Net Productivity Of Photosynthesis Research Articles

Influence of Sowing Time on the Main Indicators of Photosynthesis of Soy Corps in Conditions of Fore-Caucasus

The paper studies the influence of sowing time on the main indicators of photosynthesis of soy corps in conditions of Fore-Caucasus. The highest biological yield of dry biomass was accumulated by the breeds after the first sowing period (6.92 t/ha for Zernogradskaya 2, 7.55 t/ha for Selekta 201 and 8.16 t/ha for Renta). The breeds have the highest net photosynthesis productivity was noted for the first two sowing periods. The third sowing period falls behind for this indicator by 5–6 %. Renta breed in terms of the quantity of dry biomass generated during one day calculated for the area of leaves of one square meter had a significant advantage. The highest crop productivity of studied breed was noted after the first sowing period. The productivity of the seeds was as follows: 1.93 t/ha for Zernogradskaya 2, 2.14 t/ha for Selekta 201 and 2.39 t/ha for Renta. In terms of the coefficient of the business efficacy of soy, the first sowing period is the best one.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY OF BEAN ORDINARY DEPENDING ON WAYS OF SEEDING

This article studies the influence of sowing methods, schemes, and norms on the formation of leaf area and on the net productivity of photosynthesis of new varieties of common beans. Studies have shown that in variants with high density of standing, the area of leaves on one plant is reduced. The reason for the decline in this indicator is associated with high competition of plants. But on one hectare, this indicator increases due to a larger number of plants. In variants with a low sowing rate per hectare, the leaf area decreases, but in one plant it increases. Studies have also shown the dependence of the net productivity of photosynthesis on sowing methods. An increase or decrease in the seeding rate and a change in seeding methods negatively affect this indicator.

FEATURES OF FORMATION OF PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TOPINAMBUR

The article presents the results of studies of the characteristics of growth and development, the formation of the productivity of topinambur varieties. The value of the assimilation surface of plants, the productivity of photosynthesis of various genotypes of Jerusalem artichoke was determined. On one plant of Jerusalem artichoke varieties White yield formed the largest number of leaves - 52.4 pcs., Which is 11.8% more than control. Due to the large size and number of leaves, this variety of Jerusalem artichoke provided the maximum leaf area of a single plant - 114 cm2, as well as the leaf area from the reference areas - 63.5 thousand m-2 / ha. Indicators of the net productivity of photosynthesis of Jerusalem artichoke varieties were in the range of 8.3-14.2 g/m2 per day. The varieties of this crop, White Kiev and White, are high yields compared with the control, had higher photosynthesis productivity indices by 4.8-8.3%. The mass of tubers of a single plant of the Jerusalem artichoke varieties was in the range of 304-407 g. It should be noted that White Kiev and White harvest formed large tubers of mass by 8.4-12.7% compared with the control. Research results indicate that, on average, over the years of research (2016-2017), Jerusalem artichoke varieties had a different effect on tuber yield. Thus, the highest yield of tubers (28.5 tones per hectare) was provided by the middle ripening variety White, which is 7.3 tones per hectare more than the early varieties of Vadim (control). In the middle of the day.

Biological and agrotechnical bases of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana bertoni) cultivation in the Forest-steppe and the Steppe of Ukraine

The necessity of growing stevia in the Forest-Steppe and the Ukrainian Steppe has been theoretically substantiated and practically proved. Breeding methods and basic elements of stevia growing technology are developed on the basis of the plant biological characteristics, its adaptive potential and varieties analysis. Research results. The recommended technology has ensured the maximum implementation of the biological potential of stevia plants, which is manifested in more intensive growth and development of plants, significantly increased the yield of green mass and dry leaves compared with the control, respectively, by 6.2 and 1.1 t/ha. In order to obtain stevia dry leaves yield at the level of 3.5–4.0 t/ha it is recommended to sow the new generation varieties of domestic breeding: Halyna, Maryna, Kateryna; stevia propagation method was proposed (Patent No. 119472, 2017). Over the years of testing, the annual economic effect amounted to 585.1 thousand UAH. Conclusions. 1. The theoretical basis of the recommended stevia cultivation technology is the determination of the patterns of leaf mass formation, photosynthetic potential and the net productivity of photosynthesis depending on the varietal composition of the elements of growing technology and weather conditions of the growing season. 2. To get a yield of stevia dry leaves at the level of 3.5–4.0 t/ha it is recommended: - to grow stevia in the regions where the annual amount of precipitation year is 460–560 mm, including 322-460 mm for the vegetation period, the moisture content in 100 cm soil layer – 150–180 mm, the amount of temperature during the period of active vegetation – 2450–2800 °C, STC – 0.8-1.3; - to sow varieties of domestic breeding: Berehynya, Slavutych, Halyna, Maryna, Kateryna. 3. Growing stevia by seedlings method should be carried out on May 20–30 in a 70x16 cm pattern. Key words: stevia, introduction, cultivation technology, varieties, reproduction methods, fertilization, seeds stimulation, yield.

Peculiarities of growth and development of soybean varieties as affected by components of growing technology

Purpose. Identification of soybean growth and development peculiarities as affected by the application of organic fertilizer, plant growth regulators and water retaining agent under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The study involved soybean varie­ties ‘Ustia’, ‘Kano’ and ‘Hieba’. A month before sowing soybean, water retaining agent (hydrogel Aquasorb) was introduced in the zone of the future row as 10-cm strips at a dose of 300 kg/ha. Organic fertilizer Parostok (grade 20) was applied twice: at the 3–5 leaf stage and at the 9–11 leaf stage. Growth regulators Vermystym-D and Agrostymulin were introduced at the budding stage. Results. It was found that the assimilation surface (m2/ha) of ‘Ustia’ crops in the treatments without hydrogel at the flowering stage was 38,200, while in the treatment with hydrogel it made up 43,600. In ‘Kano’, application of organic fertilizer ensured a leaf surface of 38,600 m2/ha in the treatment without hydrogel and 45,800 with hydrogel. Similar patterns were recorded in ‘Hieba’: 39,000 and 44,900, respectively. Organic fertilization of ‘Kano’ stands contributed to the formation of an assimilation surface of 38,600 in the treatment without hydrogel and 45,800 with hydrogel. ‘Hieba’ demonstrated similar patterns: 39,000 and 44,900, respectively. Application of organic fertilizer allowed to increase the net productivity of photosynthesis (g/m2 of dry matter per day) in all the varieties under study: 0.73 in ‘Ustia’ in the treatment without hydrogel (0.68 in the control treatment), 1.00 in ‘Kano’ (0.92 in the control treatment) and 0.62 in ‘Hieba’ (0.46 in the control treatment). Conclusions. On average for the years of the experiment, plants of ‘Ustia’ variety formed 5.6–5.7 g of seeds per plant. Both ‘Kano’ and ‘Ustia’ formed 8.6 g of seeds per plant when using growth regulator Vermystym-D on the background of fertilizer Parostok and 8.7 g of seeds per plant on the background of using hydrogel Aquasorb. Top dressing with growth regulator Agrostymulin ensured individual plant productivity at the level of 8.7 and 8.5 g of seeds per plant, respectively.

Фотосинтетична діяльність рослин і врожайність зерна ячменю озимого (Hordeum vulgare L.) залежно від сорту, строків сівби та регуляторів росту

У статі представлено результати досліджень щодо встановлення впливу біологічних регуляторів росту і строків сівби на динаміку формування площі листя, фотосинтетичний потенціал, чисту продуктивність фотосинтезу рослин ячменю озимого (Hordeum vulgare L.), що дозволить підвищити зернову продуктивність культури та зменшити антропогенне навантаження на грунт і рослину. Дослідження проводились в умовах зрошення на сортах ячменю типово озимого Академічний і дворучки Дев’ятий вал за сівби 1 і 20 жовтня та обробки насіння і рослин регуляторами росту Гуміфілд Форте брікс, МР і PROLIS. Встановлено, що свого максимуму площа листкової поверхні досягає в період колосіння – 48,6–55,0 тис м2/га на контролі і 52,3–68,9 тис м2/га при застосуванні регуляторів росту. Найбільшу площу листкової поверхні 68,9 тис м2/га сорт Дев’ятий вал формував за обробки насіння препаратом МР, а сорт Академічний 65,8 тис м2/га – за обробки рослин препаратом Гуміфілд. Визначено, що порівняно з контролем використання регуляторів росту на насінні і рослинах за сівби 1 і 20 жовтня збільшувало фотосинтетичний потенціал (ФП) сорту Академічний відповідно на 0,22–0,30 і 0,15–0,25 млн м2/днів/га, а сорту Дев’ятий вал - на 0,26–0,30 і 0,13–0,21 млн м2/днів/га, а чисту продуктивність фотосинтезу (ЧПФ) на 0,4-5,2 і 1,7-3,4 та 1,0–2,5 і 0,7–1,7 г/м2 за добу. Найвищу врожайність 7,19 т/га сорт Дев’ятий вал забезпечував за сівби 1 жовтня і обробки насіння препаратом МР, а сорт Академічний 7,05 т/га – за цього строку сівби і обробки насіння препаратом Гуміфілд Форте брікс.

ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЯЧМЕНЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ГРУПП В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СРОКОВ ПОСЕВА И НОРМ ВЫСЕВА

The article describes the results of studies on the indicators of photosynthetic activity of barley of various biological groups, depending on sowing terms and seeding rate in the conditions of dry land of the steppe part of the Crimean peninsula. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthesis of barley plants change under the influence of the studied agrotechnical factors and their increase contributes to an increase in yield. The size of the crop is most influenced by the leaf surface area. An increase in this indicator has a positive effect on the potential yield.

Physiological bases of biomass accumulation of willow energy under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe

Purpose. To establish the parameters of the main physiological factors influencing the growth and productivity of energy plantations of Salix viminalis varieties depending on the technologies used during their establishment under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Experimental energy plantations of willow were created with annual cuttings of clones ‘Tora’ and ‘Ternopilska’, planted in paired rows with a distance of 0,75 m between them and 1,5 and 2,5 m spacings. The density of cutting was 12, 15 and 18 thousand pcs/ha. Soil in the experiment was leached loamy chernozem. Results. At the end of the first year, the survivability of ‘Tora’ plants ranged 88% to 93% and ‘Ternopilska’ 89% to 95%. The average plant height for the first three years in all variants of the experiment was greater in variety ‘Tora’. In particular, at the end of the third year of vegetation, it was 524–604 cm vs. 414–557 cm in the ‘Ternopilska’ variety. In both cultivars, the plants were higher at the 1.5 m spacing. The average diameter of the shoots in all variants of the experiment correlated with plant height and, accordingly, were larger in ‘Tora’. The yield of dry biomass of this variety was 14.8–22.5 t/ha, and of ‘Ternopilska’ 6.2–14.8 t/ha per year. The largest leaf surface of ‘Tora’ variety (46,0 thousand m2/ha) was formed according to the planting scheme 0.75–2.50–0.75 m and the density of 18 thousand plants per hectare, and in the variety ‘Ternopilska’ (40,200 m2/ha), for planting scheme of 0.75–1.50–0.75. Maximum indices of the net productivity of photosynthesis (10.5 g of dry matter per m2 of leaf surface per day) were observed in the ‘Tora’ variety for planting scheme 0.75–1.50–0.75 m and density of plantings of 15 thousand plants per hectare. Conclusions. In the chernothems of the Central Forest-Steppe, the optimal scheme of cutting is the formation of coupled rows with a distance of 0.75 cm between them, 1.5 m spacing and a density of 12–15 thousand pieces/ha. Significantly higher rates of dry biomass productivity – from 14.8 to 22.5 t/ha per year – marked ‘Tora’ variety, while in ‘Ternopilska’ this indicator ranged from 6.2 to 14.8 t/ha per year. The higher productivity of ‘Tora’ variety, compared with ‘Ternopilska’, provided a larger leaf surface (up to 46.0 thousand m2/ha), higher photosynthetic potential (1.75–4.40 million m2∙days/ha), and the net productivity of photosynthesis (up to 10.5 g/m2 per day).

Productivity of millet, depending on the application of herbicides, fertilizers and growth-stimulating substances in the Saratov Right bank

The effectiveness of the application of macro-fertilizers, herbicide, humic acids and growth-stimulating preparations at  millet growing in the Saratov Right bank has been shown. It is established that the greatest effect was after integrated use of chemicalization means. At the same time, the effective suppression of weeds in crops, the best growth and development of plants, a noticeable increase in the leaf area and the net productivity of photosynthesis were marked. Synergistic effect was after combined application of macro-fertilizers, potassium- sodium Gumat, growth-stimulating preparation Reasil and the herbicide Ballerina. They ensured the maximum grain yield of the millet variety Saratovskiy zheltoe - 4.02 t/ha. On average, over three years, the increase in grain yield was 0.78 t/ha compared to the control.

Вплив площі живлення рослин сорго цукрового та кукурудзи на їх ріст, розвиток та урожайність зеленої маси в сумісних посівах

To obtain high yields of green mass, it is necessary to get a friendly emergence. It provides the optimum density of plant standing per unit area, which depends on the seed rate and the method of sowing. Only optimal nutrition area makes maximal productivity of each plant. The method of sowing and the density of plant standing depend on the morphological characteristics of the varieties, the length of their vegetation period. One of the main advantages of compatible crops is the increase of the total leaf surface, the improvement of morphological and biological parameters of plants due to the more optimal arrangement of the leaf surface. And it results in the possibility of increasing the coefficient of solar radiation and its more full use in photosynthesis. When growing compatible crops of sweet sorghum and corn, juicy stems of sorghum are mixing with the semi-dry weight of corn. They are equally moisturizing it and creating favorable conditions for lactic acid fermentation and obtaining high quality silos. As a result of this placement, both crops will be in the same conditions, form an align stem standing and provide the maximum yield of biomass. Purpose of our researh is to determine the effect of plant nutrition on the growth, development and productivity of sweet sorghum and corn in compatible crops. Methods: field, analytical, statistical. Results. Research was conducted in 2013-2016years in the experimental field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. The research was carried out according to the following scheme: Factor A is the width of the row: 1). 45 cm; 2). 70 cm. Factor B is the density of standing (sweet sorghum and corn) 1). 100 and 50 thsd/ha; 2). 120 and 60 thsd/ha; 3). 140 and 70 thsd/ha. In the experiment we saw the hybrid of corn Monica 350 MB and the hybrid of sweet sorghum Dovista in compatible crops. Field germination of seeds in compatible crops of sweet sorghum and corn varied depending on the investigated factors. The field germination in the hybrid of sweet sorghum Dovista, on average over the years of research, was 77.2-77.8% and 78.5-79.0%, respectively for the width between rows 45 and 70 cm and the density of plants standing 100-140 thsd/ha. The field germination of seeds in the hybrid of corn Monica 350 MB was 83.9-84.5% and 84.2-84.9% for the widths between rows 45 and 70 cm and the density of plant standing 50-70 thsd/ha. This is higher on 5.7-6.8% compared to sweet sorghum. It was established that compatible crops of sweet sorghum and corn increase a tendency to field germination of seeds on 0.3-1.3% when increase inter-row spacing from 45 to 70 cm and on 0.5-0.7% when change plants density from 50 to 70 thsd/ha and from 100 to 140 thsd/ha. The highest plants of sweet sorghum (302.0 cm) and corn (255.8 cm) were in variant with a width between rows 45 cm and plant density 140 and 70 thsd/ha. The highest indexes of leaf surface area (53.35 thsd m 2 /ha), photosynthetic potential (3.87 mln m 2 •days/ha), net productivity of photosynthesis (5.82 g/m 2 •day) are indicated in the variant with inter-row spacing 45 cm and density of standing of sweet sorghum and corn 140 and 70 thsd/ha. Increasing the inter-row spacing from 45 to 70 cm and reducing the density of plants from 140 and 70 to 100 and 50 thsd/ha lead to decrease of leaf surface area on 0.5-0.8%, photosynthetic potential on 1.6-2.4%, net productivity of photosynthesis on 0.5-1.4%. The maximum yield (85.4 t/ha) of green mass of sweet sorghum and corn in compatible crops on average over the years of research, is marked in the variant with inter-row spacing 45 cm and the density of plants standing in sweet sorghum 140 thsd/ha and in corn 70 thsd/ha. The yield of green mass decreases on 2.3-3.2% in inter-row spacing 70 cm, compared to the 45 cm. Changing plant density from 50 to 70 thsd/ha in corn and from 100 to 140 thsd/ha in sweet sorghum increases the yield of green mass on 6.4-7.1%. Key words: sweet sorghum, corn, compatible crops, standing density, inter-row spacing

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЛУБИНЫ ПОСАДКИ КЛУБНЕЙ НА ЧИСТУЮ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ФОТОСИНТЕЗА РАСТЕНИЙ КАРТОФЕЛЯ

The article deals with the influence of the planting depth of potato tubers on the photosynthetic activity of potato plants in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic. The depth of seeding of tubers has a direct impact on all processes of growth and development. The more favorable conditions in the zone of placement of planted tubers, the faster they germinate and give early and amicable shoots, the more successful the further development of the potato plant and the formation of the crop. The establishment of the dependence of the planting depth of potato tubers on the photosynthetic activity of potato plants makes it difficult for a variety of reasons that are directly related to the photosynthetic activity of the potato plant, since the potato plant productivity is significantly increased by optimizing the priority conditions that are necessary in the the potato plant cultivation, when all the photosynthetic activity potato plants. In this study, in order to determine potato productivity, optimal parameters of photosynthetic parameters, such as leaf surface, net photosynthesis productivity, and the FAP utilization coefficient were determined in the first study. The assimilating surface of the leaf surface of plants, per unit of sowing area, determines the absorption of phage by plants. Optimal leaf area, according to L.G. Shashkarov (2006), for potato plants is the surface up to 40 thousand square meter.

ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПОСЕВОВ ДОННИКА ВТОРОГО ГОДА ЖИЗНИ

The article discusses the influence of late fodder miliary cover crops on the photosynthetic activity of second year plants of the sweet clover of life in the conditions of the South-Eastern part of the Volga-Vyatka zone. The determination of the dependence of the sweet clover productivity on various factors makes it difficult for a variety of reasons, connected with the photosynthetic activity of plants. But the productivity of yellow sweet clover crops significantly increases when optimizing the basic conditions necessary for growing plants, when all the photosynthetic activity of plants, which is the most complicated integration process, increases. In this study, in order to determine the sweet clover productivity, the optimal parameters of the most important photosynthetic parameters were determined in the first place, under which high plant productivity is formed. For example, the size of the leaf surface, the net productivity of photosynthesis and the coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation, which are the most optimal parameters of photosynthetic indices. The assimilating surface of the leaf surface of plants, per unit area of sowing, determines the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation by plants. Optimum leaf area, according to A.A. Nichiporovich (1970), L.G. Shashkarov (2006), for the sweet clover is the surface up to 40 thousand square meter, but when growing plants for harvesting, the area of leaves can be increased up to 70 thousand square meter per hectare, which, in turn, allows you to prepare a better feed. Studies have shown that for all years the maximum net productivity of photosynthesis was in yellow sweet clover plants in the variant when the plant was cultivated when sown without cover of late prosoidal cover crops (3.11 g / m2 per day), which allowed it to accumulate the greatest amount of dry matter (4.39 tons per hectare). All the studied late cover crops reduced this indicator of net photosynthetic productivity: in millet variants it was 2.66-2.76, with Sudan grass - 2.36-2.41 and with corn - 2.69-2.76 g / m2 per day. Decrease in the sowing norms of late forage cover crops from conventional values by 25% favorably affected the plants of sweet clover and improved their photosynthetic activity.

Фотосинтетическая деятельность лядвенца рогатого (Lotus corniculatus L.) в зависимости от агротехнических приемов в Среднем Предуралье

Due to the significance of the tasks of resource and energy saving, particular importance in field feed production of the Middle Urals should be given to perennial grasses. A birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is of interest as a perennial legume plant that can grow on acidic infertile soils (pH 4.2-4.5) which has high winter hardiness and drought resistance. In 2011-2017 the study of the photosynthetic activity of birds-foot trefoil and the formation of its yield in dependence to different cover crops, methods of sowing and seeding rates, was carried out. Depending on studied methods the fodder productivity varied from 4.47 to 5.21 t / ha dry matter for four years of use on the average. By the flowering phase the largest leaf area (41.3-46.2 thousand m2/ha) was formed by a bird's-foot trefoil sown without a cover and under the cover of spring wheat and oats with the sowing rate of 6 million pcs. for wide-row sowing and 8 million pcs. of germinating seeds/ha for the ordinary row sowing. Sowing of the bird's-foot trefoil without cover and under the cover of spring wheat promoted the intensive development of photosynthetic potential -3.62-3.78 million m2 per day/ha. However, an increase in the leaf area in the variant with sowing a birds-foot trefoil without a cover contributed to a decrease in the net photosynthesis productivity to 3.9 g/m2. The highest net photosynthesis productivity (5.1-5.6 g / m2 per day), as well as the collection of dry mass in the first mowing (1.75-1.84 t / ha) was provided by a birds-foot trefoil sown under the cover of spring wheat and oats with a sowing rate of 7 million pcs. of germinating seed / ha in a wide-row sowing, and with a norm of 9-10 million pcs. of germinating seeds / ha in the ordinary row sowing. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the optimal structure of crops emerged in segregated variants with such indicators: the stalk density of bird's-foot trefoil is 745-803 pcs. / m2, the plants height is 37-39 cm, the foliage is 46-47%.

Формування продуктивності сорго цукрового під впливом строків сівби

The scientifically based choice of sowing terms for sorghum depends on the climatic conditions, type, state and humidity of the soil, biological characteristics of varieties and hybrids, the economic purpose of sowing, rate of positive temperatures growth. The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of sowing terms on the growth, development and the yield of green mass of sugar sorghum. In the experiment, the variety of sugar sorghum Silosne 42 and the hybrid Dovista were sown in three terms when the soil temperatures at the depth of seeding were: І – 6–8 °С, ІІ – 8–10 °С, ІІІ – 10–12 °С. Biometric indexes of sugar sorghum depended both on sowing terms and varietal characteristics. The plants most intensively developed and formed the above-ground mass in a variant where the soil temperature at the depth of seeding was 10–12 °С, and plants height was 151.7 and 193.7 cm in the period of flowering – respectively in the Silosne 42 variety and the Dovista hybrid. The highest indexes of the leaf area (51.87 and 57.25 thousand m2/ha), photosynthetic potential (4.26 and 4.32 million m2×days/ha) and the net productivity of photosynthesis (3.50 and 3.54 g/m2 per day) of sugar sorghum were on varieties, sown when the soil temperature at the depth of seeding was 10–12 °С, respectively in the Silosne 42 variety and the Dovista hybrid. It was noted that the increase in the surface of leaf area and the duration of vegetation result in higher photosynthetic potential and, consequently, the growth of the green mass yield. Maximum indexes of pure productivity of photosynthesis are observed in the flowering period, that is, during the period of the most intense growth of the above-ground mass and the leaf surface of sugar sorghum. From the flag leaf stage until flowering stage there is an intense growth in sugar sorghum, and increment of green mass is 57.3-78.6% compared with the growing point differentiation stage. The sorghum biomass indexes had the highest values at all stages of the third sowing term. Increment of the green mass continues to the hard dough stage, while dry matter grows throughout the growing period. The highest yield of the green and dry mass of the Silosne 42 variety and the Dovista hybrid is observed in the hard dough stage, when the soil temperature at the depth of seeding was 10–12 °С – 74.8 and 17.4 t/ha and 83.7 and 20.2 t/ha. The Dovista hybrid prevailed on the yield of the green mass on 9.8–12.7% and dry matter on 4.5–7.8% than the Siloshne 42 variety.

Photosynthetic potential of sugar sorghum under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. Identify the peculiarities of the photosynthetic productivity formation of sugar sorghum as affected by row spacing and plant density under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.Methods. The materials of the study were sorghum hybrids ‘Dovista’ and ‘Gulliver’ sown at a width between rows of 45 and 70 cm. After the appearance of complete sprouts on experimental sites, various variants of plant density were formed – 150, 200 and 250 thousand per hectare. In the field experiment, leaf area, photosynthetic potential of sugar sorghum (Nichiporovich, 1982) and the dry matter content of plants (Hrytsaienko et al., 2003) were determined.Results. The leaf area of the sugar sorghum, depending on the seeding rate and the width of the row, reached a maximum at the stage of panicle formation. With the increase in the seeding rate from 150 to 250 thousand per hectare, the leaf area increased respectively: in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid from 7.5 to 9.2 thousand m2/ha, in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid from 6.8 to 9.0 thousand m2/ha. The maximum leaf area during the period of grain filling in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid was fixed at the seed rate of 250 thousand per hectare and the width of the row spacings of 70 cm 37 thousand m2/ha; in the hybrid ‘Gulliver’ for the same seeding rate and width of rows of 45 cm this index was 35.9 thousand m2/ha. In the variants with wide rows and seeding rate of 250 thousand per hectare, the photosynthetic potential was 2140 thousand m2/ha × day. In general, during the period of plant growth from thestage of tillering to the mature ripeness, this figure in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid reached 3212 thousand m2/ha×day, in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid 2986 thousand m2/ha×day. The photosynthetic potential of the plants of the hybrid ‘Dovista’ for the sowing rate of 150 thousand pcs / ha in crops with an intermediate row of 45 cm ranged from 98.9 to 2337 thousand m2/ha×days, in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid – from 96.4 to 2242 thousand m2/ha × days, respectively. Indicators of net productivity in plants of sorghum were the highest during the period of tillering – leaf tube formation and reached 26.7 g/m2×day in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid, 20.5 g/m2×day in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid. The maximum accumulation of dry matter was reached at the stage of milk ripeness. The hybrid ‘Dovista’ was found to be more efficient in collecting dry matter per unit area (1341 g/m2); the hybrid ‘Gulliver’ was slightly inferior with 1335 g/m2.Conclusions. The net productivity of photosynthesis in sugar sorghum depends on the growth rate of the leaf area and photosynthetic potential in all growing periods. The utilization of photosynthetic active radiation contributes to the formation of a larger vegetative mass that reaches a maximum at 70-cm row spacing during the period of leaf-tube formation and throwing panicle and gradually decreases during the following stages of growth and development.

Influence of growth stimulants on photosynthetic apparatus, morphogenesis and production process of eggplant (Solanum melongena)

Artificial regulation of the growth and development of cultivated plants aiming at an increase of biological productivity and improvement of the quality of agricultural products is a significant objective of modern phytophysiology. The use of natural and synthetic growth stimulators is quite effective. The present paper discusses the issue of the influence of gibberellin acid (GA3), 1-naphthylacetic acid (1-NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) on the morphogenesis and productivity of aubergine plants of Diamond variety. Field experiments were conducted in 2013–2015. The plants were treated with such growth stimulators as 1-NAA, GA3 and 6-BAP at the concentration of 0.005% using a portable sprayer. The phytometric indices were fixed every 10 days, the mesostructure was checked in the leaves of the middle layer in the phase of fruit formation, the content of the amount of chlorophylls was determined in the fresh material by spectrophotometric method, the content of different forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen in the plant organs was estimated by biochemical methods in fixed dry material. It was found that GA3 increased plant height on average by 16.3%. 1-NAA and 6-BAP practically did not change linear plant sizes. The germicides increased the number of leaves per plant (10.8–30.8%), the mass of their raw matter (19.9–47.5%) and the area of the leaf surface (17.5–42.5%). The most significant impact on these indicators was made by GA3. All the germicides increased the number of leaves per plant (14.3–20.9%). 6-BAP increased the thickness of the leaf blades by 6.3% due to the growth of chlorenchyma, and GA3 reduced it by 9.2%. Under the influence of 6-BAP and 1-NAA, the thickness of chlorenchyma was increased by 7.0% and 5.9% respectively.The upper and lower epidermis became thinner or did not change under the effects of these germicides. Under the plant treatment with 1-NAA and 6-BAP, the size of columnar parenchyma cells increased by 25.6% and 19.6% and the size of the spongiform parenchyma cells increased by 8.4–76.7%. Under the action of GA3, the cell volume of the columnar parenchyma did not change significantly, and the size of the spongy cells increased. This paper reveals that all growth stimulants reduced the number of epidermis cells (6.6–7.4%). Under the action of 1-NAA and 6-BAP, there was a decrease in the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of the abacus leaf surface, respectively,by 6.5% and 21.2%. Instead, after the use of GA3, an increase in the number of stomata was observed by 21.8%. Such germicides as 1-NAA and GA3 reduced the area of respiratory area by 11.7% and 21.4%, while the 6-BAP increased its area by 10.4%. The results of the research show that 6-BAP increased the content of the sum of chlorophylls a + b in leaves by 13.3%. Under the action of 1-NAA, this indicator had only a tendency to increase (6.7%), but under the influence of GA3 it decreased. Moreover, the processing with germicides significantly increased leaf and chlorophyll indices. All three growth stimulants have increased the mass of dry matter of plants and the net productivity of photosynthesis. The data demonstrate that growth stimulants have contributed to the accumulation of various forms of carbohydrates in the roots and fruits. In the stems and leaves there was a tendency to decrease the content of sugars and starch. The germicides significantly reduced the content of all forms of nitrogen in the roots, stems and fruits, and increased the content of protein nitrogen in the leaves. Under the action of GA3 and 6-BAP, the number of fruits per plant increased by 19.3% and 16.1%, respectively. All growth stimulants have significantly increased the average weight of the individual fetus (7.4–10.3%). As a result, the weight of the fruits from one plant after treatment with 1-NAA, GA3 and 6-BAP increased by 11.0%, 28.0% and 29.4%, respectively. There are grounds to think that growth stimulants, influencing anatomical, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of aubergines, changed the nature of the donor-acceptor relationships in the plant, which intensified the production process and optimized its productivity.

Effect of sterile cytoplasms on photosynthetic activity and biomass yield in sorghum F1 hybrids

Indicators of photosynthetic potential (PP), net photosynthesis productivity (NPP), and biomass yield were studied during 3 years in F1 sorghum hybrids obtained with using two sets of isonuclear cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines with different types of sterile cytoplasms: A3, A4, 9E carrying Zheltozernoe 10 (Z10) genome and M35-1A and 9E carrying Pishchevoe 614 (P614) genome when crossing with Merkurii (M) and Pishchevoe 35 (P35) cultivars. It was demonstrated that the type of sterile cytoplasm affects the PP and NPP value, and the cytoplasm effects differ in different years. The sterile cytoplasm 9E stimulated the PP value in extremely hot and droughty 2010. According to the results of 3-year studies, the A3 cytoplasm (unlike 9E and A4 cytoplasms) decreased PP indicators in the tillering–heading stage. The effect of sterile cytoplasms on NPP depended on the hybrid genotype and ontogenesis stage: the 9E cytoplasm promoted an increase in NPP in the tillering–heading stage as compared with the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (in hybrid combinations Z10/P35) and M35-1A (in combinations with CMS lines with P614 genome); in combination with Z10/M, the A4 cytoplasm significantly stimulated NPP in the tillering–heading stage and decreased it in the stage of heading–complete maturity. On average over 3 years, higher biomass yield was registered in hybrids with 9E cytoplasm than in hybrids with A3 and A4 cytoplasms, and the strongest differences were observed in hot 2010.

Impact of gibberelic acid and tebuconazole on formation of the leaf system and functioning of donor – acceptor plant system of solanaceae vegetable crops

We studied the comparable effect of gibberelic acid and tebuconazole on morphogenesis, mesostructure formation and redistribution of flows in sweet peppers and tomatoes. It has been found that the use of gibberelic acid and tebuconazole retardant during budding leads to increased plant productivity due to optimization of the structure and operation of the plants’ leaf apparatus. It was established that both gibberelic and antigibberelic tebuconazole drug stimulated the formation and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of peppers and tomatoes, but the mechanisms of this regulation were different. Increased photosynthetic activity of plants under the influence of gibberellin was determined primarily by the formation of more leaves and total leaf surface. When using tebuconazole retardant there was a significant restructuring of the organization of leaf mezostructure: the leaves were thickened by chlorenchyma proliferation, there was an increase in the volume of columnar parenchyma cells and linear dimensions of spongy parenchyma leaf cells. The surface density of leaves significantly increased, the chlorophyll content and nitrogen content (especially protein) also increased, compared with control variants and variants using gibberelin. Such a profound restructuring of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants under the actions of tebuconazole led to a significant increase in donor leaves function of peppers and tomatoes, which is an indicator of the growth of net productivity of photosynthesis – the highest among all the variants of the experiment. The results also show that increasing the chlorophyll phytocenotic index was more significant than the increase of leaf index: the tomatoes under the action of tebuconazole had a lower leaf index than in control options, but due to a higher chlorophyll index the crop productivity increased.Since during the fruiting period the costs of assimilates to the growth of vegetative organs are greatly reduced, optimization of photosynthetic apparatus in pepper and tomato plants led to the laying of more fruit per plant and increasing crop yield. The analysis of the mass ratio of the researched vegetative and fruit plants shows that the mass fraction of fruit (an acceptor sphere of plants during fruiting) under the action of both drugs increased. Thus in both variants of the experiment both the mass fraction and donor assimilates of leaves were higher. Apart from the main source of assimilates – the processes of photosynthesis, which intensified due to the formation of a larger area of leaf surface (variant with gibberelin) or optimization of mesostructure (variant with tebuconazole) it is probable that the formation and growth of the embryo occurred in part due to reutilization of carbohydrates from the vegetative plant organs in carpogenesis processes.

Carbon dioxide exchange in the needles of the common spruce in southern taiga spruce forests

Dynamics of carbon dioxide exchange in the Common Spruce (Picea abies L.) in relation to environmental factors was monitored during several seasons. Direct linear dependence of photosynthesis rate from the levels of air temperature and illumination was found, and correlation coefficients were 0.860 (p < 0.001) and 0.704 (p < 0.001). It was found that seasonal maximum of net photosynthesis production was attained at temperatures of 23–25°C. A decrease in temperature optimum was associated with reduction of the CO2 assimilation intensity level. The impact of environmental factors on photosynthesis intensity is discussed in terms of the developed model. Using this model, we demonstrated that temperature and illumination dynamics in toto accounts for 82% of changes in photosynthesis rate. It is the air temperature that exerts the strongest influence on the process of photosynthesis. According to our calculations, the net photosynthesis level was three times higher than the level of respiration. This is indicative of a positive carbon dioxide balance in the needles of the Common Spruce.

ADAPTIVE AGRO-TECHNOLOGY OF FARMING NEW WINTER WHEAT VARIETY IN THE TERSKO-SULAK TERRITORY

Aim. The aim of the research was to improve the elements of agro-technology for cultivating new high-yielding varieties of winter wheat under conditions of the plain zone irrigation depending on the doses and the terms of introducing mineral nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers. Methods. Research was carried out on chestnut heavy loamy soils. Sampling of soils and plants, as well as agrochemical properties of soils were determined according to standard generally accepted methods. Mathematical processing of data on the yield of cereals was carried out by analysis-of-variance method using computer technology. Results. Our studies showed that the most productive of the studied varieties was Grom, which, on average for three years (2012-2015) gave a grain yield of 7.6 t/ha with nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers introduced at a dose of N180P100 against 5.6 t/ha in a similar version to the control during sowing of the Tanya variety. Vassa and Sila varieties were also inferior to Grom variety for yields, respectively, by 1.1 t/ha and 1.4 t / ha. It was also revealed that with the Grom variety, when applying an increased dose of mineral fertilizers (N180P100), on average for three years, the best indicators were by the area of the leaf surface (63.6 thousand m2/ha), photosynthetic index of crops was 2765.6 thousand m2/ha and net productivity of photosynthesis was 6.3 g/m2, day. For other varieties of winter wheat and doses of mineral fertilizers, these indicators were lower. Conclusion. In steady-state experiment, when studying the potential of new high-yielding varieties of winter wheat at different levels and times of introducing mineral nutrition, the Grom variety showed the best yields.