Myrrh Extract Research Articles

Light microscopical and parasitological analyses revealed the beneficial effects of silver nanoparticles and various myrrh extracts against Trichinella spiralis infection in mice.

Trichinella spiralis infection is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by nematodes that dwell in the tissues, presenting a significant public health concern. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), myrrh biosynthesized AgNPs "AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green technologies", myrrh extract, and myrrh essential oil, as alternative treatments against T. spiralis infection. Parasitological, histopathological, and cytotoxicity assessments were conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of these treatments in reducing the populations of adult worms and larvae during both the intestinal and muscular phases of T. spiralis-infected mice. The results showed that the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis was achieved by myrrh extract (86.66%), followed closely by AgNPs (84.96%) and myrrh AgNPs (82.51%) at higher concentrations (800 mg/kg for myrrh extract, 40 μg/mL for AgNPs, and 40 μg/mL for myrrh AgNPs). While the group treated with myrrh essential oil showed the lowest percentage of adult reduction (78.14%). However, all treatments demonstrated comparable effects in reducing the larvae population in the muscle phase. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. Additionally, a comprehensive assessment of the cytotoxicity of AgNPs indicated low toxicity levels. This study supports that AgNPs synthesized using plant-based green technologies hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of T. spiralis infection. These findings present a promising avenue for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs that are both effective and safe. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Myrrh extract has the highest antihelminthic efficacy against the intestinal phase of T. spiralis. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed compelling evidence of the effectiveness of AgNPs, particularly when prepared with myrrh. During intestinal phase of T. spiralis, varying levels of nanoparticle precipitation were detected in the liver, brain, lung, and intestine. During the muscular phase, the highest amount of AgNPs precipitation was detected in the liver, followed by the brain, and lung.

Effect of Myrrh Extract on DNA Damage Induced by Mitomycin-C in Human Lymphocytes in vitro

Effect of Myrrh Extract on DNA Damage Induced by Mitomycin-C in Human Lymphocytes in vitro

Exploring the Antibacterial Effects of Indium and Myrrh against Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Abstract Background and Objective: Treatment of bacterial infections is becoming challenging due to the increased rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. MDR organisms exhibit high resistance to the available antibiotics. Searching for alternative antibacterial agents is very urgent. Natural compounds possess antibacterial activity and may be utilized to kill MDR bacteria. The aim of the current study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Myrrh extract and indium against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Materials and Methods: The zone of inhibition assay (ZOI) was utilized to determine the killing activity of either myrrh or indium against 6 bacterial isolates. Micro-dilution method was then used to determine the MIC of indium. Results: Indium showed potent antibacterial activity against Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Myrrh extract exhibits toxic activity against only S. aureus. The rest of the tested isolates was resistant to myrrh extract. Using the broth micro-dilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration of indium was then determined for all the tested strains. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained from the present study, indium and myrrh extract possess potent antibacterial activities against several Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Those two compounds have the potential to serve as alternatives to antibiotics.

Therapeutic effects of myrrh extract and myrrh-based silver nanoparticles on Trichinella spiralis-infected mice: parasitological, histopathological, and immunological (IFN-γ, IL-10, and MMP-9) investigations.

Trichinellosis, caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), remains a prevalent parasitic zoonosis. Developing new drugs targeting and understanding the immune response against the infection is imperative. Previous research has inadequately explored the efficacy of crude myrrh extract and myrrh-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against trichinellosis, as well as their impact on histopathological, and immunological factors. This study evaluated the effects of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using myrrh, crude myrrh extracts, and albendazole on the intestinal phase of T. spiralis. It also examined the associated histopathological changes and alterations in key immunological markers, including Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Five groups of 12 mice were allocated as follows: group 1: non-infected, non-treated (negative control), group 2: infected, non-treated (positive control), group 3: infected and treated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (40 μg/mL), group 4: infected and treated with myrrh crude extract (800 mg/kg), and group 5: infected and treated with albendazole (50 mg/kg). Treatment was orally administered starting on the 2nd day post-infection and continued for three successive days. Mice of all groups were euthanized on the 6th day post-infection, and the intestine of each was isolated for parasitological, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry evaluation of MMP-9, as well as assessment of cytokines level (IFN-γ and IL-10 gene expressions) via Real-time PCR technique. The present study showed a considerable reduction in adult worm count among the treated groups. The mortality rates of adult worms were 88.64% in the silver nanoparticles treated group, 85.17% in the myrrh crude extract group, and 94.07% in the albendazole-treated group. Histopathological examination revealed prominent alterations in the intestine of the infected non-treated mice, which were markedly restored by treatment. Immunohistochemical examination accompanied by significant reduction in MMP-9 expression in the infected mice treated with AgNPs compared to the infected non-treated group, reflecting the role of AgNPs in downgrading the inflammatory reaction in the intestine of infected mice. Collectively, this study demonstrates the novel antiparasitic potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized with myrrh against T. spiralis in infected mice. The treatment was associated with moderate rise in IFN-γ gene expression and IL-10 expression, highlighting its therapeutic efficacy against T. spiralis.

Aqueous Myrrh Extract Relieves Oxidative Stress-Dependent Nephrotoxicity Induced by Ethanol in Male Rats

Aqueous Myrrh Extract Relieves Oxidative Stress-Dependent Nephrotoxicity Induced by Ethanol in Male Rats

Possible therapeutic effect of frankincense (Gum olibanum) and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) resins extracts on DEN/CCL4 induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

BackgroundLiver cancer is a prominent global health concern characterized by prevalent and unregulated exposure to ubiquitous environmental hazards. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring molecules derived from plants, possess inherent qualities that exhibit anticancer effects. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the potential impact of combining frankincense and myrrh on hepatocellular cancer. However, it is noteworthy that these investigations have yet to be extended to in vivo studies. PurposeThis research aimed to evaluate the consequences of frankincense and myrrh, individually and in combination, on the progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. MethodsForty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected for this research, and thirty-six rats were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of DEN/CCL4. Growth-related parameters, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, hepatic function biomarkers, protein fractions, histopathological examination, and gene expression were evaluated. ResultsThe results showed that frankincense extract (group 2) (500 mg/kg) and myrrh extract (group 4) (500 mg/kg) significantly improved histopathological and biochemical assessments. The combination of both frankincense extract (250 mg/kg) and myrrh extract (250 mg/kg) (group 5) showed the best results in growth-related parameters, biochemical parameters, and histopathological examination. It also inhibited liver cancer cells' movement and invasion and blocked EMT occurrence via suppressing the signaling of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (B-catenin: 1.44 ± 0.06; PCNA: 1.40 ± 0.08; and Cyclin D1: 1.32 ± 0.13). ConclusionThe growth-related parameters, biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and gene expression confirmed that frankincense extract, myrrh extract, or their combination had a potential therapeutic effect with promising prospects for managing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by extracts of fig fruits and myrrh oleogum resin and their role in antibacterial activity

Multidrug-resistant bacteria hindering disease management have become a matter of serious concern. Nanotechnology has evolved as a fresh promise for managing infectious diseases. The intended purpose of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using fig fruit (Ficus carica) and myrrh oleogum resin (Commiphora sp.) extracts and microwave irradiation. UV–visible, FTIR, TEM, DLS and Zeta-potential analysis were deployed to characterise silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were assessed for antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria, and their effects on the bacteria's cells were examined as well through SEM. Fig fruit and myrrh’s extract reaction solution changed color (reddish brown) after 90 and 120 s of microwave operation, respectively. UV–Vis-validated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with fig fruit extract (FAgNPs) and myrrh extract (MAgNPs), showing absorption bands between 434.41 nm and 434.95 nm. TEM revealed that the FAgNPs and MAgNPs were predominantly spherical and of various sizes. The average diameter of FAgNPs and MAgNPs was 33.79 nm and 31.63 nm, respectively, and both of them were moderately polydispersed and relatively stable colloids. The antibacterial evaluation of FAgNPs shows that the highest level of inhibition was against S. aureus and it was higher than that of Augmentin, and next to it were E. coli and S. pyogenes. While in case of MAgNPs the most sensitive pathogen was S. aureus, followed by E. coli and S. pyogenes, respectively. FAgNPs and MAgNPs had MIC values of 15 µg/ml against S. aureus, compared to 30 µg/ml against E. coli. SEM images showed that treatment with FAgNPs and MAgNPs caused S. aureus cells to become malformed. Similar cell damage was also observed in E. coli cells treated with FAgNPs and MAgNPs. This study for the first time report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing fig fruit and myrrh extracts and microwave irradiation.

Myrrh Attenuates Gonadal Toxicity and DNA Fragmentation Induced by Ethanol in Male Rats

Background: Long-term ethanol consumption causes pathological alterations to the male reproductive system, possibly resulting in infertility. Myrrh is a resin with antioxidant properties that is produced from the bark of Commiphora tree species. This research aimed to observe the protective impact of myrrh extract supplementation on male reproductive injury and toxicity induced by ethanol treatment. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were orally treated with 40% ethanol (3 g/kg) in combination with myrrh extract (500 mg/kg) for four weeks to investigate the curative efficiency of myrrh extract against ethanol toxicity from physiological, histopathological and genetic aspects. Result: The findings revealed that the sperm count, testosterone level and DNA concentration diminished significantly in the ethanol-treated rats compared to control rats, while the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO), were elevated significantly; severe degenerative changes in the testicular structure and strong testicular DNA fragmentation were also observed. Co-treatment with myrrh attenuated lipid peroxidation and improved testicular histomorphology, testosterone levels and DNA concentrations and pattern, while at the same time, the levels of both HSP70 and TNF-α levels were increased. Our results provide insight into the curative impacts of myrrh on ethanol toxicity resulting from the rich content of curzerene in myrrh, which has antioxidant activities.

Eco-Friendly Methanolic Myrrh Extract Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminum in 1 M HCl.

Aluminum corrosion was inhibited by myrrh extract when it was placed in a solution of 1 M HCl. Several procedures were used for these tests, including weight loss WL, potential dynamic polarization PL, and electrochemical impedance EIS in addition to theoretical calculations like density functional theory (DFT), Fukui functions, and Monte Carlo simulation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the compositional surface of Al. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the shape of the Al surface. The inhibition rate of Al corrosion in HCl with varying myrrh extract contents at 25-45 °C was studied. An analysis of the PL curves indicates that myrrh extract is an inhibitor of mixed type. Upon increasing the concentration of myrrh, the inhibition efficiency increased. Moreover, rising temperatures decrease inhibition efficiency. It was discovered that the inhibition process follows the Langmuir isotherm, demonstrating that a monolayer has formed on the surface of aluminum. Theoretical and practical studies proved the validity of the conclusions.

Therapeutic Potential of Myrrh, a Natural Resin, in Health Management through Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Advanced Glycation End Products Formation Using In Vitro and In Silico Analysis

Oxidative stress, hyper-inflammatory responses, and protein glycation are the chief contributing factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic role of myrrh in health management through in vitro and in silico studies. Antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory potential, antiglycation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibition activities were determined by various in vitro assays. Molecular docking was performed to predict the non-covalent binding of macromolecules (receptor) and a small molecule (ligand). Myrrh extract contained significant antioxidant activity as reflected by FRAP value (16.12 µg ascorbic acid/100 mg dry weight), the maximum percentage of DPPH scavenging (57.71%), and maximum hydrogen peroxide reducing activity (58.71%) at a concentration of 600 µg/mL. Further, the extract exhibited maximum protection from bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation inhibition (53.47%), anti-proteinase action (43.517%), and egg albumin denaturation inhibition (44.95%) at a dose of 600 µg/mL concentration. Myrrh is used in pharmacy as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-venom remedy. This study aimed to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antiglycation, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibition ability of methanolic myrrh extract. It was found that myrrh has good antioxidant potential due to plenty of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, as reflected by results of the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) test, and hydrogen peroxide reducing test. Furthermore, myrrh methanolic extract was found to be significantly effective against heat-induced albumin denaturation, and percent inhibition of denaturation increases with increased extract concentration. The presence of myrrh extract at a dose of 600 μg/mL decreased browning intensity (59.38%), percent aggregation index (59.88%), and percentage amyloid structure (56.13%). We used molecular docking tools to study the role of myrrh in oxidative stress (Catalase), antioxidant property (Superoxide dismutase), and antiviral property (spike protein S). The molecular docking analysis confirmed four phytoconstituents; 2,3-Furandione, Curzerene, delta-Elemene, and Furanoeudesma-1,3-Diene interact with catalase and superoxide dismutase. Curzerene and Furanoeudesma-1,3-Diene showed remarkable interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S. Our data suggest that myrrh resin extract can be used to develop a suitable alternative therapy for various diseases linked with oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and AGEs.

Formulation & Evaluation of Myrrh Toothpaste

Objectives: To formulate and measure the cytotoxicity level of organic myrrh toothpaste. Materials and Methods: Myrrh extract was prepared by the freeze drying process. Toothpaste was formulated by mixing specified amounts of myrrh extract, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), mint, and sucralose with deionized distilled water. MTT test was performed using concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/ml to assess the effect of myrrh paste on the gingival fibroblasts viability at intervals of 24 and 48hrs. The results were analysed by using SPSS version 27. Results: The formulated myrrh toothpaste has a homogeneous consistency as the extracted myrrh successfully dissolved completely with the other components. Cell viability test showed that myrrh paste concentrations of 100 - 300mg/ml were effective in maintaining the rate of fibroblasts growth after 24 and 48 hours as compared to the control samples. Cell growth rate was suppressed in the test samples treated with paste concentration of 400mg/ml. The results of the study imply that 300mg/ml is the safe and optimal concentration for fibroblasts growth, whereas concentrations ≥ 400mg/ml are intolerable and might be suppressing the proliferation of fibroblasts. Conclusion: Myrrh toothpaste concentration at 300mg/ml is the safe and optimal concentration for fibroblasts growth as depicted in the results, suggesting that at the optimal formulation, myrrh extract may not be toxic to the soft tissues and myrrh toothpaste may be useful for oral health care. Further clinical investigations are recommended to obtain the clinical efficacy data of the organic myrrh toothpaste.

The anti-inflammatory effect of myrrh ethanolic extract in comparison with prednisolone on an autoimmune disease rat model induced by silicate

Autoimmune disease is a complex chronic disease that triggers immune activation against autoantigens resulting in tissue damage. Epidemiological data showed that autoimmune diseases are increasing worldwide over the last decades owing to increased environmental pollution. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of myrrh as a natural medicine compared to prednisolone in the treatment of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis induced by silicate. The autoimmune disease model in rats was induced by injecting 5 mg crystalline sodium silicate suspension subcutaneously once weekly for 20 weeks, and then the rats were treated either with myrrh extract or prednisolone or with both for 6 weeks. Liver and kidney function tests, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry of TNF-α expression in kidney tissue were performed. The creatinine significantly elevated in silica-treated group and decreased in other treated groups. Histopathology of the kidney revealed improvement of glomerular and tubular basement thickness in all treated groups, but the inflammatory cell count slightly decreased in the group treated with myrrh than the other treated groups which showed a marked decrease. TNF-α expression was significantly decreased in all treated groups. Interestingly, the myrrh did not produce hepatic lesions and improve the side effect of prednisolone in the liver when taken in combination. Therefore, myrrh extract possessed anti-inflammatory properties and counteracted the side effect of prednisolone on the liver. Myrrh extract can serve as a conjunctive therapy with prednisolone to treat autoimmune diseases.

The Role of Myrrh Metabolites in Cancer, Inflammation, and Wound Healing: Prospects for a Multi-Targeted Drug Therapy.

Background: Myrrh extract is a well-known medicinal plant with significant therapeutic benefits attributed to the activity of its diverse metabolites. It has promising activity against cancer and inflammatory diseases, and could serve as a potential therapeutic alternative since most therapeutic agents have severe side effects that impair quality of life. Method: The current study identified the active metabolites from the myrrh resin methanolic extract. Then, the extracts were tested for in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity using cancer cell lines and Tamm-Horsfall Protein 1 (Thp-1)-like macrophage cell lines. Furthermore, using an in vivo rat model, the extracts’ anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activity was investigated. In addition, in silico predictions of the myrrh constituents highlighted the pharmacokinetic properties, molecular targets, and safety profile, including cytochrome P 450 (CYP) inhibition and organ toxicity. Results: Nine secondary metabolites were identified, and computational predictions suggested a good absorption profile, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects. The myrrh extract had moderate cytotoxic activity against both HL60 and K562 leukemia cell lines and the KAIMRC1 breast cancer cell line. Myrrh caused a dose-dependent effect on macrophages to increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, promote their polarization to classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) phenotypes, and consequently induce apoptosis, highlighting its ability to modulate macrophage function, which could potentially aid in several desired therapeutic processes, including the resolution of inflammation, and autophagy which is an important aspect to consider in cancer treatment. The topical application of myrrh improved wound healing, with no delayed inflammatory response, and promoted complete re-epithelization of the skin, similar to the positive control. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the methanolic extract of myrrh having cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and anti-inflammatory wound-healing properties, which may be attributed to its role in modulating macrophage function. Furthermore, we suggest the active constituents responsible for these properties, which warrants further studies focusing on the precise roles of the active metabolites.

Single-step green synthesis of gold conjugated polyphenol nanoparticle using extracts of Saudi’s myrrh: Their characterization, molecular docking and essential biological applications

The progress in the innovative nanocrystal synthesis process by using environmentally benign and low-priced nontoxic chemicals, solvents, and renewable sources remains a challenging task for researchers worldwide. The majority of the existing synthesis techniques engage in the potentially dangerous, for either human health or the environment. Current investigation has been centered on green synthesis processes to create novel nanomaterials, which are eco-friendly as well as safer for sustainable marketable feasibility. The current work provides the green synthesis method for gold nanoparticle (GNPs) synthesis using Commiphora myrrh (C.myrrh) extract. This simple method includes 6 ml of HAuCl4·3H2O treated with 4 ml C.myrrh extract having pH 4.5 after 80 min at 25 °C temperature. In this novel method, green synthesized GNPs characterized by UV–Vis, X_ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), zeta potential, fourier transform infrared (FT_IR), high_resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR_TEM), energy dispersive X_ray spectroscopy (EDXA), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). During the development successful antioxidant assay, the DPPH assay was applied. The cell toxicity of green synthesized GNPs was evaluated following an MTT assay against HCT-116 (colon cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer).Besides molecular docking in the δ-elemene for inhibitor to VEGFR‐2 domain revealed more negative docking score (−3.976) which is an excellent binding affinity to the C.myrrh@GNP. The synthesized GNPs showed antidiabetic, antibiotic, and antibacterial properties and anti_inflammatory inhibition against inhibiting COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes. In addition, molecular docking by Lindestrene (−3.806) and Furanoeudesma-1,3-dien (−3.912) against COX1 and COX2 respectively showed strong binding affinity. The molecular docking study evidenced the anti-inflammatory and cell toxicity study.

An Ex vivo Apoptotic and Cytotoxic Effects of Frankincense on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is accounting for almost 90% of oropharyngeal cancer diagnoses. Natural herbal medicine can use as an alternative, or complementary, or adjunctive for cancer treatment. Frankincense and its combination with myrrh have anticancer effects on different cancer types. METHODS: In this research, aqueous and methanolic extracts of frankincense and the combination of aqueous extract of frankincense and myrrh were applied on tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line to study their cytotoxic and apoptotic effect by the assessment of cell viability and cytotoxicity, caspase 3 and 8 activation, reactive oxygen species activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, morphological changes, and nuclear area factor measurements. RESULTS: The result showed that aqueous and methanolic extracts of frankincense have cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 21.05 ± 1.27 μM for aqueous extract, 36.72 ± 2.07 μM for methanolic extract, and IC50 value of 1.31 ± 0.04 μM for combination of aqueous extract of frankincense and myrrh extract after 24 h. CONCLUSION: Different extracts of frankincense and the combination of aqueous extract of frankincense and myrrh extract exhibited cytotoxic and apoptotic effects by reducing the cell viability and activating caspases 3 and 8 causing intrinsic- and extrinsic-mediated apoptosis pathways activation with the involvement of oxidative stress that was conceivable with cytonuclear morphological alterations results.

The value of applying a myrrh extract to manage and control date palm aphids in Saudi Arabia and their classification

The date palm can be affected by aphids resulting in the development of sooty mould. Extracts from myrrh plants were utilized as biological insecticides on aphids to learn its impact. Myrrh extracts had been evaluated using four separate amounts, namely 500, 1000, 5000, and l0000 ppm. They were applied two times and then inspected at 12 and 24 h after the exposure to be contrasted to the unexposed samples. The aphids eating date palms were subjected to myrrh extracts and categorized. The bio-insecticidal effects have been investigated based on specific dynamics and genetic evaluation of both exposed and unexposed aphid samples. The biologically insecticidal effects are relevant (P < 0.05) regarding all the four selected factors. Moreover, the genetic evaluation indicated that unfinished genetic sequences have dramatically increased upon elevating amounts of myrrh extracts (0, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm). Meanwhile, the average genetic distance has reduced with enlarged amounts of myrrh extract in the 24-h period in the case of the exposed aphids in contrast to unexposed samples. Myrrh extracts are very strong and perspective biological

Fabrication of Biohybrid Nanofibers by the Green Electrospinning Technique and Their Antibacterial Activity.

The development of bioactive polymer nanofiber sheets based on eco-friendly components is required to meet the needs of various medical applications as well as to preserve the environment. This study aimed to fabricate biohybrid nanofibers based on water-soluble polymers and aqueous extract of myrrh. The myrrh extract was incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol)/tragacanth gum nanofiber mats (myrrh@PVA/TG) by the green electrospinning technique. Various characteristics of the prepared fibers such as morphology, fiber diameter distribution, crystallinity, and thermal stability were studied. The results confirmed that the morphology of biohybrid nanofibers was uniform without beads and tragacanth gum plays an important role in controlling the average diameter of fibers and the crystallinity. The antibacterial properties of the developed biohybrid nanofibers were investigated against common pathogens of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the standard disc diffusion method. A significant antibacterial activity was observed toward bacterial strains after incorporation of aqueous myrrh extract into nanofibers, which increased on increasing the extract ratio. Due to their eco-friendly components and significant antibacterial activity, the prepared biohybrid nanofibers will open new avenues toward incorporating aqueous herbal extracts into degradable polymer fibers for use in many antibacterial applications.

Plant Natural Products as Antimicrobials for Control of Streptomyces scabies: A Causative Agent of the Common Scab Disease.

The common scab disease caused by Streptomyces scabies, a soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium, is an economically important disease of potatoes and other tuber crops. The lack of effective treatments against this disease accounts for large economic losses globally. Plant extracts were screened to find several that effectively inhibited Streptomyces scabies growth in culture. Seven tinctures showed the greatest inhibition of S. scabies growth by reducing pathogen growth in culture by 75% or more. These extracts were myrrh, garlic, cayenne, barberry, frankincense, wild indigo root, and lavender. Myrrh extract from Commiphora myrrha, a resin made from tree sap, showed strong antibacterial activity by reducing the growth of S. scabies to 13% of the control. Additionally, a flavonoid library was screened to identify several compounds that were effective to control the pathogen growth. The flavonoids that showed the greatest inhibition of Streptomyces scabies growth were sophoraflavanone G, jaceosidin, baicalein, and quercetin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the effective flavonoids were calculated to be 6.8 ± 0.4 μM, 100.0 ± 2.1 μM, 202.9 ± 5.3 μM, and 285.2 ± 6.8 μM, respectively. The mean lethal doses for these flavonoids against Streptomyces scabies were 2.0 ± 0.1 μM, 22.6 ± 0.5 μM, 52.9 ± 1.3 μM, and 37.8 ± 1.0 μM, respectively. A live/dead assay showed complete cell death in the presence of sophoraflavanone G indicative of a bactericidal mechanism for flavonoid action on Streptomyces scabies. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy imaging showed damaged cell membrane morphologies when Streptomyces scabies was exposed to these flavonoids. Mycelia appeared as flat and deflated structures with contents seen as spewing from branching hyphae with numerous holes and tears in the membrane structure indicative of cell death. Sophoraflavanone G showed the greatest potency and potential as a natural antibiotic from the library of tested flavonoids. These results suggest that these plant compounds act on the pathogen through a bactericidal mechanism involving cell membrane destabilization and disruption leading to cell death.

Commiphora myrrh Supplementation Protects and Cures Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Alterations of Gastric Ulceration in Rats.

Gastric ulceration is a multifactorial disease defined as a defect in the gastric wall that extends through the muscularis mucosae into the deeper layers of the wall. The most common cause of gastric ulceration is alcohol consumption. In the current study, rats were gavaged by ethanol to investigate the protective (before ethanol) and curative (after ethanol) ability of Commiphora myrrh (myrrh) oil and extract against gastric ulcer oxidative alterations induced by ethanol. Myrrh significantly improved ulcer index, histomorphology, and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) impaired by ethanol. In addition, myrrh improved the antioxidant potential of gastric mucosa through enhancement of nuclear factor related to erythroid 2 (Nrf2), total glutathione (GSH), reduced GSH, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), along with significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Amelioration of gastric oxidative stress by myrrh enables gastric mucosa to counteract the ethanol’s inflammatory and apoptotic processes leading to improved gastric proliferation and healing. Interestingly, myrrh extract showed better protective and curative effects than myrrh oil against gastric ulceration.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Commiphora myrrh against Standard Bacterial Strains and Clinical Isolates with Chemical Analysis Profiling

Aims: The objective of present study was to investigate the chemical analysis biological activates of commiphora myrrh the chemical analysis of myrrh was analyzed several ways.
 Study Design: Where wet digestion was used to estimate the concentrations of a number of chemical elements in it, which are of great importance to humans and are also attributed to many of its medicinal uses.
 Place and Duration of Study: Clinical isolates from wound infections obtained from laboratory of Marjan Hospital Hilla city Iraq during period Fed. 2020 which include (four E. coli and 4 of S. aureus, and 4 pseudomonas aeruginosa ). All clinical isolates were classified and by laboratory of marjan hospital: Hilla city Iraq.
 Methodology: In order to know the nature of the groups present in it, in addition to the quality of the organic materials, FTIR analysis and G.C analysis were used by using the ethanolic extract, where some of the organic materials within their compositions in identified.
 Results: The antimicrobial potential of ethanolic extracts of myrrh were studied against many standard strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria and (12) clinical isolated from patients with wound infections obtained from the bacteriology section of the clinical microbiology laboratory of marjan hospital Hill city/Iraq during period Feb. 2020 to Nov. 2020. The clinical isolates include (4) isolates of staphylococcus aureus, (4) isolates of E.coli and (4) isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa, and it was confirmed using the usual methods of diagnosis. The broth dilution method was used for determination of the MICs of (minimal inhibitory concentration) of myrrh extract against pathogens under study. Six concentration (80, 60, 30, 12, 6, 3 mg/mL) of myrrh extracts were tested.
 Conclusion: The result revealed that the highest activity was against S. Aureus at concentration (80, 60, 30 mg/mL) which showed completely inhibition of the growth (100%). While the gram-negative bacteria E.coli and P. auroginosa the concentration (80 – 60 mg/mL) showed 100% inhibition in contrast the concentration (12, 6, 3 mg/mL) showed no activity of myrrh extract against all pathogens under study. The result indicates that myrrh is an antibacterial agent that can be used in the future by making appropriate doses.