μM For Acetaminophen Research Articles

Electrochemical sensing for simultaneous determination of dopamine and acetaminophen based on ZIF-8@ZIF-67 derived Co/Mo2C embedded in N-doped carbon hollow nanocages

The exploration of an economical and efficient noble metal-free heterogeneous catalyst is of great significance for the construction of an electrochemical method for the simultaneous detection of Dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC). In this paper, we employed a facile strategy to obtain Co/Mo2C nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon hollow nanocages (Co/Mo2C@N-C HNCs) heterogeneous structure by pyrolyzing ZIF-8@ZIF-67 precursor. The unique hollow structure ensures a fast electron transport channel, N doping regulates the local electronic structure of the catalyst, and the synergistic effect with Mo2C and Co nanoparticles provides more electrocatalytic active sites. The Co/Mo2C@N-C HNCs electrode separates the overlapping voltammetry peaks of DA and AC into two distinct voltammetry peaks (△E=200 mV), thereby selectively determining DA in the presence of AC and vice versa. The transfer coefficient (α) and electron transfer number (n) of DA and AC electrocatalytic oxidation were also studied. Using Co/Mo2C@N-C HNCs as electrode, an electrochemical sensor platform for the simultaneous detection of acetaminophen (AC) and dopamine (DA) was first constructed with linear range of 1–185 μM, and 1–100 μM and low detection limit of 0.35 μM and 0.46 μM for AC and DA, respectively. Satisfactory results have been obtained in the determination of human serum and acetaminophen tablets samples. DFT calculation reveals the molecular mechanisms for DA and AC interacting with the Co/Mo2C@N-C HNCs catalysts. This strategy provides a new idea for the selective determination of several analytes in complex substrates.

Solvothermal synthesis of organoclay/Cu-MOF composite and its application in film modified GCE for simultaneous electrochemical detection of deoxyepinephrine, acetaminophen and tyrosine.

An organoclay/copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF) composite was synthesized using a solvothermal method by growing a Cu-BTC (copper(ii) benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) MOF from a mixture of the MOF precursor solution in which various amounts of organoclay had been dispersed. The organoclay was obtained by intercalating a cationic dye, namely thionin, into a natural Cameroonian clay sampled in Sagba deposit (North West of Cameroon). The organoclay and the as-synthesized composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) techniques. From Scherrer's equation, the crystallite size of the composite was found to be between 55 and 58 nm, twice as large as the pristine MOF's crystallite size. The organoclay/Cu-MOF composite (Sa-TN50/Cu3(BTC)2) exhibiting a BET surface area of 192 m2 g-1, about twice that of pristine clay and about one seventh that of pristine MOF, was then utilized to form a stable thin film onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) by drop coating (Sa-TN50/Cu3(BTC)2/GCE). These electrodes demonstrated electrocatalytic behavior toward deoxyepinephrine (DXEP) and thus enabled selective and simultaneous sensitive detection of three analytes: DXEP, acetaminophen (AC) and tyrosine (TYR) compared with bare GCE and clay modified electrode. Under optimum conditions, Sa-TN50/Cu3(BTC)2/GCE exhibited good performance including large calibration curves ranging from 5.0 μM to 138.0 μM for DXEP, 4.0 μM to 153.0 μM for AC and 1.0 μM to 29.4 μM for TYR. The detection limits were found to be, 0.4 μM, 0.7 μM and 0.2 μM for DXEP, AC and TYR, respectively. The developed sensors have been applied successfully in the quantification of AC in a commercial tablet of AC, and DXEP, AC and TYR in tap water.

Sensitive electrochemical sensor based on gold nanoparticles assembled ferrocene-functionalised graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine and acetaminophen

In this article, a novel electron transfer mediator based on the ferrocene-functionalised graphene oxide (Fc-GO) was successfully synthesised by the amide linkage between amino (–NH2) in m-ferrocenylaniline (FcAni) and carboxylic (–COOH) in GO sheet through coupling reagents. This novel electroactive Fc-GO can effectively prevent the ferrocene mediator leaking from the electrode surface. Then, gold nanoparticles assembled ferrocene-functionalised graphene oxide (AuNPs@Fc-GO) was prepared and further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD). The AuNPs@Fc-GO was modified on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to construct an electrochemical sensor for sensitively simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC). The characteristics toward DA and AC were investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. Simultaneous determination of both analytes was accomplished under the optimum condition. The oxidation peak potential of DA and AC was 0.20 and 0.43 V, respectively. The linear current response was obtained in the concentration range of 2–200 μM with the detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.32 μM for DA and 2–200 μM with the detection limit of 0.21 μM for AC, respectively. Finally, the AuNPs@Fc-GO modified GCE was applied for the determination of DA and AC in human urine samples with satisfactory results. Therefore, the AuNPs@Fc-GO was a novel promising candidate for fabricating an electrochemical sensor for the determination of DA and AC in real biological samples.

Synthesis and Introducing Au-Cu Alloy Nanoparticles/Porous Silicon as a Novel Modifier of Screen Printed Carbon Electrode in Simultaneous Electrocatalytic Detection of Codeine and Acetaminophen

In the present study, a bimetallic nanostructure of gold-copper (Au-CuNPs) was decorated on the surface of porous silicon (PSi) using an easy galvanic replacement reaction between metal ions and PSi in the presence of 0.1 M hydrofluoric acid solution. The morphology and structures of the Au-CuNPs@PSi nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Then, prepared nanocomposite was used as a modifier in screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the highly sensitive simultaneous determination of codeine (COD) and acetaminophen (ACE). The combination of PSi and metals nanoparticles provide a porous and high surface area with excellent electrical conductivity which leads to reduce the peak potentials and enhance the oxidation peak currents of COD and ACE at the surface of the Au-CuNPs@PSi/SPCE nanosensor. The dynamic linear ranges were obtained from 0.06 to 0.6 μM for both COD and ACE and the detection limits (3.0 S/N) estimated 0.35 μM for COD and 0.30 μM for ACE, respectively. Moreover, recovery tests were carried out in real samples such as urine, human blood plasma, and tablets.

Fast Synthesis of Copper-Nickel Bimetal and Reduced Graphene Hybrid Nanomaterial for Sensitive Sensing of 4-Aminophenol and Acetaminophen Simultaneously

Herein, a hybrid nanomaterial of copper-nickel bimetal and reduced graphene (rGO) was simply and quickly synthesized by hydrothermal method, which was characterized by transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance and X-ray diffractometry. A new type of electrochemical sensor was constructed by fixing this hybrid on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry indicate that this Cu-Ni/rGO/GCE sensor has highly sensitive electrocatalytic activities to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and acetaminophen (AC). The linear detection ranges were 0.10∼50.00 μM for AC and 0.10∼30.00 μM for 4-AP, with the detection limits of 2.13 nM for AC and 2.19 nM for 4-AP, respectively. The Cu-Ni/rGO/GCE was successfully used for the determination of 4-AP and AC simultaneously of paracetamol tablets, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Molecular-scale cage-confinement pyrolysis route to size-controlled molybdenum carbide nanoparticles for electrochemical sensor

Herein, size-controllable molybdenum carbide nanoparticles (Mo2C NPs) encapsulated by N, P-codoped carbon shells which simultaneously wrapping on the surface of carbon nanotube (Mo2C@NPC/CNT) is synthesized through a molecular-scale cage-confinement pyrolysis route. Such confinement achieves a good coating and protection of Mo2C and the effective control over the size of Mo2C NPs ranging from 2.5 to 10 nm facilitates a rational investigation into their electrochemical sensor behavior at nanometer scales. The optimized structure consisting of Mo2C nanoparticles with size of ~5 nm showed an outstanding electrochemical response toward dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC) with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.008 μM for AC and 0.01 μM for DA.

Rapid sol gel synthesis of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles: An excellent catalytic application in the electrochemical detection of tramadol in the presence of acetaminophen

• A BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles modified screen printed electrode was constructed. • This electrode reduced the overpotential for oxidation of tramadol about 140 mv. • This electrode was used for determination of tramadol and acetaminophen. The present study reports synthesis of BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles by sol gel technique followed by its characterization using Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles have been applied to construct a modified graphite screen-printed electrode (GSPE). BaFe 12 O 19 /GSPE has been applied as a working electrode in the analysis of tramadol and acetaminophen by voltammetric techniques. The BaFe 12 O 19 /GSPE showed a good selectiveness for analysis of tramadol in the presence of acetaminophen with the separated peak potentials at ~ 230 mV, and ~ 700 mV, respectively. Excellent linear calibration curves, ranging from 0.08 to 500.0 µM for tramadol and from 5.0 to 500.0 µM for acetaminophen, with detection limits of 0.025 and 1.5 µM were obtained.

ZIF-67/g-C3N4-Modified Electrode for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Uric Acid and Acetaminophen with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide as Discriminating Agent

In the present paper, the ZIF-67/g-C3N4 composite was synthesized and utilized as a modifier for a glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of uric acid (URA) and acetaminophen (ACE) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a discriminating agent. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The obtained ZIF-67/g-C3N4 composite exhibits good textural properties (specific surface area: 75 m2·g−1) and is stable in water with a pH range of 3 to 10. The ZIF-67/g-C3N4-modified electrode combined with CTAB as a discriminating agent possesses excellent catalytic electrochemistry towards URA and ACE with well-defined electrochemical responses. The electrochemical kinetics study is also addressed. The linear relation of the oxidation peak current of URA and ACE and the concentration ranging from 0.2 μM to 6.5 μM provide a detection limit of 0.052 μM for URA and 0.053 μM for ACE. The proposed method is well-suited to simultaneously analyze URA and ACE in human urine with comparable results with HPLC.

A flexible CVD graphene platform electrode modified with l-aspartic acid for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, epinephrine and tyrosine

A graphene platform electrode (GPE) was fabricated by transferring chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene films from copper foils to flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrates supported by polymethyl-methacrylate. l-Aspartic acid (l-Asp) was immobilized onto the surface of GPE by electrodeposition to form a poly-l-Asp/GPE, which was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Hence, a novel poly-l-Asp modified GPE was created for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of acetaminophen (AC), epinephrine (EP) and tyrosine (TY). Cyclic voltammetry was used for investigating the electrocatalytic activity of the poly-l-Asp/GPE sensor towards the detection of AC, EP and TY in comparison with that of GPE. The simultaneous determination of AC, EP and TY was realized by the differential pulse voltammetry technique at poly-l-Asp/GPE. The broad linear ranges to AC, EP and TY were obtained by chronoamperometry, which were from 0.05 to 108.25 μM for AC, 0.025 to 123.3 μM for EP and 0.1 to 93.9 μM for TY, with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.011 μM, 0.006 μM and 0.31 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the as-fabricated sensor showed extraordinary stability as well as high anti-interference ability, and was utilized successfully in detecting real samples.

Design of novel, simple, and inexpensive 3D printing-based miniaturized electrochemical platform containing embedded disposable detector for analytical applications.

This paper describes the development of a novel, simple, and inexpensive electrochemical device containing an integrated and disposable three-electrode system for detection. The base of this platform consists on a PDMS structure containing microchannels which were prototyped using 3D-printed molds. Pencil graphite leads were inserted into these microchannels and utilized as working, counter and reference electrodes in a novel design. Morphological analysis and electrochemical experiments with benchmark redox probes were carried out in order to evaluate the performance and characterize the miniaturized device proposed. Even using inexpensive materials and a simple fabrication protocol, the electrochemical platform developed provided good repeatability and reproducibility over a low cost (ca. $2 per device), acceptable lifetime (ca. 250 voltammetric runs) and extremely reduced consumption of samples and reagents (order of µL). As proof of concept, the analytical feasibility of the platform was investigated through the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DOPA) and acetaminophen (AC). The two analytes showed linear dependence on the concentration range from 1 to 15µM and the LODs achieved were 0.21µM for DOPA and 0.29µM for AC. Moreover, the platform was successfully applied on the determination of DOPA and AC in spiked blood serum and urine samples. The results obtained with the device described here were better than some reports in literature that use more costly electrodic materials and complex modification steps for the detection of the same analytes.

Pd nanoparticles decorated poly-methyldopa@GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode as a new electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and phenylephrine.

In this study, a new nanocomposite consists of magnetic graphene oxide (GO/Fe3O4), poly-methyldopa (PMDA) and Pd nanoparticle was prepared and utilized for constructing an electrochemical sensor to determine acetaminophen (AC) and phenylephrine (PHE). The structure of nanocomposite has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of various parameters with effective on the sensor response are optimized. In a range, 5 nM to 2.5 μM for AC and 50 nM to 3 μM for PHE the designed sensor had a response linearly reliant on the AC and PHE concentration respectively by differential pulse voltammetry. Also, the limits of detection for AC and PHE with this sensor were 2.1 nM and 7.8 nM, respectively. It successfully employed for the determination of trace amounts of the AC and PHE in pharmaceutical combination and human serum samples.

Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Acetaminophen and Dopamine Based on Metal-Organic Framework/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes-Au@Ag Nanocomposites

In the present work, a novel and selective electrochemical sensor based on copper porphyrin metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) and Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was designed for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (ACOP) and dopamine (DA). The fabrication strategy was accomplished via drop casting of MWCNT-Au@Ag onto the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and then electrodeposition of Cu-MOF on the MWCNT-Au@Ag/GCE. By combining the high surface area (400.54 m2·g−1) of Cu-MOFs with superior conductivity and electrocatalytic properties of MWCNT-Au@Ag nanocomposites, the proposed sensor exhibited the remarkable performance for the electrocatalytic detection ACOP and DA. Under the optimized conditions, Cu-MOFs/MWCNT-Au@Ag/GCE delivered good differential pulse voltammetric response in the ACOP concentration of 1.0∼40, 40∼500 μM and the DA concentration of 0.6∼70, 70∼300 μM with the detection limit of 0.232 μM for ACOP and 0.082 μM for DA, separately. In addition, the designed electrochemical sensor was applied for the determination of ACOP and DA in real samples with reliable and satisfying recoveries (97.88∼104.38% for ACOP and 98.28∼104.40% for DA, respectively) and precisions (2.15∼4.78% of RSD for ACOP and 1.47∼4.46% of RSD for DA, respectively). As expected, these data suggested that the Cu-MOFs/MWCNT-Au@Ag was an excellent potential platform for simple and convenient determination of ACOP and DA.

G-C3N4 nanofibers doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified electrode for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen

A fast and sensitive electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and acetaminophen (AP) was proposed based on g-C3N4 nanofibers (h-CN) doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) (PEDOT) composite. PEDOT/h-CN hybrid film was directly deposited on glass carbon electrode (GCE) by in-situ electropolymerization. The incorporation of h-CN and PEDOT brought out enhanced electro-catalytic activity and additional binding sites for AA and AP, which could be ascribed to the synergetic effect between h-CN and PEDOT. Under the optimal experimental condition, the oxidation peak currents of AA and AP give linear response over the range of 4–20 μM, 20–1800 μM and 1–10 μM, 10–50 μM, respectively. The detection limit of the modified electrode was calculated to be 1.51 μM for AA and 0.49 μM for AP (S/N = 3). The electrochemical experiments also suggested that PEDOT/h-CN modified electrode was feasible practice for quantitative detection of AA and AP.

Facile green synthesis of graphene–titanium nitride hybrid nanostructure for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and 4-aminophenol

We demonstrate herein a newly developed electrochemical sensor base on the reduced graphene oxide–titanium nitride (RGO–TiN) nanohybrid. The nanohybrid was prepared by mixing the TiN nanoparticles and GO dispersion and then treating with glucose and Zn foils. The morphologies and microstructures of the as-prepared nanohybrid were characterized by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The as-prepared RGO–TiN nanohybrid exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the simultaneous detection of acetaminophen (ACOP) and 4-aminophenol (4-AP). As a result, the linear detection ranges were 0.06–660μM for ACOP and 0.05–520μM for 4-AP, respectively, with the low detection limits of 0.02μM for ACOP and 0.013μM for 4-AP. Based on the excellent performance, it was demonstrated that the prepared RGO–TiN nanohybrid was a promising candidate for advanced electrode material in electrochemical sensing field and the as-prepared RGO–TiN nanohybrid may find more applications for the detection of various analytes.

Synthesis and characterization of ordered mesoporous carbon as electrocatalyst for simultaneous determination of epinephrine and acetaminophen

In this research, we report an easy method for synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) with hexagonal arrays of tubes (CMK-5). The synthesized OMC was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen sorption isotherms techniques. Due to the large surface area and high conductivity of OMC, OMC-modified glassy carbon (OMCs/GC) electrode was prepared. The unique electrochemical activity of OMCs/GC electrode was illustrated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in which OMC showed a faster electron transfer rate, as compared with glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical behavior of epinephrine (EN) and acetaminophen (AP) at OMC/GC electrode was also investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The OMC/GC electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activities toward oxidation of EN and AP and displayed good voltammetric peak separation between them. In differential pulse voltammetry technique, both EN and AP give sensitive oxidation peaks at 120 mV and 320 mV, respectively. Therefore, investigated method was applied for simultaneous determination of EN and AP. AP and EN give linear response over the range of 0.2–15 μM and 4–100 μM, respectively. The lower detection limits were found to be 0.07 μM for AP and 0.94 μM for EN.

Simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and dopamine using SWCNT modified carbon–ceramic electrode by differential pulse voltammetry

A highly sensitive method was investigated for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (AC) and dopamine (DA) using single wall carbon nanotubes modified carbon–ceramic electrode (SWCNT/CCE). The SWCNT/CCE displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities towards the oxidation of AC and DA. Under optimized experimental conditions in differential pulse voltammetry technique, AC and DA gave linear response over the ranges 0.2–100.0μM (R2=0.996) and 0.4–150.0μM (R2=0.999), respectively. The detection limits (S/N=3) were found to be 0.12μM for AC and 0.22μM for DA. The present method was applied to the determination of AC and DA in some commercial pharmaceutical samples.