used for the detection of tectonic and seismic activity and artificial phenomena, connected with air ionization. The statistical studies of strong M ≥ 6.5 global earthquakes demonstrated the high statistical confidence of ACP as the short-term earthquake precursor.

NONADIABATICALLY DRIVEN SUBCRITICAL CRACK NUCLEATION IN SOLIDS

This paper discusses a subcritical crack initiation mechanism in a brittle solid within a real range of applied stress. A medium deformed by uniaxial tension is considered as an open nonequilibrium system of nuclei and electrons. Structural relaxation of the medium begins with the excitation of dynamic displacements during nonadiabatic Landau-Zener transitions. Dynamic displacements induce the instability of the medium to the longitudinal displacement wave. The kinetics of structural relaxation is described by two nonlinear parabolic kinetic equations for dynamic order parameters. Conditions are derived for the existence of localized solutions (autosolitons). The excitation of autosolitons leads to a local elongation and cross-sectional reduction of the specimen. The resulting neck is a subcritical crack.

The Process of Globalization from the Point of View of Synergetic Patterns

Introduction. The article examines the process of globalization through the prism of synergetics. The urgency of the problem of globalization is beyond doubt, it is enough just to turn to the news channels. The purpose of the work is to show the inconsistency of globalization promoted by Western countries, because it contradicts the laws that determine the process of self-organization of open nonequilibrium systems.Methodology and sources. The article applies the laws of dialectics and the theory of selforganization. The research sources used works on the problems of globalism (I. Wallerstein, S.P. Lapaev, I.F. Kefeli, etc.), the laws of the development of the historical process (S.D. Bodrunov, V.V. Tuzov), the laws of the processes of self-organization of open nonequilibrium systems (I. Prigozhin, G. Haken, E.N. Knyazeva and S.P. Kurdyumov and etc.).Results and discussion. The author comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to realize the process of globalization in the form that the United States and its allies are trying to implement, because this contradicts both the laws of the historical process and the laws of self-organization that the modern stage of development of society obeys. It is impossible to unite countries with different cultures, religions, different economic levels of development, etc. on equal terms, because from the point of view of synergetics it is impossible for systems that exist in a different “tempworld”. There may be possible subordination and exploitation, but not partnership. The unification of all countries around one center also contradicts economic laws, because competition and the development of a market economy will disappear. Moreover, it contradicts the laws of self-organization. A system striving for expansion contains within itself its opposite, which is the desire for dissipation (dispersion).Conclusion. The author of the article concludes that globalization in the form in which it is carried out by Western countries, since it contradicts the laws of the market economy and the laws of self-organization, is possible only under pressure. The end of forceful coercion triggers the dissipation mechanism, which leads to the degradation of the system and its simplification.

Nonequilibrium Equation of State for Open Hamiltonian Systems Maintained in Nonequilibrium Steady States.

We establish the nonequilibrium equation of state in the stochastic thermodynamics framework for open Hamiltonian systems in contact with multiple heat baths governed by the Langevin equation and the Fokker-Planck equation. The derived nonequilibrium equation of state is an integral part of the nonequilibrium steady-state thermodynamics, and it reduces to the equilibrium equation of state when all the heat baths have the same temperature. We find that the nonequilibrium equation of state can be separated into two parts. One part has the form of the equilibrium equation of state, with the equilibrium temperature replaced by the average temperature of the heat baths. The other part depends on the temperature differences of the heat baths and represents nonequilibrium corrections. For systems with harmonic potentials, the nonequilibrium correction part is linear in the temperature differences of the heat baths. For more general open Hamiltonian systems, it may contain higher powers of the temperature differences. Another important feature of the nonequilibrium equation of state is that, in addition to the temperatures of the heat baths, it also depends on the friction coefficients arising from system-bath interactions in general. This suggests that it represents a relational condition between the system and the heat baths instead of the intrinsic properties of the system itself. In addition, when the potential energy is a homogeneous function, we find that the product of the generalized force and the generalized coordinate is proportional to the nonequilibrium internal energy, which is an alternative form of the nonequilibrium equation of state. Our findings may provide insights into the nonequilibrium equation of state for more general nonequilibrium open systems, including active matter and living organisms. Results in this work with suitable extension may find potential applications in nanoelectronics and biophysics including molecular motors and cells.

Observation of Bose-Einstein condensates of excitons in a bulk semiconductor

An unambiguous observation of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of excitons in a photoexcited bulk semiconductor and elucidation of its inherent nature have been longstanding problems in condensed matter physics. Here, we observe the quantum phase transition and a Bose-Einstein condensate appearing in a trapped gas of 1s paraexcitons in bulk Cu2O below 400 mK, by directly visualizing the exciton cloud in real space using mid-infrared induced absorption imaging that we realized in a dilution refrigerator. Our study shows that the paraexciton condensate is undetectable by conventional luminescence spectroscopy. We find an unconventionally small condensate fraction of 0.016 with the spatial profile of the condensate well described by mean-field theory. Our discovery of this new type of BEC in the purely matter-like exciton system interacting with a cold phonon bath could pave the way for the classification of its long-range order, and for essential understanding of quantum statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium open systems.

Unveiling the Enhancement of Spontaneous Emission at Exceptional Points

Exceptional points (EPs), singularities of non-Hermitian physics where complex spectral resonances degenerate, are one of the most exotic features of nonequilibrium open systems with unique properties. For instance, the emission rate of quantum emitters placed near resonators with EPs is enhanced (compared to the free-space emission rate) by a factor that scales quadratically with the resonance quality factor. Here, we verify the theory of spontaneous emission at EPs by measuring photoluminescence from photonic-crystal slabs that are embedded with a high-quantum-yield active material. While our experimental results verify the theoretically predicted enhancement, they also highlight the practical limitations on the enhancement due to material loss. Our designed structures can be used in applications that require enhanced and controlled emission, such as quantum sensing and imaging.

Fluid-dynamic concept of oil and gas generation. Principles (discussion)

The Principles of the fluid-dynamic concept of oil and gas formation, which expands the ideas of the previously proposed of the same name model in co-authorship, are presented. The base of the concept – simultaneity of processes, which, in the presence of a significant vertical flow of fluids and heat, cause the emergence of structures, a new reservoirs and new dynamic barriers, oil and gas formation and the formation of deposits. The formation of certain types of sedimentary basins and then the selective formation of their “traditional industrial” oil and gas content from predominantly fossilized living matter are predetermined by the development of deep, not only specific crustal, but also mantle processes. Based on the theory of open non-equilibrium systems, the concept assumes vertical tectono-petrological stratification and alternation of de-compaction and compaction zones in the lithosphere and upper mantle, when disclosed, “catastrophic” heat-mass transfer of fluids from de-compacted zones and pulsation oil formation are carried out not from the entire source organic matter, but only from the oil “semi-finished product”, and not from the basin as a whole, but in its individual parts.

Effective field theory of fluctuating wall in open systems: from a kink in Josephson junction to general domain wall

We investigate macroscopic behaviors of fluctuating domain walls in nonequilibrium open systems with the help of the effective field theory based on symmetry. Since the domain wall in open systems breaks the translational symmetry, there appears a gapless excitation identified as the Nambu-Goldstone (NG) mode, which shows the non-propagating diffusive behavior in contrast to those in closed systems. After demonstrating the presence of the diffusive NG mode in the (2+1)-dimensional dissipative Josephson junction, we provide a symmetry-based general analysis for open systems breaking the one-dimensional translational symmetry. A general effective Lagrangian is constructed based on the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism, which supports the presence of the gapless diffusion mode in the fluctuation spectrum in the thin wall regime. Besides, we also identify a term peculiar to the open system, which possibly leads to the instability in the thick-wall regime or the nonlinear Kardar-Parisi-Zhang coupling in the thin-wall regime although it is absent in the Josephson junction.

Synergy of modern English word-formation system

The article focuses on the study of synergetic approach to the principles of Modern English word-formation system structural organization and development. Word-formation is regarded as a complex open non-equilibrium system with non-linear scenarios of development. The structural organization of the English language in general and word-formation endo-system in particular ensures their ability to self-organize via accepting and adapting new language units, meanings and functions (in terms of synergetic – innovative substance, energy and information) or their dissipation. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of language units’ functional trans orientation which contributes to the enrichment of word-forming devices and leads to the improvement of verb creative mechanisms.

Nonequilibrium open quantum systems with multiple bosonic and fermionic environments: A hierarchical equations of motion approach

We present a hierarchical equations of motion approach, which allows a numerically exact simulation of nonequilibrium transport in general open quantum systems involving multiple macroscopic bosonic and fermionic environments. The performance of the method is demonstrated for a model of a nanosystem, which involves interacting electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom and is coupled to fermionic and bosonic baths. The results show the intricate interplay of electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom in this nonequilibrium transport scenario for both voltage and thermally driven transport processes. Furthermore, the use of importance criteria to improve the efficiency of the method is discussed.

Fluctuation theorems from Bayesian retrodiction.

Quantitative studies of irreversibility in statistical mechanics often involve the consideration of a reverse process, whose definition has been the object of many discussions, in particular for quantum mechanical systems. Here we show that the reverse channel very naturally arises from Bayesian retrodiction, in both classical and quantum theories. Previous paradigmatic results, such as Jarzynski's equality, Crooks' fluctuation theorem, and Tasaki's two-measurement fluctuation theorem for closed driven quantum systems, are all shown to be consistent with retrodictive arguments. Also, various corrections that were introduced to deal with nonequilibrium steady states or open quantum systems are justified on general grounds as remnants of Bayesian retrodiction. More generally, with the reverse process constructed on consistent logical inference, fluctuation relations acquire a much broader form and scope.

Effective Lagrangian for Nambu-Goldstone modes in nonequilibrium open systems

We develop the effective field theory of diffusive Nambu-Goldstone (NG) modes associated with spontaneous internal symmetry breaking taking place in nonequilibrium open systems. The effective Lagrangian describing semi-classical dynamics of the NG modes is derived and matching conditions for low-energy coefficients are also investigated. Due to new terms peculiar to open systems, the associated NG modes show diffusive gapless behaviors in contrast to the propagating NG mode in closed systems. We demonstrate two typical situations relevant to the condensed matter physics and high-energy physics, where diffusive type-A or type-B NG modes appear.

SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF THERMODYNAMIC INEQUALITIES

It is shown that the combined equation of the 1st and 2nd principles of classical thermodynamics does not transform into inequality in the case of irreversible processes, if the external energy exchange of the system is expressed in terms of energy carrier flows. This means that thermodynamic inequalities are generated by attempts to take into account the irreversibility of real (non-static) processes, without taking into account explicitly its reasons - the inhomogeneity of the system and the presence of internal sources not only for entropy, but also for other parameters.On this basis, exact expressions of heat and work in open nonequilibrium systems, as well as their dissipative function, are obtained. The physical meaning of entropy as a thermal impulse and the unprovability of the principle of its increase in the framework of equilibrium systems are revealed. Non-entropy criteria for evolution are proposed and the latter is shown to be incompatible not only with the second law of thermodynamics, but also with the laws of conservation of energy carriers. The elimination of thermodynamic inequalities opens up the possibility of applying the equations of thermodynamics, taking into account energy dissipation, to other fundamental disciplines.