Plant Moringa Oleifera Research Articles

Effectiveness of herbal plants on rumen fermentation, methane gas emissions, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and population of protozoa.

Herbal plants have the potential to reduce the population of metagonic bacteria and protozoa due to the bioactive compound contained in herbal plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal plant supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics, methane (CH4) gas emissions, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and protozoan populations. This study consisted of two stages. Stage I involved determining the potential of herbal plants to increase total gas production (Orskov and McDonald methods) and reduce the protozoan population (Hristov method). Three potential herbs were selected at this stage and used in Stage II as supplements in the palm kernel cake (PKC)-based diet (30% herbal plants + 70% PKC). Proximate and Van Soest analyses were used to determine the chemical composition. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter (IVOMD), and rumen fermentation characteristics were determined using Theodorous method. Conway microdiffusion was used to determine ammonia concentration (NH3). Gas chromatography was used to determine the total and partial volatile fatty acid production. The results of the first stage showed that seven herbal plants (Moringa oleifera, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Clerodendron serratum, Curcuma longa Linn., Urena lobata, Uncaria, and Parkia timoriana) significantly differed in terms of total gas production (p < 0.05). Herbal plants can increase gas production and reduce protozoan populations. The highest total gas production was observed using P. timoriana, M. oleifera, and C. longa Linn. Moringa oleifera plants were the most effective in lowering protozoa population. In Stage 2, the supplementation of herbal plants in PKC-based-diet significantly increased IVDMD, that was ranged from 56.72% to 65.77%, IVOMD that was ranged from 52.10% to 59.54%, and NH3, that was ranged from 13.20 mM to 17.91 mM. Volatile fatty acid partial and total gas production potential and CH4 gas emissions were also significantly different from those of the control (p < 0.05). Supplementation of M. oleifera, C. longa Linn., and P. timoriana in ruminant diet effectively increased total gas production, IVDMD percentage, and IVOMD, and reduced CH4 gas emissions and protozoa populations during rumen fermentation.

Determination of Enzyme Activity and Vitamin Content of Moringa Oleifera Lam. in Response to Glutathione and Biofertilizer under Water Stress

The study was carried out in the canopy belongs to the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala in pots with a capacity of 28 kg during the spring growing season 2021 to know the effect of spraying with glutathione, biofertilizer (Algacell) under different water stress levels on the effectiveness of some enzymes and the content of some vitamins of Moringa Oleifera plant. The study was designed as a factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), as the study included three factors: glutathione with three concentrations (0, 100, 200) mg.L−1 and biofertilizer (Algacell) at two levels (0 and 10) ml. L−1 and water stress with three levels of field capacity (60%, 50%, 40%), and the averages were compared using Dunkin’s multinomial test at a probability level of 0.05. Most of the vegetative growth characteristics were the spraying treatment at a concentration of 200 ml. L−1 achieved the highest rates in terms of (the activity of the enzyme catalase, the activity of the dismutase enzyme, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, the concentration of ascorbic acid), which reached (2.75%, 28.622%, 6.005 mg.gm−1, 7.561%, 0.377 units.gm−1, 11.777 gm−1, 0.990 gm−1, 275.444 mg.gm−1), respectively, followed by the spray treatment with a concentration of 100 ml. L−1, while the comparison treatment recorded fewer concentrations, while the bio-fertilizer (Algacell) did not achieve a significant difference in all the studied traits, while the water stress treatment excelled at the level of 40% of the field capacity in the traits (the activity of the catalase enzyme, the activity of the dismutase enzyme, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, the concentration of ascorbic acid, the concentration of α-Tocopherol) which gave respectively (0.446 gm−1, 13.222 gm−1, 1.133 gm−1, 294.167 mg.gm−1, 257.83 μg.gm−1), and the effect of the double and triple interaction between the treatments was similar to their single effects in improving most of the studied traits.

Acute toxicity, phytochemicals, and nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves, a plant used as a food supplement in the tropical region of Nigeria

Introduction: The moringa oleifera (MO) plant is popularly known as the “miracle tree”. The uses of MO leaf extract in controlling high blood pressure and as a food supplement with high nutritional value have been documented scientifically. Some studies have also shown that dosages appear to be safe from tested toxicity but a relative increase such as 3-4 times the recommended doses is known to cause genotoxic damage. However, there is a paucity of human evidence of the potency of MO presently, most studies use animal models such as rats and ethanol extract. Objective: The study aims to assess the acute toxicity lethal and sublethal doses (LD50) of MO using Swiss albino mice and its phytochemical constituents in our locality where consumption is very high. Methods: The ethanol extraction method was used to obtain the concentrates of 100 g, and thirty (30) adult mice (30 - 40g) were used for Acute Toxicity (LD50). Phytochemical analyses were carried out to determine the major Bio-constituents. Result: Showed that LD50 of 3900 mg/kg produced death in mice. Piloerection amongst others and weight gain were observed in sublethal doses. Carbohydrates (36.6%), Calcium, Phenol, Ascorbic acid, and Methyl Octadecenoate (30%) recorded the highest constituents. Conclusion: it is safe to consume MO to promote health in the right doses.

Functional characteristics of Moringa oleifera supplemented cookies and their ameliorative effect on the lipid profile of hyperlipidaemic patients

SummaryRaised cholesterol levels can alleviate the risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke and are responsible for one‐third of all ischemic heart diseases worldwide. Moringa oleifera (MO) plant has gained nutraceutical prominence; therefore, its lipid‐lowering potential was investigated by its incorporation (leaves MOL, seeds MOS and leaves + seeds MOLS) into cookies. These cookies were then analysed for nutritional, physicochemical and clinical properties. The sensory properties received overall higher acceptability scores of 15% and 25% in MOL followed by MOS and MOLS cookies. Clinical investigations in hyperlipidaemic patients revealed significant reductions in total cholesterol (7.56% and 5.56%), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (6.59% and 5.03%) and triglycerides (6.75% and 4.76%) in MOL and MOLS. While a significant increase in the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (10.66%, 5.88% and 9.15%) in all three groups was observed, with a more pronounced raise in MOL Cookies. Furthermore, serum biochemistry (AST, ALT, ALP, urea and Creatinine) values remain within normal range revealing the safety for utilisation. The overall results indicated that MO possesses a positive effect on the lipid profile, therefore, can be a part of diet‐based therapy for the attenuation of chronic diseases.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Profile of Drumstick Tree “Moringa oleifera Lam”: An Overview

Background: The herbal plant “Moringa oleifera Lam” is widely cultivated throughout India. The plant belongs to the Moringaceae family. It is commonly called as Drumstick tree and Horse-radish tree. Sometimes, the plant Moringa oleifera is called a “Miracle tree or Tree of life.” Objective: The current manuscript summarizes the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of M.oleifera. Methods: Several pieces of literature have been searched in books, journals, and databases, including ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Publons, and Scopus. Results: The fruits and leaves of M. oleifera are generally used as a vegetable in the Indian subcontinent region. The whole parts of a plant contain valuable and essential therapeutic features; it has the richest content of antiradical components and nutrients. Various secondary components include hexacosone, pentacosane, phytol, carotenes, tocopherols, isothiocyanates, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinalbin, and gallic acid. It contains a higher percentage of vitamin A-E and vitamin K. Some mineral components include copper, calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and manganese. It has approximately more than forty naturally occurring antiradical constituents. The plant has diversified medicinal applications such as antidiabetic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifertility, antiallergic, antipyretic, wound healing, analgesic, central nervous system activity, and hepatoprotective activities. The plant Moringa oleifera Lam has been found effective in various infections and diseases. Conclusion: This article provides a detailed explanation of the phytochemical and pharmacological activity of the plant that is being discussed.

THE HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of Moringa oleifera plants on physiological and histological indicators of animals from previous studies. Studies have shown that the moringa plant causes insignificant weight loss in rats. The study also showed that the Moringa plant affected kidney function, that the kidney capsules of the control group were wider than those of the treated mice, and that the results for urea and creatinine were not statistically significant in the experimental animal group compared to the control animal livers. Physiological studies of the enzymes showed no significant difference, as the moringa plant provided protection and maintained the functional integrity of liver cells, while other studies in mice showed that the moringa plant caused a significant increase in blood calcium and phosphorus in patients with bone Moringa oleifera increased levels of fertility hormones (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone) in mice with porphyria and other studies. This study led to the need to increase awareness of the beneficial effects of this miracle tree (Moringa), the daily consumption of Moringa as a herb and even as a spice should be promoted, and the growing area in Iraq should be expanded. This should be considered for future nutritional research focusing on the use of moringa as a mineral supplement.It is too early to recommend Moringa leaves as a medicine for the prevention or treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, cancer and infectious diseases.

REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL AND ADVANCE USE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AS FOOD AND MEDICINE

The review aimed to highlight the Moringa oleifera plants uses traditional to advance uses of Moringa and how to improve nutritional value in daily edible product. Moringa dried leaves use different recipe and value added food using Moringa leaf. M. oleifera is used to treat a variety of conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, stress, skin, cancer, and many others. They can be consumed fresh or dried. Moringa all part is edible like leaves, fruits, root and bark. From leaves of M. oleifera the product are prepare like chocolate, paneer, biscuit, cake, yogurt, khakhara, chin-chin, muffins. The study shown some interesting information provides a breakdown of the findings regarding the usage of the Moringa species in Nigeria by ethnicity as well as the applications of Moringa oleifera in different food recipe improves their nutritional and functional value.

Microarray Gene Expression Data Generation and Pre-Processing of Moringa Oleifera Leaves for the Improvement of Medicinal Use

Moringa oleifera is a plant species belonging to the family name called Moringaceae widely cultivated for human use. This study aimed to generate microarray gene expression data from the leaves of the Moringa oleifera plant and explore the usage of some tools available in the Bioconductor R package for the quality control. Six (6) young Moringa Oleifera leaves (YMOL) samples and six (6) old Moringa oleifera leaves (OMOL) samples were collected from the plant and processed for microarray data generation. Microarray gene expression raw data from the leaves of the Moringa oleifera plants were generated, each in a CEL file format and the usage of some tools available in R programming Bioconductor open source and development software project were explored for the quality control of the data. Affycoretools were installed in the R environment for pre-processing of microarray raw data. AffyQCReport tools were used to generate a comprehensive quality control (QC) report for the microarray unnormalized raw data in PDF format. It is recommended that Gene chip robust multiarray analysis (GCRMA) method can be used for visual inspection, background correction, normalization and summarization of this microarray raw data. The normalized microarray raw data can be used through the genetic engineering to improve the Moringa oleifera plant medicinal values in order to solve some medical problems especially with patients suffering from diabetes and hypertension and also can be of enormous importance in the fields of pharmacy and medicine at large.

Response of Soil Replenishment on Coppicing Ability and Economic Values of Moringa oleifera Lam Seedlings

The study aimed at the response of soil replenishment on the coppicing ability of Moringa oleifera plant and economic values of Moringa oleifera seedlings. This study was carried out in the forest nursery of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State. Purposive random sampling technique was used and one hundred and forty (140) structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents and retrieved. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in seven treatments with five replicates and total of thirty-five samples were laid. The data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistics (percentage and frequency) and inferential statistics (Analysis of Variance). Moringa oleifera performed well under all the treatments but it performed exceptionally under the control (T7) with shoot height (17.46±0.70 cm), stem diameter (1.46±0.05 cm), number of leave (120.9±13.35) and number of branches (12.55±0.92). Furthermore, the results showed that food and medicinal use had highest percentage of 32.86% and 20.71% respectively; percentage responses to ailments of leave and stem diameter were 40% and 25% respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the findings of this research be disseminated to growers as it could improve the vegetative growth of their Moringa crops, medicinal uses, and sustainability.

The The Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using the Moringa Oleifera Plant and its Subsequent Characterization for Use in Energy Storage Applications

In this study, we describe the environmentally friendly synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) and its subsequent characterization for use in supercapacitors. Using extracts from dried, finely ground Moringa Oleifera as the reducing/capping agent, we created the CuO NP. The produced NPs were then examined using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical analysis techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) review were utilized to look at the electrochemical behavior of CuO-based electrodes. The analysis that followed determined that the green synthesize CuO NPs displayed supercapacitive behavior. This suggests that the synthesized CuO NPs will naturally encourage application as supercapacitive electrodes because it has been found that NPs absorbance varies linearly with NPs concentration, the 0.6 moles of CuO NPs produced the highest absorbance reading of 0.35 at 398 nm. The reflection spectra demonstrate that the material exhibits low reflectance properties in the medium ultraviolet region. However, as the spectra move toward the visible light region, the reflectance rises to its maximum value of 16 percent in the short ultraviolet region. The calculated crystallite sizes are as follows: 0.2 mols CuO NP, 0.3 mols CuO NP, 0.4 mols CuO NP, 0.5 mols CuO NP, and 0.6 mols CuO NP at 43.14 nm, 43.68 nm, 24.23 nm, 5.70 nm, and 12.87 nm, respectively, where Average D = 25.93 nm is the average crystalline size across all samples. the emergence of cubic grains that resemble nanorods with tube-like holes, SEM images demonstrate that CuO NPs can be distinguished from one another as seen in 0.2 mole CuO NPs.

Proximate Analysis of Moringa oleifera Leaves and the Antimicrobial Activities of Successive Leaf Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts Compared with Green Chemically Synthesized Ag-NPs and Crude Aqueous Extract against Some Pathogens.

Research on the use of different parts of the Moringa oleifera plant as a nutritional and pharmaceutical resource for human and animals has increased in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and the TPCs and TFCs of Moringa leaves, the antimicrobial activities of Moringa successive ethanolic, aqueous, crude aqueous extracts, and green-chemically synthesized characterized Ag-NPs. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract recorded the highest activity against E. coli. On the other side, the aqueous extract showed higher activity, and its effects ranged from 0.03 to 0.33 mg/mL against different strains. The MIC values of Moringa Ag-NPs against different pathogenic bacteria ranged from 0.05 mg/mL to 0.13 mg/mL, and the activity of the crude aqueous extract ranged from 0.15 to 0.83 mg/mL. For the antifungal activity, the ethanolic extract recorded the highest activity at 0.04 mg/mL, and the lowest activity was recorded at 0.42 mg/mL. However, the aqueous extract showed effects ranging from 0.42 to 1.17 mg/mL. Moringa Ag-NPs showed higher activity against the different fungal strains than the crude aqueous extract, and they ranged from 0.25 to 0.83 mg/mL. The MIC values of the Moringa crude aqueous extract ranged from 0.74 to 3.33 mg/mL. Moringa Ag-NPs and their crude aqueous extract may be utilized to boost antimicrobial attributes.

Rhizobiome Signature and Its Alteration Due to Watering in the Wild Plant Moringa oleifera

Metagenomic approach was used to detect microbial gene abundance and relative abundance in the rhizosphere of Moringa oleifera and surrounding bulk soil and to detect the response of soil microbes to watering. Expectedly, the number and abundance of non-redundant genes were extremely higher in bacteria followed by archaea, eukaryota and viruses. Results demonstrated unexpected high abundance of some microbes (ex., endophyte genus Nocardioides) in the rhizosphere that are supposed to exist mainly in other rhizocompartments. We suggest this differential distribution of microbes is due to the specific pattern of host-microbe interaction. Other endosymbiont microbes, ex., fungi Mucoromycota and Ascomycota, were highly abundant in the bulk soil possibly because they are phytopathogens where plant exudates might inhibit their growth or force these fungi to approach reverse chemotaxis. Our data indicated high abundance of other symbiont microbes in the rhizosphere of M. oleifera at phylum (ex., Actinobacteria) and genus (ex., Streptomyces) levels. Watering experiment indicated that phylum Actinobacteria and the descending genus Streptomyces are among the highest. Rhizobiome of M. oleifera seems to harbor a wealth of new species of the genus Streptomyces that are required to be deciphered for function in order to be eventually utilized in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.

Function of CAZymes encoded by highly abundant genes in rhizosphere microbiome of Moringa oleifera

Metagenomic analysis referring to CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active enZymes) of CAZy classes encoded by the most abundant genes in rhizosphere versus bulk soil microbes of the wild plant Moringa oleifera was conducted. Results indicated that microbiome signatures and corresponding CAZy datasets differ between the two soil types. CAZy class glycoside hydrolases (GH) and its α-amylase family GH13 in rhizobiome were proven to be the most abundant among CAZy classes and families. The most abundant bacteria harboring these CAZymes include phylum Actinobacteria and its genus Streptomyces and phylum Proteobacteria and its genus Microvirga. These CAZymes participate in KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway “Starch and sucrose metabolism” and mainly use the “double displacement catalytic mechanism” in their reactions. We assume that microbiome of the wild plant Moringa oleifera is a good source of industrially important enzymes that act on starch hydrolysis and/or biosynthesis. In addition, metabolic engineering and integration of certain microbes of this microbiomes can also be used in improving growth of domestic plants and their ability to tolerate adverse environmental conditions.

Flavonoic content and antibacterial evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves grow in Algeria.

The objective of this study is to fight against antibiotic resistance, especially in urinary tract infection. To limit the spread of this scourge, we have proposed the use of flavonoid extract of the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera Lam against pathogenic bacteria of urinary tract infections. M. oleifera, was introduced in the arid regions of the Algerian Sahara for sustainable rural development in Algeria. The phytochemical study, revealed the presence of a multitude of metabolites. The yield of aqueous extract is 27.35% ± 1.95 and flavonoid concentration is 38.59 ± 0.002 mg EQ/gE. The high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of 47 compounds, the most important of which are ascorbic acid (16.82%) and luteolin-7-Glycoside (26.8%). The aqueous extract has very significant antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone varying between 26.2 ± 0.25 (mm) for Bacillus anthracis and 12.66 ± 1.15 for Salmonella enteritidis.

Moringa oleifera seeds attenuate benzene-induced alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney tissues of Wistar rats

Benzene is a notorious toxicant that is responsible for a host of diseases including leukemia. Its concentration in the environment is increasing day-by-day due to excessive automobile use, accelerated industrial activities and cigarette smoke. The awareness on the harmful effects of benzene on health is limited and no antidote has been reported yet. In this study, an attempt has been made to find out a suitable remedy to overcome benzene toxicity in a living organism from a natural source with the seeds of the plant Moringa oleifera (MO). Thirty six Wistar rats were considered for the study and divided into six groups (n=6). While group I remained as control with normal animals, those in groups II – VI received benzene by oral route (800 mg/kg body weight) for 28 consecutive days. On day 29, the benzene-treated animals in groups III – VI received respectively the standard drug ascorbic acid (AA, 25 mg/kg body weight) and MO (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for the following 7 days. Group II rats that received only benzene served as negative control without any treatment. On day 36, all the animals were sacrificed and vital organs liver and kidney were removed for studying lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant markers [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Total reduced glutathione (TRG), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT)] in addition to histopathological changes in the tissues. The results of the study revealed that significant changes occurred in the above parameters due to benzene dosing to animals were reverted to near normal values on MO administration in the liver and kidney tissues as compared to untreated animals, suggesting MO’s pro-active role in attenuating benzene toxicity.

Potent Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Moringa oleifera Leaves.

Plant species are known to harbor large number of endophytes, which stays in plant tissues as symbionts. These endophytes secrete large array of bioactive compounds that have potency against certain diseases with no side effects. We have collected leaf samples of the Moringa oleifera plant from the Pakistan Forest Institute, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for the isolation of beneficial endophytes. The strains isolated from the leaves of M. oleifera were coded with MOL and tested for antimicrobial, antifungal, germicidal, phytotoxic, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The isolates, MOL1, MOL16, MOL19, and MOL21, possessed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas MOL7 inhibited 55% of the growth of Escherichia coli. MOL3 inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The strains, MOL1 and MOL7, showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while the strains, MOL11 and MOL17, showed activity against Verticillium chlamydosporium. The isolates, MOL3, MOL7, MOL9, MOL15, MOL17, MOL18, and MOL19, inhibited the growth of Lemna minor (duckweed) at 100 μg/ml. MOL2 exhibited strong activity in the brine shrimp assay, while MOL1, MOL2, MOL5, MOL6, MOL12, MOL17, MOL19, and MOL20 showed insecticidal, and MOL3 demonstrated larvicidal and antileishmanial activity. The isolated potent endophytes were identified as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Tricoderma, Rhizoctonia, Mucor, Alternaria, Pestalotiopsis, Acremonium, and Cladosporium through morphological and microscopic characteristics of the colonies.

Preparation and characterization of low-cost activated carbon from Moringa oleifera chemically activated using ZnCl2 for the adsorption of bisphenol A

The use of agricultural by-products such as Moringa oleifera plants is one effort to support the reduction of environmental pollution. Activated carbon produces from agricultural wastes is relatively less expensive and can replace traditional methods such as renewable as well as nonrenewable materials such as petroleum residue and coal. In this study, the removal of bisphenol A from aqueous media was studied using activated carbon produced from M. oleifera pods and peels. A batch adsorption study was carried out by varying the parameters of the adsorption process. A maximum removal percentage of 95.46% was achieved at optimum conditions of 2.5 g L−1 adsorbent dose, pH 7, 60 min contact time and 20 mg L−1 initial concentration of BPA. The BET surface areas of MOP, MOP-AC and MOP-ACZ were found to be 12.60, 4.10 and 45.96 m2/g, respectively. The experimental data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 20.14 mg g−1. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with a good correlation. The results indicate that the M. oleifera activated carbon could be employed as a low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in the removal of BPA from water.

MINIMUM INHIBITION AND BACTERICIDAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PLANT MORINGA OLEIFERA EXTRACTS AGAINST THE BACTERIA ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

This study aimed at assessing the MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations) and the MBCs (Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations) of the methanolic extracts from 4 different parts (leaves, seeds, stem, roots) of the plant Moringa oleifera against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. Phytochemical profile of each extract has been determined using LC/MS analyses. Microbial analyses were done using 96-wells plate method. Results showed that the four parts on the plants contain heterosides and glucosinolates. Iridoids were found in leaves, stem and roots. Flavonoids were found in leaves and stem. Phenolic acids were found only in leaves and carboxylic acids found only in stem. The abundance and the number of identified compounds of a given class varied from one part of plant to another. The MICs and MBCs varied with respect to the microorganism and the part of the plant. With E. coli, the MICs varied from 0.009 (leaves) to 1.25 mg/mL (seeds), and the MBCs varied from 0.156 (leaves) to 2.5 mg/mL (seeds and stem). With S. aureus, the MICs varied from 0.009 (stem and roots) to 0.039 mg/mL (leaves and roots), and the MBCs varied from 0.078 (leaves) to 4 mg/mL (stem). The bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties of the extracts varied depending on the part of the plant and the microorganism considered. Against E. coli, the leaves, stem and roots extracts were bacteriostatic whereas seeds extract was bactericidal. Against S. aureus, the seeds, stem and roots extracts were bacteriostatic whereas leaves extract was bactericidal.

A Review on Nutritional Quality of Green Leafy Vegetables

Vegetables play an important role in food and nutrition conservation. Green leafy vegetables, in particular,are known as a high-quality source of vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Leafy vegetables havehigher levels of mineral nutrients like iron and calcium than staple foods like grains. Leafy vegetables areamong the most potent herbal assets and the only available sources of folic acid, this paper examines thenutritional and anti-nutritional properties of some common green leafy vegetables, which are significantlyhigher in Moringa oleifera plant leaves than in other leafy and non-leafy vegetables. There are several different forms and compositions of nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in edible leafy vegetable plants.Antinutritionalelements are chemical compounds found in plant tissues that prevent humans from absorbingnutrients. Their results can be direct or indirect and they can vary from mild reactions to death. Antinutrientssuch as nitrates, phytates, tannins, oxalates, and cyanogenic glycosides have been linked toseveral healthproblems. Anti-nutritional factors can be minimized using one-of-a-kind processing techniques such asboiling and blanching. The various analytical methods for the willpower of the various dietary and antinutritional factors in a few green leafy vegetables were also briefly discussed below.

Functional Interpretation of Cross-Talking Pathways with Emphasis on Amino Acid Metabolism in Rhizosphere Microbiome of the Wild Plant Moringa oleifera

The functional processes and mutual benefits of the wild plant Moringa oleifera and its rhizosphere microbiome were studied via metagenomic whole-genome shotgun sequencing (mWGS) in comparison with a bulk soil microbiome. The results indicated high gene abundance of the four KEGG categories, “Cellular Processes”, “Environmental Information Processing”, “Genetic Information Processing”, and “Metabolism”, in the rhizosphere microbiome. Most of the enriched enzymes in rhizobacteria are assigned to the pathway “Amino acids metabolism”, where soil-dwelling microbes use amino acids as a defense mechanism against phytopathogens, while promoting growth, colonizing the cohabiting commensal microbes and conferring tolerance against abiotic stresses. In the present study, it was proven that these beneficial microbes include Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli. Mineral solubilization in these rhizobacteria can make nutrients available for plant utilization. These rhizobacteria extensively synthesize and metabolize amino acids at a high rate, which makes nitrogen available in different forms for plants and microbes. Amino acids in the rhizosphere might stand mainly as an intermediate switcher for the direction of the soil nitrogen cycle. Indole acetic acid (IAA) was proven to be synthesized by these beneficial rhizobacteria via route indole-3-pyruvate (IPyA) of the pathway “Tryptophan metabolism”. This hormone might stand as a shuttle signaling molecule between M. oleifera and its rhizobacteria. Tryptophan is also metabolized to promote other processes with important industrial applications. Rhizobacteria were also proven to breakdown starch and sucrose into glucose, which is the primary metabolic fuel of living organisms. In conclusion, we assume that the metabolic processes in the rhizosphere microbiome of this wild plant can be eventually utilized in boosting the sustainability of agriculture applications and the plant’s ability to benefit from soil nutrients when they are not in the form available for plant root absorption.