Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal leads to environmental pollution, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Waste generated by consumption is an integral part of MSW management. Based on the meta-frontier super SBM-data envelopment analysis (DEA) (MF-SSBM-DEA) model, this study evaluates the eco-efficiency of MSW management in 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2021, especially considering the undesirable output of GHG emissions. This study compares the heterogeneity of the performance of MSW management in different regions and explores the factors that influence the differences in its efficiency. In particular, this study uses the panel Tobit model to explore the impact of upgrading household consumption on the eco-efficiency of MSW management at two levels: consumption scale (CSC) and consumption structure (CST). In addition, we examined other socioeconomic influencing factors. The results indicate that the average eco-efficiency in 2021 was 21.5% higher than in 2006. The expansion of the CSC reduces eco-efficiency, whereas the upgrading of CST improves eco-efficiency greater than the expansion of the CSC. In addition, improvements in the industrial structure and economic development (ED) contribute to the eco-efficiency of MSW management.