National Defence Force Research Articles

Hospital Policy in Providing Medicines outside the Provisions of Permenkes No. 28/2014 to BPJS Participant Patients

This study analyzes criminal, civil and administrative legal responsibility for hospital policies in administering medicines outside the provisions of Permenkes Number 28 of 2014. This research is a normative legal research using a statutory approach (statue approach) and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The document study is used to collect legal material. The legal materials in this study consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The health service that is often provided by the hospital to the public is a form of health service that is carried out outside the provisions of the regulations that must be carried out in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations. The results showed that the implementation of medicine services for BPJS participant patients at the hospital was not in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 28 of 2014, BPJS participant patients were prescribed medicines outside the National Defense Forces to buy medicines at outside pharmacies at their own expense. The hospital can be held responsible for criminal, civil and administrative law. Therefore, it is hoped that hospitals and health workers, especially doctors, in carrying out their duties and obligations must comply with the prevailing laws and regulations in order to avoid the risk of legal liability.

The Battle of Bangui: The inside story of South Africa's worst military scandal since Apartheid

The Battle of Bangui has assumed near mythical proportions within South Africa,and specifically in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). During thebattle that occurred in March 2013, a small force of crack South African troops engaged a7 000-strong Seleka rebel force in an effort to stem their advance on Bangui – the capitalof the politically unstable and resource-rich Central African Republic (CAR). Over thecourse of two days, the South African force fought a number of gallant actions andinflicted heavy casualties on the advancing rebel forces. However, the South Africanscould not hold out indefinitely, especially against overwhelming odds and after takingsome casualties during the ensuing fighting. Moreover, they soon found themselvessurrounded in their makeshift base within Bangui, where they were ultimately forced tonegotiate a ceasefire with the Seleka rebels. Following the ceasefire, the South Africancontingent returned to South Africa, and so began the process of trying to make senseof the rationale to deploy SANDF troops to CAR, and what exactly happened duringthe so-called ‘Battle of Bangui’. Most importantly, the country, the defence force, andthe respective families, had to come to grips with the unnecessary loss of South Africanlives in a seemingly distant corner of Africa.

Die dra van die Islamitiese hidjab deur lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag

Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) se uniformreëls maak nie voorsiening vir enige uitsonderings gebaseer op die godsdienstige oortuigings van lede nie. 'n Islamitiese weermaglid wat genoop voel om 'n hidjab by haar uniform te dra, verbreek tans die voorgeskrewe regulasies en kan gevolglik gedissiplineer en selfs afgedank word. Hierdie artikel redeneer dat die gebrek aan 'n godsdiensgebaseerde spesifieke en beperkte uitsondering ongrondwetlik is in die lig van die individu se reg op godsdiensvryheid, menswaardigheid en gelykheid. Dergelike regte van weermaglede word opgeweeg teen die grondwetlik erkende dissiplinevereiste van die SANW aan die hand van die beperkingsklousule. Met verwysing na regterlike presedent in Suid-Afrika en twee voorbeelde van soortgelyke uitsonderings in die krygsmag van ander lande word geargumenteer dat 'n uitsondering op die uniformreëls nie die dissiplinedoelwit van die SANW sal affekteer nie. Daar is 'n minder beperkende wyse moontlik om hierdie doel te bereik sonder om die grondwetlike regte van die lede aan te tas. Sodanige uitsondering sal ook in ooreenstemming wees met die akkommodasiemodel van toepassing op die Suid-Afrikaanse interpretasie van die skeiding tussen staat en kerk.

Enhancing Capacities in Nonviolent Communication to Change Perceptions and Addressing Root, Proximate and Tertiary Causes of Ethiopia's Tigray Crisis

The postponement of the Ethiopia’s August 2020 elections (owing to COVID surge) has been said to be the beginning of the Ethiopia November 4 Violence between Tigrayan groups and the national defense forces. Other reasons cited include the mutation of the conflict from a struggle for territorial expansion into a class struggle. Ethnic federalism and a reaction of the massive oppression and exploitation of the people of Ethiopia are also cited as probable reasons for the Conflict. The contribution of leading scholars in influencing the existing literature highlighting to conflict has been not without a decry that they have overtime dominated the field oblivious of the need to promote the participation of young minds in such contribution. The U.S. Institute of Peace Generation Change Fellows-Youth Advisory Council provides a platform through which youth provide thought leadership and amplify their voices in peace building. The author, a member of the YAC, Kenya chapter, provides a detailed overview of the genesis and state of the Ethiopia conflict but moves ahead to provide strategic guidance on how nonviolent communication can be used to improve relations and achieve sustainable peace. This article is largely a desk review, convening thoughts from key C/PVE, International relations and security experts from the horn of Africa and beyond. The thoughts have been corroborated, compared, and contrasted but most importantly analyzed into critical lessons and recommendations for a better situation for Ethiopia. Excerpts from the views of the experts denote variated factors leading to the Tigray conflict; the postponement of the August elections, the ‘Federalism state’, a long struggle for perceived oppression among a section of aggrieved Ethiopians have been presented as causes for the conflict. The allying of Somalia to Ethiopia, the surge of refugees fleeing to Sudan but above all the hard stance by Ethiopia’s leadership on the situation are feared for escalation of the conflict’. The author highlights the five Pillars of Gandhian Nonviolence, managing negative and disruptive emotions, mending a dysfunctional communication ecosystem as well as anger management as key to addressing the Tigray Conflict. Like in the case of <i>Gachacha</i> courts of Rwanda, she appreciates the Oromia- the Ethiopian traditional justice System, rich customary practice which together with above could help change the situation.

ДОКТРИНАЛЬНА НОРМОТВОРЧІСТЬ ОРГАНІВ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ: ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ ВАЛІДАЦІЇ

The article analyzes the legal (organizational-theoretical, comparative-applied, temporal-terminological, legitimation, validation aspects of the process of doctrinal rule-making of the military administration of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the field of combat training and application of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the Ukrainian Defense Forces. importance on the way to the Euro-Atlantic integration of our country, for the effective operation of national joint defense forces in a special period, the preparation of units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for joint action and interoperability with the armed forces of NATO member states. In order to form a balanced system-scientific approach to streamlining the doctrinal rule-making process of the military administration of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, an attempt was made to explore the nature, legal features of adaptation, validation and place of military publications in the national system of military administration, including doctrinal documents borrowed from member states. NATO. This is also relevant in view of the fact that the doctrine was perceived in the system of military law of Ukraine exclusively as a military-political act of the national level. It is necessary to harmonize normative-legal and doctrinal-conceptual acts of military administration of Ukraine both on the basis of their legal force in the system of normative legal acts of military legislation and taking into account their hierarchy on the basis of organizational and operational level (strategic, operational, tactical). The state of legal support of doctrinal rule-making within the framework of the Defense Forces of Ukraine and military-departmental doctrinal rule-making has been clarified. The legal essence and nature of military publications, in particular doctrines in the system of military management, their general and special concept taking into account existing problems and features of modern process of normative-legal regulation, military-departmental law enforcement, transformation of legal understanding of hierarchy of military management acts taking into account military implementation are established and substantiated. -operative doctrines, amendments to the system of national defense and military management. Proposals have been formulated in order to optimize the process of doctrinal rule-making of military administration bodies, adaptation, validation and determination of the place of military-administrative operational doctrines in the system of acts of military administration of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

The Human Challenges of Modernising the Air Force

The aim of my article is to provide an overview of the capability development of the Air Force’s fleet within the framework of the Zrínyi National Defence and Armed Forces Development Program and the effects of the related tasks that fundamentally affect the operator and maintenance personnel. The article briefly describes the peculiarities of the organisational culture of the Air Force, the age and position of the available personnel, which is the initial knowledge necessary for the planning of the recruitment. The article covers the complex security policy, social and technological environment to which the selection system applied by the Hungarian Armed Forces must be adapted, and which is the key to successful training and success indicators. Through personal reports, the article seeks to present a real situation about the challenges and motivations and path-finding of the personnel currently serving in military aviation.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КОДИФІКАЦІЇ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА У СФЕРІ ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The article analyzes organizational and legal (theoretical and legal, organizational and technical), comparative and applied and terminological and conceptual aspects of codification of legislation in the field of defense of Ukraine, which has important theoretical, legal, practical and applied significance for the effective operation of national defense forces. Security and defense in a special period of conducting a joint operation and on the way to the Euro-Atlantic integration of our country, interoperability with the armed forces of NATO member states are also within the focus of the paper. In order to determine the system-scientific approach to the implementation of this national-strategic task, the subject of which is the regulation of military-legal social relations in the field of defense forces of the security and defense sector of Ukraine, an attempt was made to explore organizational and legal, defense-institutional national features and capabilities, quality and degree of readiness of separate acts (legal norms) of the current legislation in the field of defense to their codification. The legal nature of codification of legislation is established and substantiated; its general and special concept is clarified taking into account existing problems and features of modern process of defense normative-legal regulation, military law enforcement, improvement of nationaldefense and military-legal relations; proposals for process algorithms codification of legislation in the field of defense of Ukraine are formulated.

Spectra-Based Selective Searching for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection

The research on hyperspectral anomaly detection algorithms has become a hotspot, driven by a lot of practical applications, such as mineral exploration, environmental monitoring and the national defense force. However, most existing hyperspectral anomaly detectors are designed with a single pixel as unit, which may not make full use of the spatial and spectral information in the hyperspectral image to detect anomalies. In this paper, to fully combine and utilize the spatial and spectral information of hyperspectral images, we propose a novel spectral-based selective searching method for hyperspectral anomaly detection, which firstly combines adjacent pixels with the same spectral characteristics into regions with adaptive shape and size and then treats those regions as one processing unit. Then, by fusing adjacent regions with similar spectral characteristics, the anomaly can be successfully distinguished from background. Two standard hyperspectral datasets are introduced to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The detection performance is depicted by intuitive detection images, receiver operating characteristic curves and area under curve values. Comparing the results of the proposed method with five popular and state-of-the-art methods proves that the spectral-based selective searching method is an accurate and effective method to detect anomalies.

Enhancing Capacities in Nonviolent Communication to Change Perceptions and Addressing Root,Proximate and Tertiary Causes of Ethiopia’s Tigray Crisis

The postponement of the Ethiopia’s August 2020 elections (owing to COVID surge) has been said to be the beginning of the Ethiopia November 4 Violence between Tigrayan groups and the national defense forces. Other reasons cited include the mutation of the conflict from a struggle for territorial expansion into a class struggle. Ethnic federalism and a reaction of the massive oppression and exploitation of the people of Ethiopia are also cited as probable reasons for the Conflict. The contribution of leading scholars in influencing the existing literature highlighting to conflict has been not without a decry that they have overtime dominated the field oblivious of the need to promote the participation of young minds in such contribution. The U.S. Institute of Peace Generation Change Fellows-Youth Advisory Council provides a platform through which youth provide thought leadership and amplify their voices in peace building. The author, a member of the YAC, Kenya chapter, provides a detailed overview of the genesis and state of the Ethiopia conflict but moves ahead to provide strategic guidance on how nonviolent communication can be used to improve relations and achieve sustainable peace. This article is largely a desk review, convening thoughts from key C/PVE, International relations and security experts from the horn of Africa and beyond. The thoughts have been corroborated, compared, and contrasted but most importantly analyzed into critical lessons and recommendations for a better situation for Ethiopia. Excerpts from the views of the experts denote variated factors leading to the Tigray conflict; the postponement of the August elections, the ‘Federalism state’, a long struggle for perceived oppression among a section of aggrieved Ethiopians have been presented as causes for the conflict. The allying of Somalia to Ethiopia, the surge of refugees fleeing to Sudan but above all the hard stance by Ethiopia’s leadership on the situation are feared for escalation of the conflict’. The author highlights the five Pillars of Gandhian Nonviolence, managing negative and disruptive emotions, mending a dysfunctional communication ecosystem as well as anger management as key to addressing the Tigray Conflict. Like in the case of Gachacha courts of Rwanda, she appreciates the Oromia- the Ethiopian traditional justice System, rich customary practice which together with above could help change the situation.

THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CUSTOMS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MARINE SECURITY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA CONFLICT

This paper aims to provide an insight into the role that Customs can play concerning the possible conflicts in the South China Sea. The South China Sea (SCS) area is one of the places that has recently heated up with many countries fighting over claims. The conflict heats up when the two giant countries, namely China and the United States, take part in the conflict in this region and result in an increasingly heated tension. Indonesia, as one of the countries having interests in the South China Sea, where the Indonesian EEZ region is located, should be vigilant and prepare itself. Therefore, every component of Indonesia's national defence and security forces must be ready to avoid the worst possibility. One of the elements in maintaining sovereignty in the sea area is Customs. So that with the power and authority possessed by Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DGCE), it has the potential to become a reserve power and support Indonesia's maritime security. This paper is a presentation from a literature review process. This paper suggests the potential role of Customs concerning maritime security in the South China Sea region.

Bioshield: Linking Bioscience, Biosecurity and Strategic Plan for Biodefense in Pandemics

Biological threats, whether intentional, unintentional or natural are considered most dangerous hazards worldwide, seriously affecting the health system and global economy. In 21st century where scientists were busy to create superhuman, COVID-19 outbreak spread to 212 countries, struck the world and we found ourselves ill equipped as international comity to defeat the virus. The economic, health and political foundation were shacked globally and exposed the global health security system due to poor implementations of the policy guidelines. Similarly, Pakistan being an endemic region for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, encountered badly by numerous different outbreaks in past. Pakistan share border with China, India, Iran and Afghanistan and increase influx of travelers through both air and land route puts Pakistan at high risk to the infectious agents. In 21st century the game of bio warfare cannot be eliminated and pose significant challenges to the security. Countries who learned from past like Korea, China with best preparedness readiness and response tackled the situation as they have best biosecurity, biorisk management system. Biosecurity as biodefense against outbreaks, pandemics, biological warfare and bioterrorism has been underestimated in developing countries like Pakistan and therefore need to highlight the urgency at national level to cope with any future outbreaks. Risk assessment, and mitigation strategies through collaborative work should need to adopt by stakeholders for strategic plan of biosecurity. Better means to protect military, health care workers operating in difficult environment are also needed. A national biosecurity system in response to outbreaks, prioritizing the emergency R&amp;D in diagnostics, establishing high containment facilities, vaccination should be initiated. Moreover, a permanent national defense force or bio-umbrella on biosecurity should be established to shield the country from biological, chemical, nuclear and radiological threat agents. National Biological Defense Program (NBDP) should be initiated to train and protect military personnel against wide range of biological threat.

HUMAN SECURITY AND THE CONCEPTUALISATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN DEFENCE: TIME FOR A REAPPRAISAL

The article traces the unfolding of the human security agenda as the primary organising framework for constructing the security outlook of the South African military. Questions are raised about the utility of human security as a conceptual basis for thinking about and the construction of defence. Human security is historically contextualised within the security conceptualisations of the 1990s. Since then, however, various geo-strategic changes in the world necessitated a return to a more traditional outlook on security and strategy. This reality was also increasingly visible in South Africa's foreign policy approaches and, more specifically, the employment of its armed forces in Africa. The article concludes by arguing, firstly, that the South African armed forces did not at any time critically question how a military should be organised, trained, and equipped for human security operations and, secondly, that the South African National Defence Force never questioned its own operational deployments through the human security perspective.

THE SANDF AS A HUMAN SECURITY INSTRUMENT POST-1994

South Africa adopted a human security orientation at the start of its democratic epoch in 1994, but its operationalisation by the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) proved difficult to implement. Human security is an approach to security which prioritises the protection of the people over security of the state. One of its central tenets is that security is best achieved through development as opposed to arms. Against this backdrop, the principal objective of this article is to critically analyse and understand South Africa's official human security orientation. Two indicators, the functions performed by the SANDF as well as South Africa's strategic defence posture, were assessed to achieve the objective. The securitisation model associated with Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver was used as a theoretical framework to understand South Africa's official conception and utilisation of human security. It was found that the SANDF's operational functioning was compromised by having to perform its primary responsibilities along with secondary developmental tasks demanded by the broad mandate of human security. Furthermore, while South Africa lexically took human security and state security to be equally important, in practice the SANDF tended to prioritise state security ahead of human security both at home and abroad. Some analysts detected lack of strategic coherence in South Africa's security engagements in Africa while ignoring extensive efforts of the SANDF to bring peace, and not destabilisation, on the continent as part of the strategic defence posture. Ultimately, this article argues that the competency with which the SANDF ensures Strategic Review for Southern Africa, Vol 38, No 2 Thuso Benton Mongwaketse 29 state security must be cascaded down to the human level by taking up more secondary functions with some provisos. Alignment of defence policy and adequate resources as well as the involvement of the people will be indispensable towards realisation of true human security.

IN THIS ISSUE

South African Finance Ministers (notably in the plural, given the events since December 2015) face multiple challenges. They deal not only with an economy in stagnation through an austerity policy as recently presented by Pravin Gordhan in his Medium Term Budget in late October, but also with the sobering results of the limited socio-economic transformation since the end of apartheid. The contradictions prevailing since then are reflected not least in the devastating crisis sweeping across South Africa universities. As if that is not enough, a Finance Minister concerned about good governance is also waging an uphill battle to reduce damage by trying to protect the state and its assets from further capture by predatory elites. Considering all of this, it is not surprising that a critical analysis of what is termed economic freedom, an interpretation of the meaning and its consequences, is a fitting contribution to the Strategic Review. Joleen Steyn Kotze presents such an examination in the first article of this issue. Her reflections compare and juxtapose the different notions and ideologies of economic freedom and the effects these may have if turned into policy. This invites further debate regarding the transformation of South African society, which inherited one of the most grossly unequal societies in our world, a condition yet to be markedly reduced.&#x0D; Debates are also required about other aspects that are relevant for a journal focused on regional strategic issues. These include not least the notion of human security and the role of the military. Thuso Benton Mongwaketse relates directly with his contribution, to a subject raised in recent issues.1) By concluding that "security and human security in particular, is fundamentally about responsiveness, accountability, and transparency in governance", he more than indirectly links the discourse on the role of a national defence force to the socio-economic dimensions dealt with in the first article.

The role of change management in improving policy effectiveness in the SANDF

Armed forces the world over have three primary functions – force development, force deployment and force employment. Defence policy plays a guiding role in all of these, but it is especially important in establishing the rationale for the creation of credible military deterrence. Usually, a defence policy presupposes the development of armed forces that are effective at executing their mandate, a condition that is measurablein terms of the discipline, skill and quality of the organisation. The study on which this article reports, used this concept to describe how change management – especially by focusing on incorporating effective prioritisation – could enhance the current defence policy. A general analysis of South African defence policy publications indicates that, indeed, the policymakers had thoroughly considered the effectiveness of the armed forces when they wrote the White Paper on Defence of 1996 and the Defence Review of 1998. By 2006, the South African Army had interpreted national defence policy and formulated a future strategy of its own very much in alignment with the ‘modern system’ approach of the original policy publications. The present study suggests that the principal reason for the large variance between defence policy, military capabilities, and real operational demands stems from the lack of effective prioritisation of defence. This article, therefore, concludes that the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has been largely unsuccessful in complying with the demands of defence policy, irrespective of the fact that the policy by itselfmay be obsolete and/or inappropriate for the South African context. Furthermore, it is concluded that military effectiveness in meeting current operational demands is also doubtful. Finally, the schizophrenic organisational culture of the defence force may be the primary cause of its moving ever closer to reneging on its constitutional mandate.

From Security Sector Reform to Endemic Corruption: The Case of Afghanistan

Corruption and insecurity are reinforcing each other. It can hinder the democratic processes and jeopardize the security sector through creating corrupt administrative systems, manipulation of contracts and procurement. After the decomposition of the Taliban in 2001, the U.S.-led coalition carried out Security Sector Reform (SSR) to (re) construct the Afghan National Police (ANP) and Afghan National Army (ANA) together known as Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF). Over critical literature, there are serious critiques concerning the U.S. and its allies’ scrimmage for their role in conducting the SSR in Afghanistan. The research argues that the lack of a long-term strategic vision for conducting SSR as part of the state-building process by the international community was a critical challenge. This crux has further been exacerbated by the privatization of SSR and the contrast between the U.S. and its European allies on the role of the police. This dichotomy affected the anti-corruption and law enforcement potentials of police, which resulted in the present crisis. Additionally, this research figures out that insufficient oversight of contracts and procurement, training and advising processes of the ANDSF gave more room for misappropriation, theft, and fraud by both the local and international contractors. Finally, all these shortfalls together with constant turnover have undermined the counterinsurgency efforts of Afghan forces on the ground. Therefore, endless military operation without any tangible results has wearied the people, and further added fodder to the terrorist propaganda machine.

Legislative disconnect or institutional gatekeeping? Challenges of researching South Africa's military past

The Department of Defence Archive in Pretoria is the repository of all military documents generated by the Union Defence Force, the South African Defence Force and the South African National Defence Force. This makes it the foremost source of primary information for researchers of South African military history. However, an almost total ban on access to archival documents from 1 January 1970 onwards complicates research into later periods. In fact, anyone researching post-1970 military-related topics has to apply for access to archival documents through the Promotion of Access to Information Act. The traditional weapon in the armoury of the historian – the systematic trawling of archives – is thereby negated, while the methodology of post-1970 historical research differs significantly from commonly accepted historical practices. Finding aids, the only access route to classified information in this analogue archive, offer only the briefest descriptions of the content of files, and researchers need almost esoteric intuition to identify documents that are even remotely relevant to their research. Additionally, a fee is payable for declassification, and the process can take several months to complete. This review article reports on the theoretical workings of the Promotion of Access to Information Act, and uses an actual research example as a case study to illustrate the practical implications of conducting research at the Department of Defence Archive in South Africa based on classified military documentation.

Is open source GIS feasible in military operations? Evaluation by applying a USE case

The study of terrain and all its related elements and facets are of crucial importance to the military. Lodi, Smit, and Ayirebi agreed with this statement and added that the importance of terrain was recognised by military leaders more than two thousand years ago.[i] Military operations can occur at any of the three levels of war: tactical, operational and strategic and can be a combat operation or a military operation other than war (MOOTW). Information about the geography empowers a military commander to plan and execute a mission successfully. As technology developed and evolved, geographic information systems (GIS) have come to play a major role in this. Today, a military operation without the use of GIS is unthinkable. In a developing country like the South Africa, however, licenses for proprietary GIS software, vendor-exclusive training and the bureaucracy of the procurement cycle add to the time and costs of a mission. The question arises whether open source software is a feasible alternative. Since the South African National Defence Force was initially trained in the use of proprietary software and it therefore became a strong habit, the perception now exits that FOSSGIS products are neither mature enough nor user-friendly enough to be used in military operations. This study evaluates the use of an open source desktop GIS product, QGIS, in a use case for a military operation “other than war” (MOOTW). QGIS outputs were compared to those produced in ArcGIS, a proprietary desktop GIS product widely used in military operations. The user-friendliness of the two products as well as pricing was also compared. Results show that the QGIS outputs provide the operational commander with equivalent information to successfully plan and execute a mission. This implies that open source GIS is suitable for military operations, especially those with limited budgets and at short notice, such as in the case of disaster relief. [i]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Lodi, K., Smit, H. &amp; Ayirebi, G. (2014). Terrain analysis in the course curricula of the South African Army Engineer Corps. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, 42, 102-121.

A relevant ministry for the armed forces: An agenda for the South African National Defence Force chaplains praxis

Chaplaincy in South Africa (SA) recently became an attractive ministry and research fields for both ministers and theologians, respectively, more especially since the dawn of democracy in 1994. The military chaplaincy has been flooded with applications and enquiries from ministers and leaders from religions other than Christianity who want to secure their space in the ministry to the SA armed forces. Individual churches are also joining the queue for enquiries. As SA is a multireligious nation, religions other than Christianity are also knocking at the door of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), claiming their right to be accommodated. For this reason, it is important for churches, other religious organisations, leaders, ministers and theological institutions or faculties to have knowledge of this unique world and its context, as well as the ministry dynamics and challenges involved. This will assist them in order to prepare appropriately in terms of shaping the curricula and qualifications of their ministers for effective ministry to the armed forces with special reference to the SANDF. This article investigates the dynamics of the military chaplaincy in relation to historical developments along similar chaplaincies globally, the nature of its ministry to the SA armed forces and the challenges posed by the ministry context (SANDF environment), and finally, it crafts and proposes a suitable curriculum for a relevant and effective ministry in the SANDF and the world.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is located in the field of Missiology. However, it has interdisciplinary implications that affect disciplines such as Military Science, Sociology, Practical Theology and Church History, which all assist as building blocks towards a relevant ministry for the armed forces.

Indonesian Defense Management Models Are Adaptive And Competitive

This research aims to study and describe the existing conditions of Indonesia's current defense management and analyze and develop an adaptive and competitive Indonesian defense management model. This research is a descriptive type with a qualitative approach. The nature of this research is exploratory and qualitative analysis techniques which consist of five stages, namely data collection and assessment, data reduction, data presentation, data validity checking, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are that currently the defense management carried out by Indonesia still has some gaps and weaknesses where the defense management model has not been developed holistically, where the management of national defense and security has not been interpreted as a whole system. Considering that the implementation of security and defense must be comprehensively carried out as an integrated security and defense system, whose output is of course in addition to the realization of a component of the national defense and security force, including citizens who have strong national resilience. Then, the national defense management model that is found can improve coordination and cooperation between the Ministry of Defense and related institutions in strengthening defense and improving national security as a whole.