National-cultural Specificity Research Articles

Electro-acoustic analysis of some prosodic markers

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study aimed at identifying the prosodic features of irony in oral speech, taking into account the specifics of the British linguistic culture. The complex and multicomponent nature of the phenomenon of irony has led to the complex nature of the analysis undertaken in this study, which involved the study of a wide range of problems associated with irony. Irony is an integral part of everyday social and intercultural interaction. The multifaceted nature of this phenomenon made it necessary to take into account contextual and pragmatic factors, as well as the linguocultural specifics of communication. The study confirmed that the use of irony is characteristic of the British linguistic culture representatives. Irony often acts as a discursive strategy, implementing which the communicants convey a certain attitude towards the object of the statement. Based on the analysis of the corpus of the study, it was found out that this kind of attitude can be positive and negative, that is why the author has identified such types of irony as irony with positive and negative connotations. A separate group was made up of fragments realized in an ironic tonality, i.e. a prosodic-pragmatic complex characterizing extended segments of a sounding text. The specificity of this study lies in the fact that the prosodic realization of irony in oral speech is considered in the dynamics of discourse, taking into account the verbal context, the immediate situation of communication, as well as the sociocultural context and national cultural specifics. The results of the study allow us to state that the prosodic means play a significant role in the expression of irony in oral speech discourse. Prosody is capable of conveying a large number of connotative meanings. Certain combinatorics of prosodic parameters give a statement an ironic connotation. It was detected that intonation is an independent means of realizing irony, a kind of a “signal” that contributes to an adequate understanding of the message. Among other things, some tendencies were identified in the prosodic design of ironically colored statements in dialogical discourse. The data obtained confirm the observations concerning the changes in prosodic parameters obtained while studying irony in other types of discourse: ironically colored fragments acquire exaggerated prosodic design. The data obtained in the course of the research, as well as the research materials, can be used in teaching dialogical communication in English. The conclusions drawn from the research can be useful for teaching English pronunciation.

Semantic Mutuality in Concepts and Reflection of National Cultural Specificity in Their Transformation Based on Chingiz Aitmatov’s Works

In this article authors are analyzing questions “What is a person? Where and how was man created? How can a human become a real person?” Questions like these cannot be left unanswered by all humanity. Such philosophical ideas have been relevant since ancient times and are still relevant today. It is impossible to imagine the universe without humankind, nor can a human ask for life without the universe and the environment around it. These two concepts are inseparably linked together, as for the concept of “human”, it is known all over the world, because the mythological statement “Adam and Eve” is well known in connection with the emergence of humanity on earth. The social significance and importance in this study based on the topic relevance concepts “man” and “the universe”, and their relationship, which are the main components of life on the earth. Moreover, today modern challenges pose big problems for society in the world, and the main task is to remain as human and preserve peace on the earth. The main research purpose is to analyze etymological attributes and structure of the concept “Man”; origin and meanings with characteristics in various characteristics properties belonging to humankind in general.

РОЛЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ КОМПАНИИ С УЧАСТИЕМ ИНОСТРАННОГО КАПИТАЛА И ЕЕ ОСНОВНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ

Organizational culture influences all levels of management and relationships within the workforce, which is especially important in multinational companies or in companies entering foreign markets, where the task of management is not only to build a strong and competitive organizational culture, but also to ensure that it did not conflict with the national cultural specifics of the employees. The essence of managing the organizational culture of an international corporation is to find a balance between the culture and values of the company and the national business culture of the country in which it enters the market.

Эстетический компонент прозвищ российских военнослужащих

We consider nicknames in the environment of modern Russian servicemen identify their aesthetic potential and features of their use in speech communication. Based on the answers to the questions of anonymous questionnaires filled out by Russian servicemen of various age groups, we establish that the nomination of nicknames for naming and naming contains various types of assessment, including emotional, which is manifested in the binary oppositions “good – bad”, “positive – negative”, ”beautiful – ugly”. We reveal that individual nicknames among modern Russian servicemen reflect an aesthetic function and are used only by those who are equal to its bearer. Communicators tend to label aesthetically positive characteristics in nicknames. Units from various layers of the national language (literary, colloquial, slang vocabulary) are involved in informal communication. We prove that the same nicknames do not arise among the military, even if the motivation is the same (tall – Long, hair color – Red). In the process of verbal communication, a linguistic personality with the help of a nickname demonstrates the national-cultural specificity of a representative of the society and the national-cultural specificity of the communication situation itself.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СПРИЙНЯТТЯ КОНЦЕПТУ ІДЕНТИЧНІСТЬ У МОВНІЙ КАРТИНІ СВІТУ ЧИЛІ

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, the features of lexical composition and culturally significant vocabulary of the modern Chilean national version of the Spanish language. The fragment of the Chilean national conceptosphere, represented by the concept IDENTITY, and its ethnospecifics is analyzed, the analysis of the main extralingual factors of formation of worldviews of Chileans and historical preconditions of formation of the specified concept in modern Chilean linguistic culture is carried out. Personal contribution to the development of the topic. The author identified the cultural potential of polysemous lexical units that fill the concept IDENTITY in the linguistic picture of the world of Chile. Complemented the traditional notions of verbal representation of the concept IDENTITY by analyzing the features of verbalization of this concept, which are formed under the influence of extralingual factors in the Chilean national version of the Spanish language. The new paradigm of linguistic-cognitive research, oriented in the anthropological direction of the relationship between language and thinking, opens up opportunities to study the specifics of the worldview of different peoples of the world, which in the context of globalization is a requirement of the time. The linguistic picture of the world serves as a means of knowing the national mentality, features of linguistic consciousness and logical-thinking processes of its bearers, as well as national-specific linguistic signs, due to the need to adequately reflect the phenomena of the objective world. Based on the synthesis of the results of fundamental scientific works that the linguistic picture of the world objectifies the conceptual picture of the world by means of language, reveals with the help of language units a set of mental ideas about the world as a certain historically formed way of conceptualizing reality, analysis of a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, presented by the concept IDENTITY, is aimed at identifying in its content national-specific features, emotional connotations, value characteristics that reveal the national mentality and character of this linguistic community. This analysis of the concept IDENTITY and the factors influencing its formation in the Chilean nation makes it possible to reveal its mentality, to realize the importance of each Spanish-speaking nation as a state- bearing ethnic component of their country. The study of extralingual factors and, in particular, the national-cultural specifics of metaphorical understanding of the world on the material of the Chilean national version of Spanish allows us to understand the essence and originality of the culture of this Spanish-speaking country. In our study, we analyzed the concept IDENTITY as a complex mental formation that contains knowledge about the cultural-historical aspect, the system of spiritual and moral values, the surrounding reality, which are verbalized by lexical units in speech. Accordingly, the analysis of a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, represented by the concept IDENTITY, showed a set of fixed in units of language ideas of the people about history, culture, lifestyle, psychological way of life and mentality. The peculiarities of the use of language units are due to the fact that the worldview of speakers of one multinational language living in different countries is different, and the role of the national factor due to the globalization of economic and political processes that began in the second half of XX century does not decrease, but, on the contrary, sharply intensifies and by all means finds the reflection in language. The study showed that in the Chilean language picture of the world in the content of the concept IDENTITY appear national-specific features, emotional connotations, value characteristics, which were combined in 4 versions of its understanding: military-racial, postmodern business version, religious-catholic, psychosocial.

Non-equivalent vocabulary in social-political texts of the XVIII century

The article deals with the non-equivalent vocabulary in socio-political texts of the 18th century. The interest to this type of vocabulary is growing (especially in translation and linguoculturology): every year there are more and more works studying non-equivalent vocabulary with national-cultural specificity of meaning in various resources: fiction, textbooks, press, dictionaries. However, these studies are carried out on the texts of the 19th-21st centuries. In this article, we for the first time analyze this vocabulary in the artistic texts of the 18th century. The authors of the texts (the research materials) are well-known historical figures of the period: Catherine II, M.V. Lomonosov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K. Trediakovsky, A. Matseevich, P.A. Plavilshikov. The main criterion for text selection was the level of knowledge of non-equivalent vocabulary in them. It is for the first time when identification and description of non-equivalent vocabulary was held in socio-political texts. The purpose of this research is to identify, describe and analyze non-equivalent words in the texts. The practical significance of the research is in the fact that its results can be used in classes of Russian as a foreign language, when compiling dictionaries of non-equivalent vocabulary or linguistic and regional dictionaries, when translating the source texts into foreign languages and making comments. The theoretical significance of the research is in the fact that its results became the basis for further research of non-equivalent vocabulary with national-cultural specificity of meaning. As a result of the research, there were identified the quantity and quality of non-equivalent words. The discovered non-equivalent words were classified into several thematic groups: household items, titles, military vocabulary, social groups, etc., and into types of non-equivalent vocabulary: words-realities, lacunae, exotisms, deviations from the common language norm, etc. In order to have a complete picture of this linguistic phenomenon, it is necessary to make wider the chronological and genre framework of the research material in the future. It is possible to use not only texts of the 18th-21st centuries as a source, but also texts of earlier periods; it is necessary to use not only works of fiction, dictionaries, press, but also to research sociopolitical texts: documents, scientific works, letters.

Сентенция как языковой маркер дискурсивной личности автора

The article deals with the problems of sententia as the author’s sayings, characterized by brevity, semantic capacity and reinterpretation. The sententia is also considered as a small form of a text, a component of an individual author’s and conceptual picture of the world, as a cultural model that translates the most conceptually significant information. The analysis of author’s sententia, their distinction signs, from the standpoint of author’s modality and intentionality revealed the following signs: a) stylistic marking, manifested in the convergence of stylistic devices; b) an entity that can be taken out of context as an independent judgment and used in other texts; c) national-cultural specifics verbalizing linguistic concepts, certain knowledge of the world, emphasizing figurative and value components containing culturally significant information; d) intertextuality, characterized by a double reference correlation due to the interaction of two texts.

Lexical peculiarities of French language of Switzerland in the context of linguistic worldview (based on the materials of the thematic group “Horticulture”)

The goal of this research is the analysis of linguistic aspect of the fragment of linguistic worldview of the francophone part of Switzerland. Due to the fact that linguistic worldview is a mental-lingual formation, it incorporates linguistic and extralinguistic side of reality, as well as reflects correlation between them. Analysis is conducted on the specific lexical units of the Swiss French language; they are compared to analogues in the language of metropolitan country for the purpose of revealing the features that convey extralinguistic information. The subject of this research is the ethnolinguistic characteristics of helvetisms – linguistic peculiarities that reflect national-cultural specificity of Swiss ethnic group and are absent in the French language of France. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of the fragment of linguistic worldview of French-speaking Switzerland related to horticulture, using a set of methods for the analysis of various characteristics of the word or phrase as an independent linguistic unit. In the course of study, the author applies semantic analysis of the word, analysis of etymology of the word, analysis of inner form of the word. The acquired results contain information on ethnocultural content of such characteristics helvetisms, as external form of the word, inner form of the word, origin and meaning of the word. It was established in majority of cases, ethnocultural information is usually conveyed by such characteristics of lexical unit as external form of the word or phrase, or separate components of the structure of word meaning. The presented results can find practical implementation in cross-cultural communication, lexicographic, and cognitive linguistics.

Контрастивный анализ русских и корейских устойчивых сравнений, описывающих черты характера человека

Being a linguistic universality stable comparison play an important role in building a linguistic picture of the world. The article contains a comparative analysis of Russian and Korean stable comparisons indicating human characteristics. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that stable comparisons can be found in any national language, and their national specificity is manifested in the distinction of the chosen in one or another culture simile standards and stereotypes. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that Russian units are analyzed in comparison with their Korean counterparts for the first time. Novelty is also found in selected contrastive lingua-cultural course of the research and the developed method of analysis. The author focuses on the particularities of the semantics, functioning, cultural conditioning of stable comparisons chosen for analysis in two languages. The detailed ideographic classification of units and thematic classification of simile standards are offered. The results of the comparative analysis are presented, similarities and differences in quantitative content of some types of units, their figurativeness in national-cultural specifics of the simile standards are revealed. Chapter I describes the importance and purpose of the analysis of Russian and Korean stable comparisons describing human traits. Chapter Ⅱ of the main subject is considering problems of identifying national specifics in intercultural communication. Chapter III is considering commonality and difference in national view of world in both languages through comparing stable comparisons describing human traits. Chapter IV presents the conclusions of the contrastive analysis.

Basic Concepts And Principles Of Cognitive Linguistics

That it is done in the framework of new anthropocentric linguistic trends-Cognitive linguistics and Linguoculturology; by the absence of researches of this concepts in the English language; by the importance of concepts Water and Fire in representing linguistic and national world pictures. Aim and tasks of research are the determination of linguocognitive, national-cultural value of concepts Water and Fire and specific features of its verbalization in lexical, word-formational, phraseological units, particularly in paremiologic, aphoristic texts in the English language. The degree of novelty of the research is determined by the fact that is the first investigation devoted to the cognitive and linguocultural study of concepts Water and Fire in the English language. The material of the research can be used in delivering lectures and practical lessons on General Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics, Stylistics, Text linguistics, Text Analysis, Linguocultural Studies, in writing research works, text books and manuals. The results are complex method of cognitivecultural analysis has been worked out, the cognitive and linguocultural value of concepts Water and Fire has been determined, the cognitive interpretation of metaphorical nominations that represent concepts Water and Fire has been done and national-cultural specificity of concepts Water and Fire has been defined. The conceptophere Water and Fire plays a great role in linguistic world pictures of the English linguoculture and represented by lexical, word formation, phraseological units as well as texts. The research can be continued in the framework of the following topics: comparative study of this concept in different languages; taxonomical analysis of concepts and conceptospheres in different languages; investigation of gender factors reflected in different concepts.

World Ethnocultural Specificity of Verbal Communication: Good Wishes in the Russian and Kazakh Languages

The relevance of the study of speech etiquette is stipulated by the increasing interest of linguists to the problem of the relationship between language and culture, the peculiarity of speech behavior, and the national-cultural specifics of speech communication. The object of the research is the formulas of speech etiquette of the Russian and Bashkir. The scientific novelty of the work is to identify the national-cultural specifics of the communicative behavior of the Russian and Kazakh communities by describing the etiquette features of the communication of these peoples. Also, the theoretical significance of the study consists in understanding the problems of speech communication belonging to different cultures and speaking different languages. The practical importance of the work lies in the possibility of using the results of the research in the practice of teaching the Russian language and the Kazakh language to develop students’ communicative, speech, and sociocultural competence.

National-cultural specificity of Austrian German in the spheres of economy, policy and law

The article is devoted to the study of the national-cultural specifics of the German language in Austria in the fields of economics, politics and law. The introduction examines the pluricentric and pluriareal approaches to considering the status of Austrian German, which differ in understanding the language and the way it is described, emphasizes the role of the Bavarian-Austrian dialects in the formation of the German literary language and gives factors that influenced the linguistic development of Austria. The author introduces the typology of culturally-marked vocabulary. The study provides examples of full equivalents in German German and Austrian German, Austrian tokens, which serve to express concepts that are not in German culture and are denoted by the term ‘equivalent vocabulary’ and partially equivalent lexemes having a mismatch in the volume of denotative meaning. The main content of the study is to analyze the national-cultural specifics in the Austrian national version of the German language in the framework of the thematic groups “Economic vocabulary”, “Socio-political vocabulary” and “Legal vocabulary”. The results of this study may be of interest for use in linguistic studies courses in German-speaking countries and in pedagogical practice, as well as find application in lexicography.

Gender political correctness in German (on the material of political leaders public performances)

The issue of gender equality is currently being studied on the basis of different languages and from various positions, most intensively from the point of view of language policy. In this case, we are talking about the choice of language tools in oral or written speech that allow to unambiguously reflect gender and the social role of the named person. The word-building capabilities of the German language, in particular suffixation and substantiation, represent a significant potential for creating gender-correct lexical units. The main objective of the study was to identify lexical means of expressing political correctness in the speech of representatives of various political parties of Germany (Christian Democratic Union, Christian Social Union, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Free Democratic Party, Green Party, Left Party, Alternative for Germany) in close interconnection with extralinguistic factors. In the research process, the continuous sampling method, semantic, contextual, and statistical analysis were used, which made it possible to identify units with a gender marking. Based on semantic attributes, the identified lexemes were classified into four groups: feminitives, gender-neutral, gender-asymmetric, and gender-symmetric units. The analysis shows the changes in the German language towards gender equality. The main tendency of this process is feminization, the signs of which are found primarily in the language of female politicians, which also reflects the national-cultural specificity of the modern German language.

National-cultural specificity of adverbial phraseological units in English and Russian.

The article is devoted to the study of the national-cultural specifics of adverbial phraseological units in English and Russian. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the three levels of manifestation of the national-cultural specificity of phraseological units: 1) in the aggregate phraseological meaning, 2) in the meaning of individual lexical components, 3) in the direct meaning of a free phrase that has been figuratively reinterpreted (i.e. in prototypes of phraseological units). The paper gives a characteristic of each level of manifestation, based on the analysis of the study of the component composition of phraseology. Russian Russian and English phraseological units, selected from the Dictionary of Russian Phraseology, Russian and British National Corpus, are analyzed in the analysis of examples of a number of phraseological units of the English and Russian languages. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the manifestation of the national - cultural specificity of a number of unique phraseological units of the English and Russian languages that do not have correspondences, based on the conducted study of the component composition. The methods of studying phraseological units are: contextual method, method of phraseological description. The main conclusions of the study are the following: The first level of manifestation of the national-cultural specificity of phraseological units is associated with non-equivalent or lacunary adverbial units. Phraseological units of the second group, the number of which is very limited, have a national-cultural component in their component composition, which can be represented by words denoting the realities characteristic of English or Russian peoples – speakers of two languages. phraseological units of the third group reflect the history of the peoples – native speakers of English and Russian, their peculiar traditions, customs, historical facts, superstitions, originally laid down in the prototype.

МИЛЛИЙ-МАДАНИЙВА ТАРИХИЙ ҚАДРИЯТЛАР ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ ВА ПАРЕМИОЛОГИЯДА (Инглизваўзбектилларимисолида)

The article deals with national mentality, cultural and historical values expressed in the semantics of English and Uzbek phraseological units. In both languages, there were revealed several groups of phraseological units that reflect nation’s national-cultural, historical as well as social attitudes. Excepted cases are also included. With the help of comparative analysis the author found out similarities and differences in such units due to national-cultural specifics of both analyzed languages.Theoretical part of the article is proved by numerous examples of English and Uzbek phraseological units

PECULARITIES OF REALITIES CONCEPTS VERBALIZATION IN MODERN GERMANLITERARY DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern German language means used in the process of CITY and TRANSPORT concepts verbalization, presented in contemporary art discourse. It is precisely contemporary art prose that plays a special role in creating concepts of realities that are the semantic dominants of the work in question. From the point of view of the conceptual analysis method, the essence of the named concepts is revealed and their basic functions are determined. It is established that, taking into account the field structure of the concepts, language facilities are appropriately grouped and distributed. Due to this fact, it’s possible to isolate the core, the subnuclear zone, the near periphery, and also the far periphery of the analyzed concepts. In the structure of the literary concepts of realities the conceptual and figurative strata are under consideration. The conceptual stratum is actualized by language means with zero stylistic coloring. In turn, the shaped stratum is represented by the stylistically colored means of modern German language. Their frequency depends on a number of factors. First of all, the texts are written from the first-person point of view. This contributes to creating trust-based relationships between the writer and the reader. Secondly, the explication of concepts largely depends on the language personality of the writer and his/her mentality, which correlates with the characteristics of the worldview. In this case, literary constants, which are units of mentality, play a specific role, which makes the need for further comprehension of the concept as a literary category. There is emphasized the need to further study the concepts representation on the contemporary literary discourse texts basis, taking into account their national and cultural specifics. Also, it’s emphasized further concepts representation study based on the modern literary discourse texts with a glance to their national-cultural specifics.

PROBLEMS OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN TRANSLATION PROCESS

The present article is devoted to investigation of culture-related words / expressions and ways of their translation from Uzbek into English. Such words are often met in the process of cross-cultural communication, so the translator should be ready to render their meaning by effective methods. The most popular method is descriptive method which is used in case when Uzbek words / expressions with national-cultural specifics don’t have English equivalents or analogues.

The Difficulties of Adapting the New Wave of Immigrants from Europe to New York at the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries (Socio-Economic and Psychological Aspects)

The research subject of this article is the reasons behind the increase in social problems in American cities, examined through the prism of psychological factors. The author chose as the main example the city of New York, which at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries experienced rapid urbanization and was one of the first cities to face the growth of social deviations in a rapidly changing urban environment. Additionally, the author is particularly interested in the destructive behavior of the “new” citizens in the context of national-cultural specifics. In order to study this phenomenon, the author applied an interdisciplinary approach, using the experience of related sciences, such as sociology and psychology. The author's main conclusion is that the difficulties associated with the fast adaptation of people to new living conditions often became a determining factor in pushing the poor New York population, which mainly consisted of immigrants, to antisocial behavior, which was expressed not only in addiction to drugs and alcohol, but also drove to violations of the city's laws.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK EXPRESSIONS RELATING TO FAMILY

The present article is devoted to investigation of English lexeme “family” and Uzbek lexeme “oila” which means family. Deep and detailed analysis is done over English and Uzbek expression and phrases which contain these lexemes. By comparing them national-cultural specifics of the English and Uzbek lingual cultures has been revealed. Theoretical points are proved by numerous examples.

ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗМИ ІЗ ЗООНІМІЧНИМ КОМПОНЕНТОМ В НІМЕЦЬКІЙ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВНИХ КАРТИНАХ СВІТУ

The article provides a comparable analysis of phraseologisms with the zoonymic component in German and Ukrainian linguistic images of the world, which are closely related to national cultures, traditions, customs and religions. Representatives of the animal world become symbols of prototype imagery of strength, bravery, courage, loyalty, stubbornness, humility, guile, speed of movement, wisdom. It has been identified that zoonymic component in a phraseological unit has a pronounced national-cultural specificity, which determines its associative relations and allows to use these phraseologisms to characterize appearance, social status, interpersonal relationships, behavior, physical and emotional state, intelligence, attitude to work and character traits of a person. In this case, the negative characteristics in zoonyms outweigh the positive ones, which is explained by the fact that any language tends to more likely adopt negative deviation in meaning. Mythology, folklore, biblical and literary sources, historical events and facts have significant bearing on the choice of zoonyms in phraseological units of the languages compared. Names of animals in different languages can be related to not the same images and symbols, and the same animals can be a standard for ascribing different qualities and characteristics. Thus, phraseological units with zoonyms can cause difficulties in translation, since zoonimic image plays a crucial role in the formation of the individual meaning of the phraseological unit, performing both informative and imaginative-expressive function. Phraseological units with a zoonymic component can be translated using full equivalents, partial lexical and grammatical equivalents, selection of analogues, description, literal and overtonal translations.