Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Research Articles

Leachate leakage enhances the microbial diversity and richness but decreases Proteobacteria and weakens stable microbial ecosystem in landfill groundwater.

Sanitary landfill is the most prevalent and economic method for municipal solid waste disposal, and the resultant groundwater pollution has become an environmental problem due to leachate leakage. The pollution characteristics in groundwater near landfill sites have been extensively investigated, although the succession characteristics and driving mechanisms of microbial communities in leachate-contaminated groundwater and the sensitive microbial indicators for leachate leakage identification remain poorly studied. Herein, results showed that leachate leakage enhanced the microbial diversity and richness and transferred endemic bacteria from landfills into groundwater, producing an average decrease of 17.73% in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. The key environmental factor driving the evolution of microbial communities in groundwater due to leachate pollution was organic matter, which can explain 16.13% of the changes in microbial community composition. The |βNTI| values of the bacterial communities in all six landfills were <2, and the assembly process of microbial communities was primarily dominated using stochastic processes. Leachate pollution changed the assembly mechanism, transforming the community assembly process from an undominated process to a dispersal limitation process. Leachate pollution reduced the efficiency and stability of microbial communities in groundwater, increasing the vulnerability of the stable microbial ecosystems in groundwater. Notably, microbial indicators are more sensitive to leachate leakage and could accurately identify landfills where leachate leakage occurred and other extraneous pollutants. The phylum Proteobacteria and mcrA could act as appropriate indicators for the identification of leachate leakage. These results provide a novel insight into the monitoring, identification of groundwater pollution and the scientific guidance for appropriate remediation strategies for leachate-contaminated groundwater.

Aspen plus simulation of an inline calciner for white cement production with a fuel mix of petcoke and producer gas

The white cement industry is facing the challenge of alternative fuel utilization replacing conventional fuel due to the impact of alternative fuel ash on the whiteness of clinker. On the other hand, municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal is a huge waste management problem worldwide. The present article focuses on utilizing MSW-based refuse derived fuel (RDF) as an alternative fuel in white cement. The ash-free producer gas derived via RDF gasification is proposed to overcome the challenge of direct RDF utilization. Aspen plus-based producer gas co-processing model for a calciner has been developed, considering 100% petcoke firing as the baseline scenario. The co-processing of producer gas further augmented the model to achieve a 15–20% thermal substitution rate (TSR). The developed model is validated using the actual plant data. The model results at 15% TSR predicted that the calciner outlet temperature will get reduced by 19 °C, with a 5.3% rise in calciner exit gas volume, which is manageable. CO2 mitigation potential at 15% TSR is estimated to be 11.33% of the baseline scenario. The TSR contribution of producer gas sensible heat at 593 °C is 2.7%, whereas the petcoke enters the system at 60 °C with negligible sensible heat.

A novel integration of plasma gasification melting process with direct carbon fuel cell

As municipal solid waste (MSW) is a low-cost, available, and basically renewable source, energy recovery from MSW is a beneficial technique for reducing fossil fuel usage while also lowering MSW disposal challenges. The current study proposes a novel scheme consisting of plasma gasification melting (PGM) process and direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) system for converting MSW into high-quality syngas and power. Plasma air and high-temperature steam are employed in the process as gasification agents. The DCFC runs on the pyrolysis char, which is a carbon-rich source and is extracted during the PGM process and sent to the DCFC. The process is simulated in Aspen Plus, and a computational model for estimating the DCFC's output voltage and power is developed in MATLAB. Effects of main operating parameters, including equivalence ratio, steam to biomass ratio, plasma energy ratio, char separation fraction, and fuel cell operating temperature on the system's performance indicators, namely syngas composition, syngas lower heating value, syngas yield, gasification temperature, overall efficiency, and DCFC power output were investigated. By increasing the char separation fraction, more pyrolysis char was extracted and forwarded to the DCFC, which leads to less amount of char entering the gasification section and higher power output through the DCFC. Keeping other parameters constant, at a fuel cell operating temperature of 923 K, the optimal value for char extraction fraction was 0.15, resulting in a 79.5% overall efficiency.

Techno-economic and environmental assessment of the landfill gas to energy potential of major Colombian cities

Landfills account for significant methane emissions worldwide. However, municipal solid wastes can be energetically revalorized using landfill gas-to-energy (LFGtE) systems. This study assesses from a technical, economic, and environmental point of view the potential to implement LFGtE in major Colombian cities, including Bogota, Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Bucaramanga, and the smaller capital city of Sincelejo. Municipal solid waste disposal rates in these cities are forecasted using the exponential smoothing (ETS) method. Additionally, methane emissions are forecasted using the first-order decay model, in line with the U.S. EPA methodology. Moreover, the methane generation capacity of the decomposable organic fractions of MSW is calculated following guidelines from IPCC. The assessment includes four scenarios with electricity and heat generation for each city. These scenarios consider using gas turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines, and cogenerating electricity and heat. The economic performance is assessed with the net present value (NPV), the internal rate of return (IRR), the profitability index, the benefits-costs ratio, and the economic sensitivity analysis. Finally, the environmental performance is assessed by calculating the GHG emissions reduction potential and avoidance potential. The results show an electric power generation potential of 1.6 MWe to 47.5 MWe, a heat potential of 9.6 MW to 54.8 MW to produce steam, and 1.7 MW to 49.2 MW to produce hot water. The scenarios show economic profitability with NPV values of 5.3 million USD to 201.9 million USD.11M$: Millions of USD. At the same time, IRR varies from 14.9 % to 31.1%, a profitability index of 2.4 to 7.0 million USD, and a benefits-costs ratio of 1.3 to 1.6 million USD. Overall, scenarios consider using combustion engines to show the best economic performance. The potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was quantified in 1.2 MtCO2e to 40.0 MtCO2e, while the avoidance potential of greenhouse gas emissions varies between 0.1 and 4.3 MtCO2e depending on the scenario and the city.

Identification of Suitable Solid Waste Disposal Site by Using GIS Based Multi Criteria: a Case Study of Adama Town, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to investigate existing waste disposal practices and to determine the optimally suitable and acceptable disposal site for Adama town, Ethiopia. The pertinent restrictions identified to realize the objective were slope, river proximity, road, soil type, environmentally sensitive areas, protected zone, and settlement proximity. The criteria were weighted in the GIS environment and then, based on appropriateness of dumping places, the region was classified to different suitability zones. The primary stage solid waste collection is carried out by small and micro enterprises (SMEs) and their service covers more than three-fourth of the households of the town. The waste which is not collected by SMEs is mainly disposed of in environmentally sensitive places. According to the results, only 8.64% (939 ha) of the total area is highly suitable, 27.83% (3026 ha) is completely unsuitable and the remaining 63.53% (6908 ha) is moderately suitable. Four municipal solid waste disposal sites with minimum destructive effects and the lowest environmental impacts are identified to be suitable for Adama Town. Thus, the use of GIS for suitable dumping site location was effective, and the findings will be valuable in maintaining healthy environment and public by realizing dumping plants on the identified site.

Prospects of Waste Incineration for Improved Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Ghana—A Review

The per capita municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per day in Ghana is estimated to be 0.47 kg/person/day, which translates to over 14,000 tonnes of solid waste generation daily. The disposal and management of this amount of solid waste has been challenging worldwide, and in Ghana, this is evident with the creation of unsanitary dumping sites scattered across most communities in the country, especially urban communities. The indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in Ghana is known to cause flooding, the pollution of water bodies, and the spread of diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the prospects of waste incineration with energy recovery as a waste-to-energy (WtE) technology which has contributed immensely to the disposal and management of MSW in nations worldwide (especially developed ones). The review indicates that waste incineration with energy recovery is a matured waste-to-energy technology in developed nations, and there are currently about 492 waste incineration plants in operation in the EU, over 77 in operation in about 25 states in the USA, and about 1900 in operation in Japan. Waste incineration with energy recovery is also gradually gaining prominence in developing nations like China, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Pakistan. The adoption of waste incineration with energy technology can reduce Ghana’s overdependence on fossil fuels as primary sources of energy. It is, however, recommended that a techno-economic assessment of proposed waste incineration facilities is performed considering the MSW generated in Ghana. Additionally, it is also recommended that the possibility of incorporating the use of artificial intelligence technology into the management of MSW in Ghana be investigated.

Selection of the final solid waste disposal site in the Bolgatanga municipality of Ghana using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE)

The various components of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) such as collection, sorting, transportation, and disposal have their peculiarities and challenges. However, final disposal sites, generally referred to as landfill sites, present a complex difficulty. The aggregation of the problems of other components has consequences on the microenvironment, public health, and groundwater. Final disposal of MSW, site selection, and management presents an enormous burden for most Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assembly (s) in Ghana. The case of Bolgatanga Municipality is similar to many others in the Upper East region in particular and Ghana as a whole. The existing landfill site is improperly sited and poses a great danger to adjoining communities. In this work, we used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a G.I.S. suite and Multi-Criteria Evaluation to assess the current location and select a possible new site within the municipality. The criteria used are generally environmental and socio-economic parameters, including; distance from major roads, rivers, settlements, and the selection of an appropriate slope and soil type that suits the guidelines for the siting of a landfill. The outcome of this multi-criteria assessment is the selection of a new site far from the current disposal site indicating the inappropriate location of the current site. A combination of all weighted criteria through a model builder process produced a suitability index map for candidate landfill sites. The selected site at Sherigu is about 16 km by road from the proposed site, which is much bigger than the threshold of 500 sq. meters. The separation distance and size between the current and the proposed site are indications of how economically and environmentally inappropriate the Sherigu site is and the need for a better site that is better situated for socio-economic and environmental considerations.

Safety and health risks associated with illegal municipal solid waste disposal in urban Zimbabwe. “A case of Masvingo City”

Safety and health risks associated with illegal municipal solid waste disposal in urban Zimbabwe. “A case of Masvingo City”

Waste to Energy: Review on the Development of Land Fill Gas for Power Generation in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study focused on the development of land fill gas for power generation in Sub-Saharan Africa. In rapidly expanding cities in developing and emerging nations, it has been observed that municipal solid waste (MSW) has increased dramatically, raising public concern about the effects on the environment and public health. In Sub-Saharan Africa today, the garbage of people within this region especially in Nigeria is carelessly disposed. Environmental pollution and its effects on people's quality of life have become more sensitive topics among residents and decision-makers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is becoming a more important topic on the local political agenda. Local decision-makers routinely debate whether to invest in waste-to-energy technologies as part of their effort to modernize waste management systems. Waste-to-Energy technologies are being promoted more and more as an alluring solution to a number of problems, including the urgent issue of waste disposal. These issues include inadequate power production, a shortage of landfill space, and greenhouse gas emissions from improper waste management. As an alternative to waste burning and composting, landfilling is one of the municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal techniques that are most frequently used. Due to its financial benefits, the sanitary landfill method is still often employed in various nations for the final disposal of solid waste. Landfill gas (LFG) is mostly produced by the anaerobic breakdown of the biodegradable component of municipal solid waste (MSW), specifically kitchen and yard trash, which is disposed of in landfills. Due to the anaerobic breakdown of the organic portion of solid waste, landfill gas is continuously produced. As a result, if an extraction system is not constructed in a landfill, there will be an overpressure that will force the biogas to be released into the atmosphere, which will have an adverse effect on the environment. Methane and carbon dioxide make up the majority of the gases that make up landfill gas, which is a mixture of other gases. Many landfill sites include an operational gas collection system that draws gas from both horizontal and vertical gas wells using a blower. The gas from the landfill was thought to only include carbon dioxide and methane. Methane's typical volume composition is 49%, hence it was believed that carbon dioxide would have a volume composition of 51%. Reviewing the information gathered by numerous studies regarding the volume of waste being dumped in landfills reveals that the waste produced in sub-Saharan Africa is sufficient to power the area with electricity. It was discovered that the quantity of electricity generated will fluctuate over time based on the flow rate of landfill gas. It will initially rise until a peak is attained. A million tons of landfill waste typically emits 434,000 cubic feet of LFG each day, which is sufficient to generate 0.80 MW of power. About 70% of LFG projects use internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and micro-turbines to produce power.

Improving the performance of incineration fly ash as cement admixture by high-temperature sintering and its toxic leaching characteristics

During the incineration disposal of municipal solid waste, a large quantity of incineration fly ash (IFA) will be produced. IFA contains many heavy metals and dioxins; It is a hazardous solid waste. High-temperature disposal plays a vital role in harmless and resource recovery. In this paper, the direct sintering IFA (D-IFA) is prepared without adding any other substance, the composite sintering IFA (C-IFA) is prepared with adding a certain quantity of fly ash (FA) from coal-fired power plants, while un-sintering IFA is called U-IFA. The effects of direct and composite sintering on the physicochemical properties of incineration fly ash, and the properties of cement prepared with C-IFA, D-IFA and U-IFA, are comparatively investigated. The results show that after composite sintering (IFA: FA = 9:1), the pozzolanic activity of C-IFA increased from 67.95% of U-IFA to 80.57%, forming two new minerals - Larnite and Ye'elimite; The decomposition rate of chloride and dioxin is 88.06% and 99.94%. However, after direct sintering, the pozzolanic activity of D-IFA is only 58.74%, lower than that of U-IFA, only forming one new mineral – Larnite; The decomposition rate of chloride and dioxin is 22.39% and 99.56%. The cement with C-IFA at 20% dosage, has water requirement of 26.61%, the 3 d and 28 d compressive strength cement of 33.3 MPa and 46.7 MPa. The cement with D-IFA at 20% dosage, has water requirement of 27.83%, the 3 d and 28 d compressive strength cement of 30.5 MPa and 38.2 MPa. There are not much differences among the water requirements of cements prepared with C-IFA, D-IFA and U-IFA. Compared with 3 d and 28 d compressive strength of cement prepared with U-IFA of 32.8 MPa and 43.2 MPa, the 3 d compressive strength of cement with C-IFA little changes, the 28 d the compressive strength significantly increases, but both 3 d and 28 d compressive strengths of cement prepared with D-IFA decrease. However, according to the limits of Cl− and dioxins in cement of Chinese national standards, the allowed dosages of C-IFA and D-IFA in cement can reach up to 12.50% and 1.92%, while U-IFA is not allowed as admixture to add in cement. Composite sintering consumes excessive CaO, improves pozzolanic activity, significantly reduces chlorine and dioxin content, increases the dosage of IFA in cement, and contributes to the harmless and resource utilization of IFA.

Exploring the development of municipal solid waste disposal facilities in Chinese cities: patterns and drivers

Exploring the development of municipal solid waste disposal facilities in Chinese cities: patterns and drivers

Contamination, ecological and health risk assessments of potentially toxic elements in soil around a municipal solid waste disposal facility in Southwestern Nigeria

BackgroundThe increasing level of waste generated and disposed of especially in urban centers arising from population explosion and rapid industrialization is a global concern, because it may lead to the pollution of potentially toxic element (PTE) in surrounding soils and groundwater. This research is aimed at the investigation of PTE contamination in soil around a municipal solid waste open dump facility and their human health risk in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. MethodsForty (40) soil samples were collected at 20 cm depth within the facility (WFC), close to the facility (CFC), and far from the facility (FFC). The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn using atomic absorption spectrometry technique. ResultsOn the basis of the mean concentration, PTEs decrease in the following order Zn > Mn > Pb > Cu > Co > Ni > Cd. The contamination statuses of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were high-very high at WFC, moderate-high at CFC, and low-moderate at FFC. The principal component (PC) analysis showed three loadings; PC1 composed of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn that were attributed to anthropogenic input from the materials dumped within facility while PC2 (Co and Ni) and PC3 (Mn) were sourced from the geogenic origin from weathering of rocks and soils. Only the ecological risk potential (Er) of Cd and Pb was high at WFC, considerable at CFC and low at FFC and affect the overall ecological risk (RI) of WFC and CFC. The hazard quotient and hazard index of non-carcinogenic risk were only > 1 for Cd especially for children at WFC and therefore, may pose health risk in the vicinity of the facility. The carcinogenic risk (CR) is within permissible limit. ConclusionThe anthropogenic activities in the municipal solid waste facility have impacted the soil of the area by some PTEs and posed potential human health risk to the people living close to the site. Therefore, constant monitoring of the area by regulatory bodies is recommended to reduce the impact of the PTEs on the soil.

Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis of simulated municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal through landfill and incineration represents a costly and hazardous challenge to global health, and loss of underutilised resource for the circular economy. Thermal pyrolysis of the organic components of MSW offers a scalable route to liquid fuels, but process optimisation requires deep insight into the associated thermochemistry and kinetics. Here we apply thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and kinetic modelling to the (catalytic) pyrolysis of a model MSW feedstock comprising cellulose, sucrose, sugarcane bagasse and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste, with or without Al-SBA-15, MM-Al-SBA-15 or HZSM-5 catalysts, occurs in three main stages, namely the melting and concomitant evaporation of volatiles, and subsequent decomposition of carbohydrate, then LDPE and finally lignin components. The rate of non-catalytic MSW pyrolysis increased with sample heating rates (from 20 to 120 °C /min) but had little impact on the temperature or mass loss during each stage. Catalytic pyrolysis is sensitive to the catalyst:feedstock mass ratio; increasing this ratio from 1 to 5 increased mass losses during the removal of volatiles and three subsequent decomposition stages, while lowering the temperature of LDPE decomposition. Kinetic analysis by Friedman’s isoconversional method reveals a monotonic increase in activation energy for each stage of (non-catalytic and catalytic) MSW pyrolysis. However, energy barriers for individual stages decreased with increasing catalyst:feedstock ratio and were sensitive to the catalyst type: Al-SBA-15 offers the largest decrease in barriers for carbohydrate (−86 kJ/mol) and LDPE decomposition (−92 kJ/mol), and similar promotion to HZSM-5 for lignin decomposition (∼100 kJ/mol), at the highest catalyst content. TGA is an effective tool for catalyst selection and process optimisation provided heating rates < 60 °C /min are employed, above which pyrolysis appears heat transfer limited.

Multi-criteria group decision-making method in disposal of municipal solid waste based on cubic Pythagorean fuzzy EDAS approach with incomplete weight information

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has always been a typical issue in India. The rapid population growth, impetuous adoption of modern lifestyle, and fast urbanization resulted in India’s swift generation of complicated municipal solid waste (MSW). Consequently, municipalities of different cities in India face various difficulties in MSW collection, treatment and disposal methodology. Inefficient or poorly managed MSW causes numerous troubles, including air pollution, soil fouling, contamination in drinking water and health hazard, and it also impacts socio-economic deterioration. MSWM technique selection is based on several criteria, which are generally imprecise, uncertain, and vague. This paper uses the cubic Pythagorean fuzzy number to comprise the fuzzy characteristics of the criteria value concerning the five alternatives (Thermochemical methods in MSW treatment and disposal). The best MSW treatment and disposal method is selected amongst the five alternatives under the novel multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) approach, the cubic Pythagorean fuzzy EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) in the Indian context. The weight information of the criteria has yet to be wholly known. A non-linear optimization scheme is proposed to determine the criteria weights that are partially known to maximize the generalized total distance measure between alternatives corresponding to all criteria. The present method is explained with a case study. Finally, a comparative analysis is drawn between the present and some existing methods, showing that the present method is consistent and robust enough to apply in practice.

Development of Clusters in the Irkutsk Region in the Context of Import Substitution

The Irkutsk Region's economic growth in the context of import substitution requires modernizing industrial policy and developing a cluster system. Clusters can become a major factor of growth in the Irkutsk Region's economy. A cluster involves creating special conditions, assisting in funding and marketing the products of its member organizations. Cluster residents enjoy such benefits as tax preferences, support in the implementation of investment projects, and infrastructure provision in the form of technoparks. Introducing the cluster approach boosts efficiency of production and implementation of import substitution policies. The purpose of this study is to study special features of cluster formation in the Irkutsk region and the specifics of their functioning in the context of import substitution. The article studies the functioning features of the following clusters in the Irkutsk region: machinery, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, construction materials and technologies, Baikal cluster of light industry, agro-industrial, tourist and recreational clusters. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of the main aspects of cluster development. The study analyzes the data on the development of clusters in the Irkutsk region. The problems of cluster development in the context of import substitution are outlined. The scientific novelty lies in identifying two approaches to the formation of clusters: one forming around an anchor resident and the other forming as a tandem of equivalent companies. It is proposed to expand the geography of sales by cluster companies via employment of anchor resident distribution centers in various territories. Interregional cooperation and establishing the Federal Center of Chemistry cluster are closely looked into. The relevance of a timber industry cluster and a cluster for the disposal of municipal solid waste in the Irkutsk region is substantiated.

Legal Problems of Environmental Information in the Management of Solid Municipal Waste

The article reveals some problems of legal regulation of the solid municipal waste management system and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage in terms of the elimination of unauthorized locations of solid municipal waste and landfills of solid municipal waste. The importance of the measures and rules adopted by the state to ensure the implementation of environmental protection projects to eliminate accumulated environmental damage, as well as to reduce the negative impact on the environment and human health, the importance of improving legislation in terms of ensuring access to environmental information in the field of education, processing, disposal and disposal of municipal solid waste is noted. Particular attention is paid to the need to establish transparency of the state environmental management aimed at implementing an Environmental Safety Strategy, one of the main issues of which is the creation of an integrated system for the management of solid municipal waste and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage.The direct dependence of ensuring environmental safety and achieving the indicators of the national development goals of the country on the transparency of environmental information generated during the management of solid municipal waste and the elimination of unauthorized landfills of solid municipal waste has been established. The article also touches upon some issues of coordination of the activities of public authorities that ensure the formation of a sustainable system of solid municipal waste management, and the importance of environmental information in the framework of building interdepartmental cooperation in this direction.

Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in the City of Aba: Challenges and Solutions

This paper focused on the challenges of municipal solid waste disposal in Aba urban, Nigeria, and proposed practical solutions to tackle this menace. The study used mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative research involved interviews with key stakeholders, including waste management officials and residents. The quantitative research involved surveys to collect data on waste generation disposal and waste management practices. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the complex issues surrounding municipal solid waste disposal in Aba. The study identified key challenges, such as inadequate waste collection and disposal infrastructure, lack of public awareness and participation in waste management, and insufficient funding for waste management services. The study also suggested possible solutions, such as improving waste collection and disposal infrastructure, increasing public awareness and participation in waste management, and exploring innovative funding mechanisms for waste management services.

Sustainable landfill sites selection using geospatial information and AHP-GDM approach: A case study of Abha-Khamis in Saudi Arabia

Social, environmental, and technical factors must be combined to solve the complex problem of ever-growing municipal solid waste (MSW) and minimize its negative impact on the environment. Saudi Arabia has launched a US$13 billion tourism strategy to transform the Asir region into a year-round tourist destination and has pledged to welcome 10 million local and foreign visitors by 2030. The estimated share of Abha-Khamis will increase to 7.18 million tons of household waste per year. With a gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 820.00 billion by the end of 2022, Saudi Arabia can no longer afford to neglect the issue of waste production and its safe disposal. In this study, to account for all factors and evaluation criteria, a combination of remote sensing, geographic information systems and an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the best locations for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in Abha-Khamis. The analysis revealed that 60% of the study area consists of faults (14.28%), drainage networks (12.80%), urban (11.43%), land use (11.41%) and roads (8.35%), while 40% of the suitable area for landfill. Of these, a total of 20 sites ranging in size from 100 to 595 ha are distributed at reasonable distances from the cities of Abha-Khamis, which meet all the critical criteria for suitable landfill sites mentioned in the literature. Current research shows that the use of integrated remote sensing, GIS and the AHP-GDM approach significantly improves the identification of land suitability for MSW management.

Application of peanut shell ash in geosynthetic clay liners to reduce the Zinc contamination in leachate

Human health is seriously harmed by heavy metal contamination. Municipal solid waste disposal facilities are one of the most preferred options that contaminate the land and the groundwater. The liquid produced by the anaerobic oxidation of solid waste in landfills is known as leachate. The leachate contains organic, inorganic, and heavy metals depending upon the type of waste. The main issue in developing nations is the pollution of ground and surface water caused by the generation of leachate. Most heavy metals are carcinogenic in nature and Zinc (Zn) is one of the heavy metals present in the leachate. Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh, India) is a highly polluted city with 1500 Metric tons of waste generated per day. A leachate sample was collected for the study area and its Physico-chemical composition was analyzed. The concentration of Zn was found as 11.47 mg/l in the leachate sample which is more than two times the permissible limit of 5.0 mg/l. The objective of this study is to reduce the Zn concentration of leachate samples after passing through a modified Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL). The modified geosynthetic clay liner was developed by adding different proportions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) of Peanut Shell Ash (PSA) with encapsulated Sodium Bentonite (Na-B) in commercial GCL. The efficiency of Zn removal from wastewater using peanut shells has been evaluated. In this study, it has attempted to find the best proportion of Na-B and PSA as encapsulated material of GCL to reduce the concentration of Zn.

Estimation of Capacity of Municipal Solid Waste - Based Power Generation Plant in Iraq

Using Municipal solid waste as a fuel for electric power generation is considered of an important matter for the engineers and scientists now a day. The municipal solid waste (MSW) that is collected in Baghdad city the capital of Iraq is estimated to be 14,368 ton /day for year 2029 with population of 10,769,040. In this paper an MSW - based power generation plant is suggested to be constructed in Baghdad as there are three final disposals of MSW one of them is Nabaai disposal facility which is considered the main final disposal of MSW in Baghdad as 85% of the MSW is deposited in it. The calculation of the power produced by MSW-based power plant for Baghdad is 299 MW which is greatly assists in relieving the power generation crisis in Iraq.