Russian Network Research Articles

"ОНЛАЙН-ПАМЯТЬ" О СОВЕТСКОМ ПРОШЛОМ: СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ СЕТИ КАК АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЫЕ АРЕНЫ СПОРОВ ОБ СССР

The article considers how social networks produce an online memory of the Soviet past. Social networks are described as arenas that are open and accessible to many actors. These actors operate in a freer discursive field, not limited in their activity by dominant narratives about the past. It has been noted that social media can be used by citizens as a means of discussing the shared past and can act as a counter to elite discourse. In order to understand how the discussion of the Soviet past is structured in social media, a qualitative content analysis of three online group records and comments on them was conducted. The goal was to examine the main themes and arguments, as well as the characteristics of the discussion that emerged. Three popular social networks in Russia were chosen: Vkontakte, Instagram and Facebook. Three records with the most generalizing topic, devoted to the Soviet past, were selected. It was shown that during the process of constructing new meanings and creating interpretations, the actors of online memory rely both on the official discourse of the political elite about the Soviet past and the Russian present and on their subjective biographies and personal experiences. At the same time, social networks provide opportunities for the creation of alternative and counternarratives. The conclusion is made about the «absorptive» properties of the memory of the Soviet past, since actors are able to build into it any current events, including the Covid-19 pandemic.

Challenges and Opportunities for Technology Transfer Networks in the Context of Open Innovation: Russian Experience

Nowadays, the relevance of technology transfer center network has been greatly increased due to interdisciplinary modern innovations, and cross-sectoral collaboration in project implementation. This paper highlights theoretical and conceptual foundations of technology transfer, and the role of innovation and knowledge. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the experience of creating technology transfer networks in Russia, and to develop prospective national technology transfer model based on the concept of innovation ecosystem and open innovation. Being a knowledge integrator, a university plays a vital role in technology transfer. The presented study makes contribution to the academic literature by providing a synthesis on related concepts of open innovation, network, and ecosystem approaches to technology transfer. The results of this analysis provide information on prospective models for creating a network of technology transfer in Russia. That will help academics, policymakers, government, and business owners with a more depth understanding of the practical mechanisms that support innovation strategy.

On damage rate of overhead power transmission lines in power supply systems

The purpose of the article is to analyze the damage rate of overhead power transmission lines (OPL) in medium-voltage electrical distribution networks of the Irkutsk region. The established International Indices that determine the level of reliability of the functioning of electric networks are considered, and information on the compliance of the condition of electric networks in Russia with these indices is analyzed. Analytical information on the damage rate of elements of these networks and their causes in Europe, America, and Russia is presented. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the most common damage is characteristic of overhead power lines, especially 6–10 kV lines. As an object of research, two branches of the Irkutsk electric grid company (IEC) were taken, one of which provides electricity to rural consumers, the other — mainly to consumers residing in the territory of the city Irkutsk. The characteristics of these electric networks, their territorial location and basic technical data are presented. To conduct analytical monitoring of the level of reliability of overhead power transmission lines, logs of disconnection of the Eastern and Southern electric networks of the IEC over a long-term period were used. On the basis of this information, tables of failures and their consequences in the studied electrical networks were compiled for monthly average data over the period under examination for various causes of damage. To plot time diagrams of the parameters under examination, computer programs were compiled in the Matlab system, the use of which made it possible to obtain visualization of changes in failures for various reasons for the electrical networks under consideration. The information on the time of power supply interruptions in these networks, as well as the amount of electricity underutilized by consumers during these interruptions and its cost are analyzed. It is shown that in the electric networks under consideration, most of the power failures are related to the territorial dispersion of these networks, and the low level of equipment controls and insufficient qualification of operating personnel, as evidenced by the significant number of failures for unknown reasons. Besides, a significant part of the failures is due to damage to the overhead line wires, switching equipment and the effect of wind load. Recommendations for improving the condition of power transmission lines and a number of measures aimed at improving the level of reliability of power supply are presented.

The Role of Social Networks in Russia's Diplomatic Practice

The Role of Social Networks in Russia's Diplomatic Practice

MO828INTENSIFIED TREATMENT FOR PREGNANCY IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS, ANALYSIS OF 13 CASES: IS THERE A GENDER ADVANTAGE?

Abstract Background and Aims Pregnancy in dialysis patients is rare but challenging for nephrologists and obstetricians, because pregnancy has a significant maternal and fetal risk in these patients. Although intensified hemodialysis is effective to achieve favorable clinical outcomes, the evidence concerning reliable parameters for the optimal dialysis prescription is scarce. Herein, we report the management on hemodialysis and outcome of pregnancies occurring in the B. Braun dialysis network in Russia. Method We performed retrospective analysis of all pregnancy cases in B. Braun dialysis chain in Russia from 2013 to 2020. Cases were reported by the involved Renal Care Centers by a common questionnaire. All patients were treated with B. Braun Dialog+, AV set Dialog +, SolCart bicarbonate cartridge and Xevonta dialyzers. Results 13 pregnancies were reported, all achieved without infertility treatment: 1 was interrupted by voluntary termination of pregnancy, 9 resulted with living birth (6 females and 3 males) after a mean of 24 gestational weeks (7 cesarean and 2 vaginal deliveries), 2 with stillbirth and 1 with spontaneous abortion after 8 gestational weeks. Mothers with positive pregnancy outcome were significantly younger (27.9±5.1 vs. 36.3±5.6 years), without differences in dialysis vintage, previous successful or unsuccessful pregnancies and during follow-up blood pressure was well controlled. Females newborns had borderline significant greater body weight (1.9±0.6 vs. 1.1±0.1 kg, p=0.076). 5 newborns had respiratory distress syndrome, 1 jaundice. Conclusion Prompt increase of treatment frequency and time on high-flux/HDF dialysis were associated with successful pregnancy outcome. Considering that cardiovascular system and endogenous metabolism dynamically alter during pregnancy, various clinical parameters, i.e. body weight and blood pressure, should be closely monitored to modify dialysis settings accordingly. Female gender of the newborn seems to be associated with a better outcome. This study shows the safety of high-flux hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration treatments in pregnancy and the benefit of enhanced prescription in dialysis time and frequency. Acknowledgement The authors express their gratitude to the entire medical multidisciplinary team from B. Braun Russia Renal Care Centers and other local medical institutions directly and indirectly involved in the treatment of each case described.

Long-Term Variation in the Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Vertical Column Density over Korea and Japan from the MAX-DOAS Network, 2007–2017

We investigated long-term observations of the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide vertical column density (NO2 TropVCD) from the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) network in Russia and ASia (MADRAS) from 2007 to 2017 at urban (Yokosuka and Gwangju) and remote (Fukue and Cape Hedo) sites in East Asia. The monthly mean in the NO2 TropVCD from MAX-DOAS measured at ~13:30 local time, which is the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) overpass time, shows good agreement with OMI data during summer, but differences between the two datasets increase in winter. The Theil-Sen slope of the long-term trend indicate a relatively rapid and gradual reduction in NO2 at Yokosuka and two remote sites (Fukue and Cape Hedo), respectively, regardless of the season except for fall at Fukue, but significant changes in NO2 are not observed at Gwangju, Korea. In contrast, OMI satellite data reveal an increase in the NO2 TropVCD at all sites except for Yokosuka, where a decreasing trend common to MAX-DOAS is found, suggesting that the results from satellites need to be cautiously used for investigating long-term trends in less polluted or remote areas. Using backward trajectories, potential source regions are identified for the two urban sites. The spatial distribution from OMI data shows good agreement with the potential source regions at Yokosuka. The potential source regions in Gwangju are identified as the National Industrial Complex in Yeosu and Gwangyang, while the transport route is not clearly visible with OMI data because of their low sensitivity in less polluted areas. The proposed approach is suitable for identifying potential source areas that might not be recognized by satellite observations.

The historical fate of the rural settlement network in Russia: the case of Tomsk Oblast, 1940s–1980s

ABSTRACT This article discusses the practice of designing and restructuring the rural settlement network of Tomsk Oblast from the 1940s through to the 1980s. The focus is on those rural settlements that were seen as having no prospect of further economic development, and whose consolidation constituted the basis of the USSR resettlement policy. Planning schemes and area planning projects created for some areas of Tomsk Oblast are examined, and the results of the implementation of these projects are summarized. The article also explores the socio-economic development of Tomsk villages and the agricultural production crisis in the north of Tomsk Oblast with regard to their impact on migration in the region’s rural areas and subsequent depopulation thereof. It identifies the influence of the state reforms on the relationship between the Soviet village and the Soviet authorities, and changes in the adaptation practices of the Soviet peasants in response to the state’s policy to increase labour productivity on collective farms.

Transport lexicography: history and the present

The development of transport lexicography in retrospect, starting with the first transport technical dictionaries (railway and others), shown. An almost exhaustive list (55 titles) of the dictionaries that have been published so far that make up the transport lexicography with Russian as the main language or one of the languages included in the transport dictionaries given. The multilingual form of the first dictionaries noted, covering the languages of those countries where, by the time of the constitution of the railway network in Russia, railways had advanced development. The stage of updating transport technical dictionaries by the middle of the XX century considered. The characteristics of the current state in the field of foreign-language and Russian-language terminological transport dictionaries, including terminological dictionaries, as well as their new types, such as dictionaries of abbreviations, are given. The coverage of the transport lexicography of the main types of transport (except for pipeline transport) shown. The tendency of specialization of dictionaries in the field of one type of transport and the revival of multilingual dictionaries, including the use of ‘new’ languages for transport lexicography (Kazakh, Mongolian, Ukrainian), where Russian is not the state language after the collapse of the USSR, noted. Recommendations for the further development of transport lexicography, including the continuation and expansion of the practice of issuing highly specialized dictionaries along with universal transport dictionaries, as well as specialization of electronic dictionaries as a way to improve their quality and speed up work with them formulated.

Research of cable insulation types operation life

The paper describes the study of insulation materials’ operation life and remaining life. Insulation aging models, which can be implemented to AC insulated cables, are considered. Based on models and previously proposed approach XLPE, EPR, and PVC insulated cables’ operation lives were evaluated. The evaluation was performed using voltage and current monitoring data of the 6 kV cable power transmission line, which is used in the distributive networks in Russia. The air temperature was obtained from the open-source. The results showed the applicability of all models for remaining life evaluation as models gave the same operation life. It can be explained by the same operation lives according to the cables’ parameters. However, in real conditions, the operation lives of listed insulation types can be different because of their dielectric and structural properties.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КОНЦЕПЦИИ СОЗДАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ СЕТЕЙ 5G/IMT-2020 В РОССИИ, КИТАЕ, США И ЕВРОПЕ

This article raises the question of the prospects for the development of 5G networks in Russia, China, the United States and Europe. Currently, there are four distinct generations of cellular communication in the world and in Russia. The development of each subsequent generation of communication as technical and economic capabilities improved and the spread of dominant standards occurred approximately every 10 years. The research community and industry in general agree that in the future it is impossible to meet future mobile traffic demand and application requirements simply by evolving the current fourth generation architecture. Instead, there is a need for a significant overhaul of the mobile network system: such an effort is commonly referred to as the future fifth generation (5G) architecture, and large-scale initiatives have been launched around the world to address this issue. The research community has already invested a very significant effort in identifying new individual technologies. The fact that all new offerings are labeled 5G has created a lot of confusion about what 5G really is. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the current state of the definition of 5G architecture and trends in the required technologies in Russia, the United States, China and Europe. Key contributions are: (1) analyze the 5G requirements defined by various global initiatives, highlighting the similarities and differences in 5G network development in Russia, China, the United States and Europe; (2) discuss current technology trends showing that there is broad consensus on the key factors driving 5G development in these countries; (3) strive to understand the new concepts that need to be developed with assistive technology to meet the desired requirements.

СТРАТЕГИЯ АКТИВНОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВА НА ТОРГОВЫЕ СЕТИ КАК ЗНАЧИМЫЙ ФАКТОР ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

In the context of the all-out hybrid war of the globo-oligarchy against Russia, with the ultimate goal of the destruction of the Russian state and the genocide of the people, objectively playing the main role, along with China, in countering the model of a unipolar world with the total omnipotence of the globooligarhat, trade networks in Russia, especially in the food market, become an extremely important sphere of struggle to ensure the political and economic security of Russia. This involves developing a strategy of active influence of the state on trade networks, taking into account the economic and wider factor, the systemic security of the state and the people. The author presents the original concept of such a strategy. Its key links: the creation of a public-private partnership-wide trade network that competes with private networks; methodology and methodology of Russian sovereignization of foreign private capital in Russia on the basis of the principles of security, justice, law, sustainability.

The Pandemic as a Challenge to the Development of University Networks in Russia: Differentiation or Collaboration?

As an inevitable result of Russia’s higher education policies of the past two decades, new university leaders in and outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg have emerged, and vertical differentiation has increased. Inequality of educational potential has a strong regional dimension, exerting a considerable delayed impact on regional socioeconomic development. Differences in universities’ resources affected their ability to adapt their instructional, research, and administrative processes to change during the pandemic, thus broadening the education and research quality gap in higher education. Some regions may face an increased outflow of youth talent to leading universities or just any colleges based in Moscow and St. Petersburg, which will certainly weaken the socioeconomic growth prospects of Russia’s regions.The pandemic accelerated the debate over this problem and demonstrated readiness of universities for joint efforts. Groundwork was laid for deploying a policy to create a cooperative network of universities and their stakeholders so as to reduce institutional differentiation and promote exchange of experience and competence among universities.This paper investigates into the main characteristics of vertical differentiation in Russian higher education that had been in place when the pandemic broke out and determined whether universities succeeded or failed in switching to distance learning. Furthermore, lockdown measures and their economic impact on different types of universities are analyzed. Finally, we discuss possible avenues and specific considerations for expanding cross-institutional collaboration and engaging stakeholders inuniversity development.

Energy-saving potential of heating networks in Russia

The paper is devoted to the study and search for solutions to one of the most important problems within the modern Russian economy – the problem of energy saving. The relevance of this topic is due to the unprofitability of the heat supply industry, the one main reasons of which is the unsatisfactory condition of fixed assets. The paper considers the most important element of heat supply: the transfer of heat energy to consumers through the heat network. It has been presented an overview and analysis of the state of heating networks in 2014-2019 on average in Russia and particularly: in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and the Northwestern Federal District. The value of economic losses incurred by heat supply organizations due to heat losses in their heating networks is obtained. In monetary terms, the energy-saving potential was obtained while reducing heat losses in the pipelines up to 4%. For the whole country, this potential amounted to more than 100 billion rubles a year. As the analysis of the experience of foreign countries with similar climatic conditions, such as Denmark, Norway, and Finland, has shown, Russia can significantly increase the efficiency of heat supply through the use of innovative technologies.

The clique approach to identifying critical elements in gas transmission networks

We consider the gas transmission network operating on the territory of the Russian Federation. This network includes gas fields, gas consumers, nodal compressor stations, underground gas storages, which, depending on the given scenario of the system operation, can act as gas sources or gas consumers. The nodes are connected by means of gas pipelines. Because natural gas is used in heat and power engineering and electricity, the gas transmission network may be exposed to terrorist threats, and the actions of intruders may be directed both at gas production facilities and gas pipelines. To simulate intruders attacks, a model of the attacker-defender type was proposed. In this model, the defender, represented by the system operator, solves the problem of finding the maximum flow to meet the needs of gas consumers. The attacker, in turn, attempts to minimize the maximum flow in the gas transmission network by excluding either nodes or gas pipelines. Gas transmission networks in Russia and Europe are very extensive, ramified, and have many bridges and reserve gas pipelines. Therefore, to inflict maximum damage to the system, attacks on cliques, that is, on several interconnected objects, are modelled. The article presents the results of test calculations, in which we identify the most significant combinations of objects in the gas transmission network in terms of the potential threat from terrorist attacks.

К вопросу о необходимости ведения аккаунтов в социальных сетях Федеральной службой исполнения наказаний

Social networks are online platforms that allow you to create social relationships between people based on their interests. The article lists the most popular social networks in Russia, identifies electronic resources in which the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia actively brings information about the professional activities of the department. The purpose of this article is to determine the need to maintain accounts in social networks of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, as well as the format of the information presented to attract public interest in the activities of the department. When writing the work, we used the statistical method (when studying and analyzing statistical data from a population survey, automatic measurement of Internet use), the method of comparative analysis (when studying data from a population survey of different age categories), the formal logical method (when formulating research conclusions), and other general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition (deduction, induction, etc.). In the course of the study, conclusions were formulated regarding the need for the use of social networks by the founder, as well as the centralization of the list of accounts in social networks on the official website of the department.

Optimization of Operating Modes of a Train by the Haul Distance

The world community carries out large-scale research into reducing the consumption of electric power, while keeping living needs at the same level. Transport sector consumes a vast amount of electric energy, particularly, electric-driven rolling stock of railways. The paper deals with finding the trajectory of train motion, which is going to be the most energy efficient to run along. There is also presented analysis of specific power consumption for traction of trains of the largest Railway network in Russia. Criteria for optimization of freight trains handling with electric locomotives by the means of differential equation of motion of center of mass of a train. There is proposed a mathematical model for movement of a train and a theorem on dividing motion of the system into fast and slow components. Restrictions for state variables of a train and objectives for optimization of operation mode on the given locomotive run are formulated. The paper describes the solution of optimization with the use of innovative software for mathematical simulation through directed graphs (or digraphs) of movement of a freight train with an electric locomotive on the haul. A new Lagrange coefficient is proposed, which is the cost of time in units of specific power consumption. There are determined parameters that should be considered when developing a technical passport for a railway section.

Islamic Terrorism in the Middle East and its Impact on Global Security

This paper examines the impact of the increase in terrorist activity in the Middle East after the Arab Spring on the terrorist threat in other parts of the world. The aim of the work is to clarify, using quantitative methods, the factors, mechanisms and scale of the spread of Islamist terrorism from the Middle East. A qualitative study of time series with partial formalization is used to identify time lags between the rise of Islamist terrorism in the Middle East and its intensification in other parts of the world. It has been demonstrated that the rapid growth in the number of terrorist attacks recorded in the world after 2010 was primarily due to the explosive growth of Islamist terrorist activity in the Afrasian zone of instability in general and in the Middle East in particular. There is considerable evidence to suggest that this spurred terrorist activity after 2013 in the U.S., Western Europe, Turkey and Russia. The analysis shows that the Islamic State (ISIS) and its affiliates (prohibited in Russian Federation) have acted as the main export agent of terrorism to these countries and regions in an attempt to retaliate military strikes carried out by foreign powers in the Middle East. Among these foreign countries, Turkey was particularly hard hit by the increase in terrorist activities - the level of terrorist activity in Turkey between 2013 and 2014 grew 14 times. In the United States and Western Europe, the onslaught of Islamist terrorism has been accompanied by a threefold increase in the number of terrorist attacks recorded. A similar scale of the Middle East terrorist echo was observed in the Russian Federation. The ISIS efforts to expand and develop terrorist networks in Russia also resulted in the tripling of a number of terrorist attacks in this country. However, it would be wrong to exaggerate the scale of the Middle East terrorist echo in Russia. The previous waves of the terrorist threat between 2002 and 2004, as well as the second half of the 2000s (an echo effect of the Chechen wars) were much larger.

Methods of studying and forecasting of storm winds in the territory of Russia

This review paper provides information about methods of storm wind research and forecasting. A storm wind is a dangerous hydrometeorological phenomenon that occurs on land or causes strong waves at sea. The mechanism of development of this phenomenon is associated with a powerful action of some conventional processes in the atmosphere. The importance of studying and forecasting storm-force winds is related to the damage that such winds can cause. Currently, the observation network in Russia is still insufficient for a full-scale assessment of convective phenomena. An exception is the Central Federal District, where there is a continuous coverage of the territory by observation data. Therefore, an important step in this direction is to equip the country’s territories with a network of sensors for continuous recording of the meteorological situation. The most optimal device that allows determining the structure and physical characteristics of the origins of storm winds is the weather radar. Another comprehensive approach to assessing the origins and passage of storm winds is the use of remote sensing data. Methods based on the non-hydrostatic general use models WRF-NMM (Weather Research and Forecasting-Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model) and WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting) have made significant progress in predicting storm winds. These models have been developed in the USA. The world practice of forecasts shows that these models can reproduce the mesoscale convective processes quite well and be used in a system of early warning of the danger of strong winds.

Influence of age and gender specifics of social network users in Russia on marketing and advertising methods

A brief overview of the history of the Internet and social networks in the world and in Russia in particular has been provided. The concepts of social network, user profile and properties inherent in any social network – virtuality, interactivity and multimedia have been сharacterized and revealed. Dynamic data on the state of digital technologies for 2019 in the world and in Russia in particular have been analysed. The history and prospects for further development of social networks have been considered. Statistical data on the number of users of the 9 most popular social networks in Russia, namely: their activity, the amount of time spent on the Internet and in social networks, age and gender specifics and preferences of the technical devices used and types of Internet connection have been adduced. General recommendations to marketers on accurate targeting of ads placed in social networks have been given. To do this, companies should work with groups of users, that are united by a number of parameters, as well as create communities in social networks by companies that convey new information to users. Using data on the age, gender and other attributes of the target audience of social networks, marketers will be able to successfully solve the problems of increasing brand awareness and loyalty, attracting new customers, influencing the search promotion of external resources (sites and communities) containing information about the brand, products and services, and using them as effective tools for attracting potential customers.

Sustainability of the New Economy: An Empirical Study of Bangladeshi Migrants in Moscow

Very little is known about the specifics of the challenges and the strategies of the Bangladeshi migrants use to cope with, in Russia, for studies in this regard are largely non-existent. With the aim of filling this gap, this study explores the socio-economic survival strategies of Bangladeshi migrants in Moscow. Using mixed research methods, it draws data from 385 survey questionnaire, and 10 Key Informant Individual Interviews and analyses the experiences of migrants in relation to access to livelihood and their use of social networks in Russia. The findings of this research indicated that economic reason is the main pull factor for the migration of Bangladeshi to Russia. This paper also examines the survival strategies of Bangladeshi migrants in Moscow. A number of survival strategies are identified including trade and commerce, petty business, importing, trading processing raw jute from Bangladesh, trading electronics products, physicians and working in government institutions. Migrants have been noted to intensify establishment of petty businesses in major trading centres as their major survival strategies. The findings presented in this paper established that age, sex and education are important factors in influencing the diversification of survival strategies of migrants. The study concludes that, although all the survival strategies examined seems to have improved migrants livelihoods better than in their place of origin, however none of strategy is complete in its own forcing migrants to opt for more than one survival strategy.