Net Productivity Of Photosynthesis Research Articles

Photosynthetic parameters of winter pea sowings under the effect of nitrogen fertilization and seed inoculation in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To evaluate the photosynthetic parameters of winter pea sowings under the effect of seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilization in the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out in the years 2019–2021 in the fields of the Agronomic Research Station (a division of NULES of Ukraine, Kyiv region). Winter pea ‘NS Moroz’ was sown in the second half of September at the rate of 1.2 million seeds/ha. The width of the rows was 15 cm, and the seed sowing depth was 4–4.5 cm. The design of the experiment provided for the combined use of such technological factors as seed inoculation (without inoculation; Optimize Pulse, 3.3 l/t) and nitrogen fertilizer [main application + early spring top dressing (N0; N15 + N15; N15 + N30; N15 + N45; N30 + N0; N30 + N15; N30 + N30; N45 + N0; N45 + N15; N60 + N0)]. P45K45 was also applied in the primary fertilization as a background. Results. Seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilizers positively affect the photosynthetic activity of winter pea; however, the efficiency of their action largely depends on the application doses and timing, as well as the stage of crop development. It was established that in the autumn period of winter pea vegetation (complete sprouting–stalking), the influence of the studied agrotechnical measures on the leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (PP), and net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) was mostly insignificant. In the period of spring-summer vegetation, the effect of the factor of seed inoculation, as well as early spring fertilization with nitrogen, increased significantly, while the main fertilization decreased. The highest LAI (on average according to the experiment 31.4 thousand m2/ha) was formed in the flowering stage, PP during the stages of bean formation – ripening of seeds (0.75 million m²/ha per day). The use of seed inoculation compared to options without it contributed to the increase of these indicators by 5.33 and 0.17 million m2/ha per day, respectively. In the experiment, the maximum values of both LAI (35.77–36.45 thousand m²/ha) and PP (0.91–0.93 million m2/ha per day) were obtained when applying N15 + N30–45 and N30 + N30 on the background of seed inoculation, while the minimal in control treatments (N0). The regularities of the formation of the NPP were radically different. Its highest indicators during the period of the beginning of vegetation – budding (as well as in the following interphase stages) were observed primarily with the minimal application of fertilizers (N30 + N0, N15 + N15) or in the control treatments (N0), 8.1–9.2 g/m2 per day. Seed inoculation had no significant effect on the formation of NPP. The maximum content of chlorophyll a in plants (5.90 mg/g) was formed in the budding stage, gradually decreasing to 5.74 and 5.05 mg/g in the flowering and bean formation stages, respectively. Instead, the content of chlorophyll b was the lowest in the budding stage (12.37 mg/g), reaching its maximum in the flowering stage (19.71 mg/g) and slightly decreasing in the stage of bean formation – 16.37 mg/g of raw mass. Seed inoculation helped to increase the content of chlorophyll a by an average of 0.9–1.0 mg/g over growth stages and chlorophyll b by 1.4–2.2 mg/g. The best fertilization treatment was N15 + N30–45. Conclusions. Seed inoculation and nitrogen fertilization are significant and effective factors to intensify the photosynthetic activity of winter pea sowings. The patterns of the parameters of leaf s area, photosynthetic potential, net productivity of photosynthesis, and the content of photosynthetic pigments revealed in the study may be used to improve the cultivation technology to fully realize the crop potential productivity under the conditions of the Right Bank Forest‑Steppe of Ukraine.

The role of rhizospheric bacteria in the formation of photosynthetic apparatus and productiv-ity of winter wheat in the conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region

The article discusses the ability of strains of plant-stimulating rhizobacteria (plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, Azospirillum brasilense SR80, Azospirillum brasilense SR88, Azospirillum brasilense Cd, Ochrobactrum cytisi IPA7.2 and Enterobacter ludwigii K7 to stimulate the growth of the assimilation apparatus and productivity of winter soft wheat of the Novoershovskaya variety in the conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region. The bacteria stimulated the growth of the assimilation apparatus of plants, in addition, the bacteria of the genus Azospirillum as a whole more significantly increased the net productivity of photosynthesis. As a result, bacterization significantly increased the yield of winter soft wheat by 11-27,7%.

Photosynthetic parameters of sugar beet crops under application of measures to increase tolerance to drought stress in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of the photosynthetic parameters of sugar beet crops under the application of measures to increase the crop tolerance to drought stress in the zone of unstable soil moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out at the experimental field of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian ciences of Ukraine (50.023194, 30.173895) in 2014–2018. The research scheme included the application of the moisture retainer Aquasorb (300 kg/ha), soil treatment with the Mirazonit soil bacteria concentrate (20 kg/ha), application of the plant growth regulator Kelpak RK (2 l/ha, BBCH 14 + 4 l/ha, BBCH 18) and microfertilizers Alpha-Grow-Extra Buriaky (3 l/ha, BBCH 18) and Micro-Mineralis (Buriaky) (1.5 l/ha, BBCH 18) during vegetation season. Aquasorb moisture retainer was applied to the soil during early spring cultivation using an Amazone ZA-TS 3200 spreader. Results. During the vegetation period of sugar beets, specifically in the 6-leaf stages (BBCH 16), closing of leaves in rows (BBCH 30) and between rows (BBCH 39) and in the period of technical ripeness (BBCH 49) we studied the peculiarities of the formation of indicators of the assimilation apparatus area and the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b) in the leaves,in the corresponding interphase periods, we studied the photosynthetic potential of crops and the net productivity of photosynthesis under the influence of the studied factors. It was established that in the phase of leaf closure between rows (BBCH 39), sugar beet plants formed an assimilation surface area of 54.1 thousand m2/ha, the difference between the hydrogel application options and the control was 3.5 thousand m2/ha. Also, the best indicators of the formation of the leaf area were provided by the variants of the combined combination of all elements of the experiment – 56.36–56.47 thousand m2/ha, which, most likely, was caused by their influence on the physiological state of plants and, as a result, on the formation of a somewhat larger assimilation apparatus. In the period of closing of leaves in rows – closing of leaves between inter-rows (BBCH 30–39), the options for using the Aquasorb moisture retainer had a more intense accumulation of dry matter by an average of 0.9 g/m2 per day. At the same time, as the main root grew and the root system developed the deeper layers of the soil, the sugar beet plants became more and more independent of the influence of applied agrotechnical measures. This is especially evident when comparing the Aquasorb application options, which on average had a more intensive accumulation of dry matter by 0.2 g/m2 per day in the interphase period of leaf closure in the between rows – technical ripeness (BBCH 39–49). Conclusions. The use of agrotechnical measures is an effective factor in intensifying the photosynthetic activity of sugar beet plants throughout the growing season, the effectiveness of which is largely determined by their combination options. In general, the most optimal conditions for the formation of photosynthetic parameters of crops were provided by combination of all factors of the experiment.

Productivity of Corn Hybrids in the Conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The relevant scientific justification for the western region of Ukraine is the comprehensive assessment and selection of maize hybrids with wide environmental plasticity to ensure high and stable grain yield under the influence of specific weather factors. The increase in gross maize yields is possible due to the effective use of the genetic capabilities of new hybrids and is vital for the Western Forest-Steppe where this crop is not selected, and agricultural producers use hybrids of other originator institutions. The purpose of this study was to establish the grain productivity of hybrids of early-maturing and mid-early maturing groups in the soil and climatic zone of Ukraine under study. Generally accepted and special methods were used in this study, such as field, measurement and weight, statistical methods. Based on the obtained research results for 2019-2021, changes in weather conditions in the soil and climate zone under study were confirmed. The duration of the growing season of maize is determined depending on weather factors and the hybrid. The area of the leaf surface in the flowering stage (BBCH 61-69) – development of fruit (BBCH 71-79) and the net productivity of photosynthesis were found. The resistance of hybrid plants to diseases was substantiated and the highest percentage of their damage was found in 2021 with a large amount of precipitation during June-September. The dependence between hybrids and their biological properties was proved to effectively use the existing soil and climatic conditions, which affected grain productivity and the range of variability over the years. The results of this study suggest that changes in weather factors, namely an increase in the sum of active temperatures and sufficient precipitation during the growing season, enable high grain yields of maize hybrids of early-maturing and medium-early maturing groups. Recommendations were given for farms of various legal forms to introduce Ukrainian hybrids into agricultural production: DN Meotyda and Orzhitsa 237 MV

Продукционный процесс райграса пастбищного в зависимости от предпосевной обработки семян и нормы высева

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in modern fodder production is one of the valuable fodder plants for pasture and hay use. An important condition for the formation of herbage is to ensure the friendliness of seedlings and the safety of plants, which is achieved through the preparation of seeds before sowing and the optimal feeding area, by determining the seeding rate of crops. The aim of the research is the formation of perennial ryegrass agrocenosis, which ensures a high production process of plants in the conditions of the Middle Urals. Studies on the study of pre-sowing seed treatment and the seeding rate of perennial ryegrass were carried out in 2019-2022. in UNPK-Agrotechnopark FSBEIHE Izhevsk SAA on soddy medium podzolic medium loamy soil. According to the content of humus, soils of medium degree of cultivation with slightly acidic acidity. The content of mobile phosphorus and mobile potassium is very high. Growing seasons 2019-2020, 2022 were characterized by moderately humid warm weather with a hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) of 0.9-1.5, in 2021 the HTC was < 1, there was a lack of moisture for plants. Studies have found that on average for 2020-2022. The highest yield of green mass of perennial ryegrass of the 2nd life of 15.5-15.6 t/ha was formed during pre-sowing treatment with complex fertilizer Agree's Forsage. On average, according to the experiment, the highest productivity of 14.8 t/ha was obtained when sowing 6 million. Correlation analysis of the yield of green mass with photosynthetic potential and with net productivity of photosynthesis made it possible to establish a direct average relationship (r = 0.45 and r = 0.56, respectively). The highest index of leafiness of perennial ryegrass plants (65.6%) was noted in the variant with Agree's Forsage seed treatment and sowing at a rate of 6 million tons. Keywords: PASTURE RYEGRASS, PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT, SEEDING RATE, FOLIAGE, PHOTOSYNTHETIC POTENTIAL, NET PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY

Photosynthetic and biological productivity of sugar beets depending on the fertilization system

Aim. To study the impact of an alternative organic-mineral fertilization on the photosynthetic and biological productivity of sugar beet under modernizing it with the latest agrochemical means. Меthods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. The results of research on the impact of an alternative organic-mineral fertilization with different saturation with the latest agrochemicals on the photosynthetic and biological productivity of sugar beets are presented. It was established that the development of the leaf surface, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves, the photosynthetic and biological productivity of sugar beet increased significantly when foliar fertilizing with agrochemicals was carried out against the background of the organic-mineral fertilization. Conclusions. Application of N30 + «Folcrop Combi» + «Folcrop Amin» for foliar fertilization against the background of 5 t/ha of straw + P90K90 under plowing + N90 under pre-sowing cultivation formed the maximum development of the leaf surface: in July – 1920 cm2/plant, in August – 2566, in September – 1790 cm2/plant. The specified fertilization ensured the maximum content of chlorophyll in leaves in July – 2.01%, August – 1.94%, September – 1.80%. The net productivity of photosynthesis in sugar beet plants in August with the application of straw and mineral fertilizers increased compared to the control without fertilizers – in 1.60 times, with additional foliar fertilization – in 1.77-1.93 times. The most intensive processes of photosynthesis occurred with the combined application of 5 t/ha of straw + P90K90 under plowing + N90 under pre-sowing cultivation + «Folcrop Combi» + «Folcrop Amin» − the net productivity of photosynthesis was 11.08 g/m2 per day. The use of a modernized organic-mineral fertilization (5 t/ha of straw + P90K90 under plowing + N90 undern pre-sowing cultivation + N30 + «Folcrop Combi» + «Folcrop Amin») ensured the highest biological productivity of sugar beet: yield of roots – 60.3 t/ha, sugar harvest – 10.37 with exceeding the control without fertilizers – by 19.1 and 3.20 t/ha.

Применение регулятора роста «Эдагум СМ» на посевах озимой пшеницы в РСО-Алания

Abstract. The authors present the results of the use of a growth regulator on winter wheat crops in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of the growth regulator “Edagum SM” on the growth, development, productivity and quality of grain of promising winter wheat varieties, taking into account ecological and economic efficiency and improving on this basis the resource-saving technology of culture cultivation in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Russian Federation. The novelty lies in the fact that the features of the growth and development of promising winter wheat varieties have been studied depending on the doses of the growth regulator “Edagum SM” and their effect on the photosynthetic activity of plants has been shown. Optimal seeding rates of promising varieties have been established, ensuring high crop productivity and improving the quality indicators of the products obtained. The object of research were high-yielding varieties of winter wheat – Homer and Bagrat, selected by the P. P. Lukyanenko National Research Center. Methods. Records and observations were carried out according to generally accepted methods described in the educational and methodological manual for conducting research in agronomy. Results. As a result of the use of a growth regulator, for Homer and Bagrat varieties, the best option is “Edagum SM” (450 ml/ha), and the optimal seeding rate is 5 mln/ha (Gomer variety) and 4 mln/ha (Bagrat variety). The greatest increase in photosynthetic power was observed during the period of exit into the tube-earing. The net photosynthesis productivity of winter wheat increased from the tillering phase to the exit phase into the tube and the maximum indicators reached during earing-milk ripeness. The crop yield, depending on the dose of the growth regulator, increased by 0.13–0.22 t/ha (Homer variety, seeding rate 3 mln/ha). The grain nature index, depending on the studied variants, varied between 691–722 g/l (Homer variety) and 689–720 g/l (Bagrat variety). The protein content varied in the range of 10.1–13.2 % a. s. v., and gluten – 24–26 %. Profitability ranged from 22–47 %.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING BARLEY CROPS DEPENDING ON FERTILIZATION AND FERROUS FERTILIZATION

Plant yield depends on the size and productivity of the photosynthetic apparatus, which in the process of plant growth and development should reach optimal performance. The article presents the indicators of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants depending on varietal characteristics, application of mineral fertilizers and foliar fertilization. The highest indicators of leaf surface area were observed in the variant of joint application of mineral fertilizer at the dose of N30P30K30 and foliar fertilization of plants with microfertilizer Vuxal in the phase of plant emergence in the tube and in the phase of earing in varieties Aizhan and Aristey , 3; 53.9 and 52.4, which is higher compared to the control of 5.4 and 5.5 and 6.8 and 6.6 thousand m² / ha. Also in this version of the experiment the highest photosynthetic potential of spring barley plants in the phase of plant emergence in the tube and in the phase of earing in the varieties Aijan and Aristei photosynthetic potential of crops in the phase of milk-wax ripeness was 2,436 and 2,428; 2,464 and 2,451, which is higher than the control of 0.634 and 0.705 and 0.662 and 0.728 million g / m2 per day. The net productivity of photosynthesis increased in some interphase periods, namely from the period of tillering to earing under the influence of experimental variants. With the application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 net productivity of photosynthesis in the period of exit into the earing tube was in the variety Aizhan - 4.1 g / m2 per day, and in the variety Aristey - 3.8 g / m2 per day, which is higher than in the control options at 1.3 and 1.1 g / m2 per day.With the joint application of mineral fertilizer at a dose of N30P30K30 and foliar fertilization of plants with microfertilizer Vuxal in the phase of emergence of plants in the tube and in the phase of the beginning of earing in varieties Aijan and Aristey net productivity of photosynthesis in the period of emergence in the earing tube was 4.4 and 4.1; 4.5 and 4.2, which is higher than the control of 1.6 and 1.4 and 1.7 and 1.5 g / m2 per day.

Weed control in the cultivation of corn (Zea mays L.) on irrigation

The article reflects the results of studies conducted in the period from 2018 to 2020 in the dry steppe zone of the Russian Federation to assess the effectiveness of the integrated protection of corn for irrigation from weeds using mechanical, chemical measures and provocative irrigation. The effectiveness of chemical treatment with the use of Elyumis herbicide and mechanical treatment of row spacings with and without provocative irrigation against the background of moldboard and non-moldboard basic tillage was studied. The dynamics of weed infestation of corn crops has been established for the periods of vegetation of the crop and the timing of the application of the studied methods of weed control. The data on accounting for the increase in leaf area, as well as determining the photosynthetic potential of crops, the rate of accumulation of dry matter and the net productivity of photosynthesis using the studied methods of agricultural technology are presented. The indicators of corn productivity were determined, and the data obtained from the economic and energy evaluation of the effectiveness of the studied methods of weed control were analyzed.

Influence of growth regulators on the formation of main indicators of photosynthetic activity in amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) varieties

Three year field experiments were carried out at a location with a temperate semi-arid climate condition on the comparative productivity of Amaranth cultivars Kizlyarets (standard variety), Valentina, Iriston on moderately saline meadow-chestnut soils of the Terek-Sulak sub-province of Dagestan, against the background of presowing treatment with growth regulators Albit and Potassium Humate. The studied cultivars provided sufficiently high indicators of the leaf surface area and net productivity of photosynthesis in the variant with the Albit-regulator, 47.6, 49.6 and 51.4 thousand m2/ha and 1.91, 1.97 and 2.01 g/m2 per day, respectively. Compared with the control data and the variant with the potassium humate regulator, they increased the productivity of photosynthesis by 2.6, 4.2, 4.0, 0.8, 1.0, 1.4 and 29.9, 31.3, 32.2, 1.0, 1.5, 1.0%, respectively. The maximum data of photosynthetic activity were observed on crops of the Iriston variety. So on an average, according to the variants with growth regulators, the leaf area was at the level of 50.5 thousand m2/ha, with 47.1 and 48.8 thousand m 2 /ha in plots with varieties Kizlyarets and Valentina, respectively. The net productivity of the Iriston variety was 1.52 g/m2 per day, in the control (non treated), 2.01 g/m 2 per day - against the background of the use of the regulator Albit and 1.99 g/m2 per day -when treated with the potassium humate regulator. Low values, in the range of 1.47 to 1.91 g/m2 per day, were recorded for the standard variety. The data for Valentina occupies an intermediate position. Higher photosynthetic potential was attained by the Iriston variety when the growth regulator Albit was applied.

Кормова продуктивність люцерно-злакових агроценозів з різними злаковими компонентами

Goal. To select the best perennial grasses for lucerne-cereal mixtures on different agricultural backgrounds to increase their productive longevity to produce high-quality grass fodder. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical, computational and comparative. Results. The results are given of research (2019–2021) in the formation of forage productivity of lucerne, lucerne-cereal with various cereal components and cereal forage agro phytocoenoses on different backgrounds of fertilizers and liming on dark gray podzolic soils. The best forage agro phytocoenoses, change of their productivity under the influence of fertilizers and liming, distribution of yield on hay crops and features of increase of productivity at the formation of a crop of biomass in the 1st slope are established. Conclusions. The inclusion of lucerne in legume-cereal grass mixture, as well as its single-use for forage purposes, compared to cereals herbage on the background without mineral nitrogen on average for the first three years of life and use increased the productivity of sown grass from 3.24–3.31 to 7,92–10.34 t/ha of dry weight, from 2.37–2.58 to 6.91–9.99 t/ha of fodder units, or 1.4–3.8 times. The most productive were agro phytocoenoses formed based on single-species sowing of lucerne and its mixtures with late-ripening meadow timothy (Phleum pratense) and intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), as well as medium-ripe awnless brome (Bromopsis inermis) and eastern fescue (Festuca orientalis), where the share of legume component (1%) was the largest. The introduction of 1.5 t/ha of lime into pre-sowing cultivation or P45K90 annually increased the productivity of lucerne and lucerne-cereal grasses by 5–9%, and with their combined use — by 12–14%. The best distribution of yield by slopes on different fertilizer backgrounds was characterized by lucerne and lucerne-cereal herbage with a share of 1st hay crop 45–50%, 2nd — 29–31%, and 3rd — 20–25%, and unevenness 23–28%. At the formation of the yield of the 1st hay crop, the increase in productivity of sown grasslands occurred before the flowering phase of the dominant components, the largest daily increases in dry weight (66–96 kg/ha), as well as net productivity of photosynthesis (2.58–3.52 g/m2 per day) achieved during the branching-budding phase of lucerne.

Photosynthetic productivity agrophytocenoses of grain sorghum under the influence of seeding rate in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

These are the presented results of three-year studies on the effect of different seeding rates on the photosynthetic productivity of agrobiocenoses of grain sorghum of different ripeness groups in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Statement of the problem. Today, the biological potential of the yield of varieties and hybrids of grain sorghum is far from being fully utilized. The correct selection of varieties and hybrids for the conditions of a particular growing area in combination with the optimal parameters of the cultivation technology, it can significantly increase the yield and stabilize the production of sorghum grain. The aim of research was to determine the effect of seeding rates on the photosynthetic productivity of modern hybrids of grain sorghum of various ripeness groups in the conditions of the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Research methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of an eight-field grain-steam-row crop rotation by the Department of Plant Production UNPCz "Experimental Field" KhNAUnd.a. V.V. Dokuchaev in 2017‒2019. The two-way field experiment was established by the method of split plots in triplicate. In the experiment, three hybrids of grain sorghum (factor A) were studied: Brigga, Aggil and Angii, in three variants of the seeding rate (factor B): 160 ths. pcs./ha, 200 and 240 ths. pcs./ha. The sowing area was 20,0 m2, accounting ‒ 12.0 m2. Results of researches. Among the studied hybrids of grain sorghum, hybrids Aggil and Anggi formed a large leaf area. Thus, the leaf area of the hybrid Aggil during the tillering, stemming and flowering phase was 0,53 (6,9 %), 4,80 (23,0 %) and 2,92 ths. m2/ha (11,8 %) is correspondingly higher than that of the hybridBrigga. The hybrid Anggi in these phases had an excess compared with the control (hybridBrigga) was 1,02 ths. m2/ha (13,4 %), 4,58 (22,0 %) and 4,46 ths. pcs./ha (18,1 %). With a gradual increase in the seeding rate, at the step of gradation adopted in the experiment - 40 ths. pcs./ha, the increase in the total photosynthetic potential decreased. In particular, there was an increase in the seeding rate from 160 to 200 ths. pcs./ha, this indicator on average for hybrids was increased by 19,5 %, whereas with an increase in the seeding rate from 200 to 240 ths. pcs./ha it was only by 9,8 %. The difference in the indices of the net productivity of photosynthesis between the studied hybrids was not significant. Only tendencies of an increase in this indicator were observed in the hybrids Anggi and Aggil. The seeding rates influenced the variability of this indicator much more. With its increase, the net productivity of photosynthesis decreased. Thus, there was an increase in the seeding rate from 160 to 240 ths. pcs./ha, it decreased from 3,23 to 2,75 g/m2 per day. To a greater extent, the net productivity of photosynthesis decreased with an increase in the seeding rate from 200 to 240 ths. pcs./ha. In particular, there was an increase in the seeding rate from 160 to 200 ths. pcs./ha, this indicator decreased by 0,14 g/m2 per day, and from 200 to 240 ths. pcs./ha - by 0,34 g/m2 per day. Keywords: grain sorghum, hybrids, seeding rates, leaf area, photosynthetic sowing potential, net productivity of photosynthesis.

ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ НОРМ ВЫСЕВА

The article outlines the problems of increasing the photosynthetic activity of winter wheat, depending on the seeding rates and varietal characteristics. Based on the study of scientific literature, the state of knowledge of the issue is shown, data are given on the role of photosynthesis and seeding rates in the formation of wheat grain yield. The results of the formation of grain yields have been studied in detail and covered quite fully. The best seeding rates have been identified that provide the optimal leaf surface area for winter wheat plants. Based on the study of scientific literature, the results of studies on the influence of seeding rates on the formation of the leaf surface, photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthesis are presented. Biological features of varieties, seeding rates and cultivation conditions are factors that affect the size of the photosynthetic apparatus and its intensity. Techniques leading to an improvement in the development of leaf area in crops are the most important means of fighting for a high yield. Thus, studies conducted in the steppe zone of the KBR showed that an increase in the leaf surface area of winter wheat varieties is associated with a change in seeding rates from 4.5 to 6.0 million/ha. The results of the research showed that the maximum leaf surface area of the studied varieties was in the earing phase and varied on average at a maximum seeding rate of 6.0 million/ha from 46.3 to 50.4 thousand m²/ha. Studies have established that with an increase in the sowing rate, the photosynthetic potential (FP) of varieties increases, reaching maximum values in the heading phase. In the winter wheat variety Yuzhanka, FP in the heading phase at a rate of 6.0 million sprouts. seeds per 1 ha amounted to 1.6081 thousand m² ha/days, for the variety Nota - 1.2651 thousand m² ha/days, respectively. As a result of the analysis of the literature, the main patterns of changes in the photosynthetic parameters of winter wheat varieties depending on the seeding rates, development phases and conditions of the natural zone were clarified. The conducted studies have shown that the area of the leaf surface and the duration of its work depend on the plant density, development phases and characteristics of the varieties. Based on a review of domestic and foreign scientific literature, the role of photosynthesis in the formation of crop yields is determined, and the relationship between the photosynthetic potential and assimilation surface and the size of field crop yields is shown. The influence of soil and climatic conditions, temperature and predecessors, mineral fertilizers, water regime and cultivation methods on the photosynthetic activity of agricultural crops was revealed.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ СИСТЕМНОМ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ ЖИДКИХ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ МЕГАМИКС

The purpose of the research is to improve the methods of cultivation of spring soft wheat when using micro–fertilizing mixtures of Megamix in the pre-sowing preparation of seeds and processing of crops during the growing season. The techniques that increase the productivity of spring soft wheat when using modern micro-fertilizing mixtures in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region in 2017-2020 are shown. The assessment of the main bio-metric indicators is demonstrated: photosynthetic activity, yield and technological qualities of spring wheat grain under different seed treatments and foliar top dressing with liquid mineral fertilizers Megamix at different levels of mineral nutrition. The highest indicators were noted in the variants with the treatment of the sowing material with Megamix Seeds or Megamix Pro preparations, followed by two-fold work on the vegetation in the tillering phase with Megamix Pro preparations + Megamis Nitrogen in the phase of the flag sheet. The highest rates were achieved against the background of N16P16K16 fertilization. Spring soft wheat crops form a leaf apparatus with a photosynthetic potential of up to 0.993 million m2/ha•day. and the net productivity of photo-synthesis is 6.33...8.07 g/m2 •day. There is an increased safety of plants for harvesting during fertilization and seed treatment, as well as during the processing of vegetation with micro-fertilizer mixtures. The greatest safety (73.8 and 73.7%, respectively) is observed when applying N16P16K16 fertilizers and double treatment with liquid mineral fertilizers during the growing season, Megamix Pro in the tillering phase and Megamix Nitrogen in the flag leaf phase and against the background of pre-sowing treatment of Megamix Seeds and Mega Mix. Studies conducted at the experimental field of the Samara State Agricultural University in 2017-2020 found that the yield level of spring soft wheat with the use of liquid mineral fertilizers reaches 3.15 t/ha.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МИКРОУДОБРИТЕЛЬНОЙ СМЕСИ МЕГАМИКС НА ПОСЕВАХ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ РАЗНОЙ НОРМЕ ВЫСЕВА

The aim of the work is to improve the methods of cultivation of spring wheat when using the micro-fertilizing mixture Megamix in the pre-sowing preparation of seeds, processing on vegetation of crops with different seeding rates in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The effectiveness of the use of stimulating drugs "Megamix" in the seed treatment system and the use of drugs for vegetation is considered. The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of drugs on the development of spring wheat plants at different seeding rates (4.0; 4.5; 5.0 million vsx. sem/ha). The analysis of the effectiveness of the use of Megamix preparations and their effect on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, indicators of photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthesis, as well as on the yield of spring wheat, is done. It has been established that the use of stimulating drugs Megamix during seed treatment and during the growing season have a positive effect on the photosynthetic potential of crops. This indicator increases with the use of Megamix drugs. It reaches its maximum performance when processing seeds with Megamix Seeds 2 l/t, when processing spring wheat plants with Megamix Pro 0.5 l/ha (in the tillering phase) + Megamix Nitrogen 0.5 l/ha (in the flag leaf phase). A significant increase in the yield of spring wheat was found when using the drug Megamix Seeds 2 l/ t (seed treatment) – 4.08 t / ha. It is established that in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region, the increase in the yield of spring wheat on average for all variants occurs with an increase in the seeding rate to 4.5 million crops/ha. With a further increase in the seeding rate to 5.0 million vsx. sem. / ha, the increase in yield is suspended.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ АГРОФИТОЦЕНОЗА И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ТВЁРДОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ

The article shows the results of research on the development of methods for increasing the yield of spring durum wheat (Triticum Durum) in the system of application of liquid mineral fertilizers Megamix in the pre-sowing preparation of seeds, processing of crops during vegetation when applying mineral fertilizers N16P16K16 in the pre-sowing preparation of soil in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The research was carried out at the experimental field of the Samara State Agrarian University in 2017-2020. During the three-factor field experiment, the assessment of the main biometric indicators was carried out: the completeness of seedlings and the preservation of plants in crops, the formation of aboveground mass and accumulation of dry matter, photosynthetic activity with the analysis of leaf area, the formation of photosynthetic potential and the net productivity of photosynthesis. It is established that the best indicators are formed on variants with the treatment of the seed material with Megamix Seeds or MegamixProfi preparations, followed by a two-time treatment on vegetation with MegamixProfi 0.5 l/ha (in the tillering phase)+ Megamis Nitrogen 0.5l / ha (in the phase of the flag leaf), against the background of fertilization N16P16K16. It was revealed that the completeness of seedlings is formed here at the level of 78.0 ...77.7%. The use of Megamix preparations in the seed treatment system + the treatment of crops with stimulating preparations Megamix provides the maximum increase in aboveground mass in the variant of seed treatment Megamix Seeds and treatment of crops with the preparation Megamix Pro 1582.0 g / m2, as well as a mixture of preparations Megamix Pro + Megamix Nitrogen – 1614.0 g/m2 against the background of the introduction of N16P16K16. On these variants, the maximum leaf area and photosynthetic potential of 0.776...0.981 million m2 / ha days are formed and, as a result, the maximum yield with indicators of 2.89...3.03 t / ha. It was found that the use of liquid mineral fertilizers on all variants of the experiment significantly increases the yield of spring durum wheat.

EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER ELEMENTS ON FORMING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOY AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATION

The results of studies on the influence of organic fertilization using straw, siderates, manure, the latest organic fertilizers "Biohumus", "Bioproferm" on improving soil fertility and forming the productivity of the soybean agrocenosis are given, and the economic efficiency of agricultural measures is determined. The improvement of agrophysical and agrochemical parameters was established, the trend of increasing the content of humus in the soil by 0.08-0.17%, the decrease of the acidity of the pH of salt by 0.5-0.8 compared to the control was noted.In all variants of the experiment, improvements in biometric indicators of agrocenosis formation, increase in leaf surface area, net productivity of photosynthesis, indicators of accumulation of dry matter were noted. The researched elements of the growing technology affected the reduction of weediness of soybean crops, contributed to the increase in the formation of the number of beans per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds.With the use of elements of organic fertilizer in all variants of the control, the productivity of soybean varieties Bohemians and Suzirya increased, with the highest productivity indicators of 3.58 and 3.29 t/ha, respectively, which is more by 1.32 and 1.26 t/ha. The improvement of quality indicators of soybean grain was established.The largest conditionally net income of the Bohemian and Constellation varieties was obtained in the variant of straw destruction with the preparation "Vermystim-D" (7 l/ha), application of organic fertilizer "Bioproferm" (4 t/ha) with the following sowing of white mustard on siderate: respectively by 8.65 and 8.54 thousand hryvnias/ha; profitability level – by 18.4 and 28.2%; the cost price decreased by 0.35 and 0.61 thousand hryvnias/ton compared to the control.

Efficiency of humic and mineral fertilizers in the technology of spring wheat cultivation

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of humic fertilizer Gumostim and mineral fertilizers on the formation of productivity of spring soft wheat varieties Tulaykovskaya 108. The work performed allows us to expand our understanding of the effect of humic acid salts in humic fertilizers on the development of spring wheat and give recommendations on methods for their use in order to increase the yield and quality of household products, preserving the ecological cleanliness of the environment. The research objective is to improve the elements of spring wheat cultivation technology under the conditions of the forest steppe of the Middle Volga region, which allow to optimize the conditions of growth and development through the integrated use of humic and mineral fertilizers. Studies have found that the use of humic fertilizer Gumostim increases field germination of spring wheat seeds by 0.8-1.2%, the net productivity of photosynthesis to 5.16 g/m2 × day, ear grain content by 13%, grain weight per plant by 15%, yield by 0.55 t/ha. Mineral fertilizers increase the net productivity of photosynthesis to 5.30 g/m2 × day, ear grain content by 36%, spring wheat yield by 1.01 t/ha. The combined use of Gumostim and mineral fertilizers increases the net productivity of photosynthesis to 5.47 g/m2 × day, ear grain content by 83%, grain weight per plant by 45.8%, spring wheat yield by 1.55 t/ha.

Chlorophyll content and net productivity of photosynthesis of naked oats under the action of biological preparations

Chlorophyll content and net productivity of photosynthesis of naked oats under the action of biological preparations

Продуктивность, показатели структуры урожая и эффективность работы симбиотического аппарата растений сои в условиях разных климатических районов Кабардино-Балкарии

The article analyzes experiments on the study of the symbiotic activity of leguminous crops. The studies were carried out in the foothill and steppe zones of Kabardino-Balkaria, which differ in climatic conditions and the level of soil moisture supply. Early-ripening and late-ripening soybean varieties were studied. The early sowing date was carried out in the third decade of April, the middle one – in the first decade of May, and the late one – in the second decade of May. The sowing rate ranged from 300 to 500 thousand seeds per 1 hectare. As a result of the study, it was found that the conditions of the foothill zone are more favorable for the photosynthetic activity of soybean plants than the conditions of the steppe zone, which results in higher yields. In the foothill zone, a late-ripening soybean variety formed a leaf area of 45-50 thousand m2/ha, which is more than that of early-ripening varieties. The indicators of net productivity of photosynthesis in early ripe varieties are higher and are in the range of 2.2-3.2 g/m2. In the work, agrotechnical practices were used that influenced the height of the attachment of beans, the number of beans, plant height, branching, seed weight, which shows the degree of adaptation of cultivated varieties to the climatic conditions of the region. The results of the study showed that the activity of the symbiotic system of soybean plants turned out to be more effective in those periods when the moisture supply of the soil was the best. The smallest number of nodules on the roots of plants and their "underdevelopment" were noted in arid regions, in comparison with the favorable conditions of the foothill region. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules by 20-22%, and an increase in their mass by 30-32%.