Possible therapeutic effect of frankincense (Gum olibanum) and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) resins extracts on DEN/CCL4 induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

Abstract

BackgroundLiver cancer is a prominent global health concern characterized by prevalent and unregulated exposure to ubiquitous environmental hazards. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring molecules derived from plants, possess inherent qualities that exhibit anticancer effects. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the potential impact of combining frankincense and myrrh on hepatocellular cancer. However, it is noteworthy that these investigations have yet to be extended to in vivo studies. PurposeThis research aimed to evaluate the consequences of frankincense and myrrh, individually and in combination, on the progression and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. MethodsForty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected for this research, and thirty-six rats were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of DEN/CCL4. Growth-related parameters, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, hepatic function biomarkers, protein fractions, histopathological examination, and gene expression were evaluated. ResultsThe results showed that frankincense extract (group 2) (500 mg/kg) and myrrh extract (group 4) (500 mg/kg) significantly improved histopathological and biochemical assessments. The combination of both frankincense extract (250 mg/kg) and myrrh extract (250 mg/kg) (group 5) showed the best results in growth-related parameters, biochemical parameters, and histopathological examination. It also inhibited liver cancer cells' movement and invasion and blocked EMT occurrence via suppressing the signaling of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway (B-catenin: 1.44 ± 0.06; PCNA: 1.40 ± 0.08; and Cyclin D1: 1.32 ± 0.13). ConclusionThe growth-related parameters, biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and gene expression confirmed that frankincense extract, myrrh extract, or their combination had a potential therapeutic effect with promising prospects for managing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).