Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Of Extract Research Articles

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Different Solvent Extracts from Moringa stenopetala Leaves.

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts of Moringa stenopetala (MS) leaves against nine selected pathogenic microorganisms. The disc diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial activity and determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Methanol, and chloroform extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus. The greatest antimicrobial activity, determined by lowest MIC values (62.5 μg/mL), was observed for inhibition of C. albicans by the ethanol extract and Streptococcus pneumoniae by the methanol extract. The MICs of chloroform extract were 125 μg/mL against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and B. cereus. Water extract showed the lowest inhibition against these microorganisms, with MIC values of 250 μg/mL. The data presented in this study suggest that MS leaves have great potential in the development of food preservatives and antibiotic drugs.

Antimicrobial Potential of Camellia sinensis against Skin Associated Microbial Pathogens

The present study was undertaken to assess the antimicrobial potential of leaves’ extract of Green tea (Camellia sinensis) against skin associated microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was studied through agar well diffusion method against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungus included Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in five different solvents viz. Methanol, Ethanol, Distilled water, Chloroform and Petroleum ether. The methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis showed maximum zone of inhibition against Propionibacterium acne (27 mm) and S. aureus (26 mm); ethanolic extract was most effective against Candida albicans (22 mm) and petroleum ether extract was most effective against S. aureus (20 mm). The antimicrobial analyses showed that the extracts were more effective against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria and fungus. Comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Camellia sinensis extracts with antibiotics revealed that Camellia sinensis methanolic extract had maximum effective antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis against the microbial agents under study ranged between 0.125 to 0.015625 mg/ml. The synergistic interaction of Camellia sinensis with antibiotics revealed much better results as compared to antibiotics susceptibility pattern alone. Phytochemicals analyses of Camellia sinensis included alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, proteins, phenols, tannins and phytosterols. The compounds identified by GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis were reported to be used as water treatment, antifungals, antimicrobials and enzymatic inhibitors, improve mental alertness, antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and comonomer (e.g. for lubricating oil additives). Therefore, it may be concluded that Camellia sinensis leaves possess antibacterial and antifungal properties, which may be used as alternate drug of choice due to its lower side-effects to human skin as compared to presently used therapeutic agents.

Anti-bacterial Activity of <i>Tithonia diversifolia</i>, <i>Secamore afzelli</i> and <i>Jaundea pinnata</i> Against Plasmid-bearing Multiple Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria from Different Water Sources in Akure, Nigeria

This study aims at assessing the antibacterial efficacies of some plant leaves. In this study, the antibacterial efficacies of Tithonia diversifolia Harm, Secamore afzelli Linn, and Jaundea pinnata Linn were assayed against plasmid-bearing multiple antibiotics resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from different water sources in Akure local government, Nigeria. The extracts of the plant leaves were prepared using cold water, hot water, Petroleum ether and Ethanolic solvents. The plant leaves of Tithonia diversifolia, Secamore afzelli and Jaundea pinnata were air-dried and pulverized using an electric blender which were soaked in 1 liter of solvent each for 72 hours after which it was sieved using muslin cloth and filtered using Whatman No 1 filter paper. Filtrates collected in beaker were concentrated in vacuousing rotary evaporator. The extracts were then reconstituted in tween 20 and sterilized with the aid of Millipore membrane filter. Agar well diffusion technique was done by using 1 ml aliquot of 18 hours broth culture that had been adjusted to the 0.5 McFarland standards which was dispensed into sterile Petri dishes and molten sterile Muller-Hinton agar was aseptically poured into the plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Clear zones around the wells were measured in millilitres. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts that showed antimicrobial activity were reconstituted by diluting 0.5 g of each in 10 ml of Tween 20 and then sterilized by passing through sterile Millipore membrane filter (0.45 µl). Different concentration of the extracts (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 mg/ml) was used. From this research work, it was observed that the highest plant extract yield was seen in the ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversifolia, Secamore afzelli and cold water extracts of Jaundea pinnata having 17.8%, 8.6% and 15.7% respectively while the lowest yield was observed in petroleum ether extracts of Secamore afzelli. From the antibacterial analysis, it was observed that Hot water extract of J. pinnata inhibited Acinetobacter baumanni, Salmonella typhimurum while the cold water extracts of T. diversifolia inhibited Enterobacter aerogenes and Shigella dysenteriae.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An In vitro Study.

Background:There is increasing interest to develop antimicrobial aids from alternative sources such as medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious diseases. Neem and clove are known to have antimicrobial properties.Aim:The study aimed at detecting the antibacterial and antifungal activity of neem and clove extract against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.Materials and Methods:Strains of S. mutans and C. albicans and selective media for growing micro-organisms were procured. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using two methods, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth dilution method and determining the zone of inhibition using well diffusion method on mitis salivarius bacitracin selective for S. mutans and Saboraud's dextrose agar plates for C. albicans. One way ANOVA with post hoc analysis was done to compare the antimicrobial activity of extracts and 0.2% chlorhexidine.Results:MIC of neem extract was found to be 4.2 mg/ml and 5.0 mg/ml against S. mutans and C. albicans, respectively. While for cloves, it was 5.5 mg/ml for both. Neem had the highest antibacterial activity with a mean zone of inhibition of 11.4 mm followed by chlorhexidine and cloves whereas antifungal activity was highest for chlorhexidine (14.4 mm) followed by neem and clove.Conclusion:The result of the study established that both plant extracts possess antimicrobial activity against common microbes present in the oral cavity.

Evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of different concentrations of Curcuma longa on Candida albicans: An in vitro study.

Background:Candidal infections have increased significantly in denture wearers, especially in immunocompromised patients. The increase in resistance to existing antifungal drugs and number of patients at risk, in conjunction with the restricted number of commercially available antifungal drugs that still present many side effects, are the cause for this problem. These limitations emphasize the need to develop new and more effective antifungal agents with lesser side effects.Materials and Methods:The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible antifungal action of the alcoholic extract of different concentrations of Curcuma longa on four dilutions of Candida albicans (1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:80) and to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration using Sabouraud's agar medium.Results:There was complete inhibition of the growth of all four dilutions of Candida at a concentration of 800 μl which is considered as the MIC of alcoholic extract of turmeric on C. albicans, and the minimum fungicidal concentration was at 1600 μl.Conclusion:This study indicates a potent antifungal action of C. longa against C. albicans.

IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ACTINOMYCETES STRAINS ISOLATED FROM SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE COASTAL AREA OF HUE, DA NANG AND QUANG NAM PROVINCES, VIETNAM

Microorganisms are of particular interest because of their ability to synthesize high-value secondary compounds and provide us with novel and diverse chemical structures. The most common source of antibiotics is Actinomycetes which provide around two-third of naturally occurring antibiotics, including many of medical importance. In this study, 81 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from 145 samples including: sediments, sponges, soft corals, echinoderms and starfish collected from three sea areas of Vietnam: Hue, Da Nang and Quang Nam. The strains were fermented in A+ medium and fermentation broths were extracted 5 times with ethyl acetate. The extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude extracts. Quantitative assay was used to determine MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) of extract against 7 reference strains. From the results of screening, Seven strains of actinomycetes that have the highest biological activity (Code: G244, G246, G261, G266, G278, G280 and G290) were chosen to be identified by morphological and phylogenetic based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that 6 strains G246, G261, G266, G278, G280 and G290 belonged to the genus Streptomyces; and the strain G244 belonged to the genus Micromonospora. In particular, strains G244, G278, G280 were resistant 5/7 strains of microorganisms test, with values MICs from 2 µg/mL to 256 µg/mL; and three strains G261, G266, G290 showed the inhibitory effect towards 4/7 strains of microorganisms test, with respective values MICs from 2 µg/mL to 256 µg/mL. Moreover, six of the seven selected strains were highly resistant to yeast Candida albicans ATCC10231 with MIC values from 2 µg/mL to 256 µg/mL. These results indicated that marine Actinomycetes in Vietnam are also a potential source to find bioactive substances.

Potency of Ethanol Extract from Berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.) Fruit Rind and Flesh as Antibacterial Agents

Berenuk (Crescentia cujete L.) fruit is widely used by the community in East Java as traditional medicine. The objectives of this research were to determine the antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract of berenuk’s fruit rind and flesh against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Berenuk’s fruit rind and flesh were extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol by maceration method. Phytochemical screening was performed by Harborne method. Antibacterial activity and MIC of the extracts were analyzed using disc diffusion method by bacterial concentration of 106 CFU/mL. The result showed that ethanol extract of berenuk’s fruit rind contained alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and flavonoid, while ethanol extract of fruit flesh contained alkaloid and flavonoid. Antibacterial analysis showed no inhibition zone on both extracts against E. coli. Ethanol extract of berenuk’s fruit rind showed inhibition zone only on the growth of S. aureus at the concentration of 80% (w/v) and 100% (w/v). The MIC of ethanol extract of berenuk’s fruit rind on S. aureus growth obtained at a concentration of 65% (w/v).

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR RUBRUM EXTRACT AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Background: gram-negative bacteria-salmonella typhi and gram-positive bacteria-staphylococcus aureus are types of bacteria that cause infectious disease among several areas in Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus often found in skin lesions injury. Red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) has been known for its medicinal value especially as an antibacterial agent. Purpose: This study aims to test the ability of Zingiber officinale var rubrum on inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: the activity of the antibacterial agent was calculated based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of extract was determined by incubating bacteria with the extract overnight at 37 0C. Changes in turbidity and inhibition on bacterial growth were then observed. Result: The results show that minimum concentration for inhibitory effect was 1000 μg/mL.Conclusion: extract of Zingiber officinale var rubrum have an inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but no activity of killing bacterial was observed on the concentration given.

IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ACTINOMYCETES STRAINS ISOLATED FROM SAMPLES IN THE COASTAL AREA OF THANH HOA – QUANG BINH – QUANG TRI

In this study, we isolated 46 strains of actinomycetes from 40 samples including: sediments, sponges, soft corals, echinoderms and starfish collected from three sea areas of Vietnam: Thanh Hoa – Quang Binh – Quang Tri. The strains were fermented in A+ medium and fermentation broths were extracted 5 times with ethyl acetate then the extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude extracts. Quantitative assay was used to determine MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) of extract against 7 reference strains. From the results of screening, we chose 5 strains of actinomycetes that have the highest biological activity (Code: G212, G222, G233, G227 and G241). In particular, strains G222, G233, G227 and G241 were resistant 6/7 strains of microorganisms test, with values MICs from 64µg/ml to 256µg/ml; Moreover, All of the five strains were highly resistant to yeast Candida albicans ATCC10231. These strains were then subjected to morphological and phylogenetic investigations based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that strains G212, G222 and G227 belonged to Genus Streptomyces; strains G233 and G241 were identified as Genus Micromonospora.

Antimicrobial Features of Cerastoderma and Didacna Double Basins Peptides

Background: In recent years, high attention has been given to the biological activities of natural compounds and their potential antimicrobial properties. Objective: In this study, the antibacterial properties of the extracts from tissue and peptides of Cerastoderma and Didacna were studied. Materials and Methods: samples of Cerastoderma and Didacna were collected and washed. Then, the soft tissues were cut and powdered, and concentrations of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0.5 of chloroform, ethanol and methanol, and in addition extract of enzymatic hydrolysis were prepared, and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella paratyphi were investigated. The disc diffusion method was used for the evaluation of strains susceptibility. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were investigated for bacterial growth inhibition. Results: Methanolic and ethanolic extracts from Cerastoderma demonstrated higher growth inhibitory effects compared to those from Didacna on E. coli and S. paratyphi and exhibited similar activities against S. aureus at concentrations 16 and 8 ug/mL. In addition, chloroform extracts of Cerastoderma and Didacna displayed similar inhibitory effects on S. paratyphi and S. aureus at concentrations 16 and 8 ug/mL which was a suitable effect, and the extract from Cerastoderma was more effective. MIC and MBC of methanolic extracts were at the lowest level, especially against S. aureus. Conclusion: It was revealed that Cerastoderma and Didacna extracts were effective as antibacterial compounds on S. aureus, E. coli and S. paratyphi species as natural agents.

Identification of biofilm producing bacterial species causing dental caries and their sensitivity to zoocin A and clove hydroalcoholic extract

Introduction: Dental caries is an infectious disease mostly associated with streptococcal species, especially Streptococcus mutans, as the main etiologic agent. Zoocin A protein is extracted as a recombinant protein from Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Escherichia coli with high effect on S. mutans. Clove extract has also been shown to have antimicrobial effects on several bacterial species, such as S. mutans. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify common bacteria causing dental caries and their susceptibility to zoocin A and clove extract. Patients and Methods: This study was performed on 133 dental caries samples in Tehran province. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and molecular methods. Molecular identification was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequence. The effects of antibiotics, zoocin A and clove extract were studied. Results: There was no significant difference between men and women regarding dental caries (P=0.422), but age group of 16-30 years were the most common (P=0.002). Dominant biofilm forming bacteria identified with 16srRNA analysis including S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, Lactobacillus gasseri, Jemela hemolysin, and Granulicatella adiacens. Zoocin A exhibited a strong inhibitory effect with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 2-4 µg/mL mostly against S. mutans. MIC of hydroalcoholic extract of clove was 8-16 µg/mL. Conclusion: Streptococcal species were predominant causes of tooth decay. Zoocin A and clove extract showed antimicrobial activity even on antibiotic-resistant and biofilm-forming species causing tooth decay.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Daemonorops draco Resin

Daemonorops draco has been reported for its antibacterial activity and empirically used for wound healing by Anak Dalam ethnic at Jambi Province, Sumatera-Indonesia. This study was performed to evaluate antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of D. draco resin collected from Jambi. D. draco resin was extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriacidal concentration (MBC) was determined by microdilution method. In addition, antibiofilm activity was evaluated by violet crystal method. The result showed that extraction yield of ethyl acetate was higher than methanol and n-hexane. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of D. draco exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity against S. aureus compare to n-hexane extract. MIC and MBC of methanol extract and chromatographic fraction (F5.1) of ethyl acetate extract were 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, antibiofilm assay revealed that all extracts were inhibit initial attachment of bacteria cell in biofilm formation. This result revealed a novel information that D. draco extracts was potential as inhibitor of biofilm formation. TLC bioautography of D. draco extracts indicated that constituent with Rf of 0.71 performed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. This finding expected to strengthen the scientific backup for utilization of D. draco by society.

Plants of the Cerrado with antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli from cattle

BackgroundBoth diarrhea in calves and mastitis in cows limit cattle production. The bacteria involved in these diseases have shown multi-resistance to antimicrobials, however plant metabolites therefore can provide an alternative method of control. This study selected and characterized Cerrado plant extracts showing inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. from cattle. Thirteen leaf extracts were initially screened and diameters of inhibition zones produced against the pathogens were recorded using an agar disk diffusion method. Total condensed tannin contents were determined and antibacterial activities were analyzed after tannin removal from the five selected extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were evaluated by macro-dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and the extracts were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsInter- and intra-specific bacterial variations in the susceptibility to the extracts were detected. The aqueous extract (AE) from Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. leaves produced larger inhibition zones against E. coli strains than did other selected extracts. However, the AE from Schinopsis brasiliensis was the most effective against Staphylococcus spp. strains (P < 0.001). The MIC of ethanolic extracts (EE) from C. brasiliense (0.27 mg/mL) and S. brasiliensis (0.17 mg/mL) were lower than those of other extracts. The MIC and MBC of the Annona crassiflora EE were 6.24 mg/mL for all bacteria. Flavonoids were the main metabolites detected in the A. crassiflora EE as well as in the AE and EE from C. brasiliense, while tannins were the main metabolites in the S. brasiliensis leaf extracts.ConclusionThe AE from C. brasiliense was more effective against Gram-negative bacteria, while the AE from S. brasiliensis was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria. A. crassiflora EE and S. brasiliensis extracts are potent bactericide. After removal of the tannins, no antimicrobial effects were observed, indicating that these metabolites are the main active antibacterial components.

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NEEM LEAVES ON EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE AND AMBLER CLASS C COPRODUCERS FROM SKIN AND SOFT-TISSUE INFECTIONS.

Objective: Clinical isolates coproducing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and Ambler Class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase are a therapeutic challenge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica methanolic leaf extract against lactose fermenting coproducers of ESBL and AmpC isolated from skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs).Methods: A total of 88 non-duplicate lactose fermenting strains isolated from SSTIs specimens were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Ceftazidime and cefoxitin-resistant strains were screened for coproduction of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test and E-test. Antibacterial activity of methanolic neem leaf (NLM) extract was examined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NLM was determined by the agar dilution technique.Results: Thirty-seven lactose fermenting strains were confirmed to be coproducers of ESBL and AmpC, out of which 27 were Escherichia coli and 10 were Klebsiella spp. The nimbin content in the neem leaf extract was found to be 0.007% (w/w) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The NLM extract showed inhibitory activity against all the 37 lactose fermenting isolates from SSTIs, coproducing ESBL and AmpC. The MIC of NLM extract was determined to be in the range of 4–8% (40–80 mg/ml) against the selected isolates.Conclusion: It can be stated that NLM extract might have therapeutic significance against coproducers of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase isolated from SSTIs.

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NEEM LEAVES ON EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE AND AMBLER CLASS C COPRODUCERS FROM SKIN AND SOFT-TISSUE INFECTIONS.

Objective: Clinical isolates coproducing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and Ambler Class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase are a therapeutic challenge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica methanolic leaf extract against lactose fermenting coproducers of ESBL and AmpC isolated from skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs).Methods: A total of 88 non-duplicate lactose fermenting strains isolated from SSTIs specimens were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Ceftazidime and cefoxitin-resistant strains were screened for coproduction of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test and E-test. Antibacterial activity of methanolic neem leaf (NLM) extract was examined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NLM was determined by the agar dilution technique.Results: Thirty-seven lactose fermenting strains were confirmed to be coproducers of ESBL and AmpC, out of which 27 were Escherichia coli and 10 were Klebsiella spp. The nimbin content in the neem leaf extract was found to be 0.007% (w/w) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The NLM extract showed inhibitory activity against all the 37 lactose fermenting isolates from SSTIs, coproducing ESBL and AmpC. The MIC of NLM extract was determined to be in the range of 4–8% (40–80 mg/ml) against the selected isolates.Conclusion: It can be stated that NLM extract might have therapeutic significance against coproducers of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase isolated from SSTIs.

The Effects of the Ethanol Extract of Dracocephalum Moldavica (Badrashbu) Against Strains of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia

Background: Today, due to the increased drug resistance, plants are used for treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Badrashbu (Dracocephalum moldavica) against strains of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Methods: Badrashbu plant extracts were prepared using a rotary device. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were isolated from nosocomial infection patients at hospitals of Zabol. The MIC and MBC of Badrashbu extracts in different concentrations of bacteria were determined by disk diffusion method. Results: The results of plant extracts showed that the highest MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for E. coli isolates was 20 milligrams per milliliter, and 6 strains were inhibited at this concentration. The highest MIC for K. pneumonia was 40 milligrams per milliliter, and only one strain was inhibited at the concentration. This result can be used to treat the disease. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that Badrashbu extract inhibits Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia; so it can be used to reduce the plant disease.

Determination of FICI of Ethanolic Extract of Aloe Vera Skin Leaves (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) and Gentamicin Sulphate againts Staphylococcus aureus

The main therapy of wounds infection using antibiotic such as gentamicin sulfate can be applied topically. Increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance forces new strategy to combine plant extract and antibiotic. These two combinations are expected to reduce the incidence of microbial resistance. Ethanolic extract of Aloe vera skin leaves contain anthraquinone that has antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) from combination of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera skin leaves and gentamicin sulphate which can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination was used Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The concentration of extract solution used were 1,25; 2,5; 5; 10 mg/mL while the solution concentration of gentamicin sulfate used were 2,5; 5; 15; 25 µg/mL. Solution DMSO was used as negative control. Combination solution was made with volume ratio 1:1 from MIC of extract and gentamicin shulphate. The result showed that the MIC of the of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera skin leaves was about 2.5 mg/mL and MIC gentamicin sulphate was about 5 µg/mL. Combination of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera skin leaves and gentamicin sulfate can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition 7,63 mm. FICI of combination was 2 and its antibacterial activity was indifferent compared to single extract and single gentamicin sulphate.

Strong antimicrobial activity of Hypericum perforatum L. against oral isolates of Lactobacillus spp.

Lactobacillus spp. are one of the first microorganisms involved in the development of dental caries in the first years of life of the child. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extract of hypericin against strains of Lactobacillus spp. and determine its related MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration); and cytotoxic effect against gingival fibroblasts. Antimicrobial activity and MIC were evaluated using micro broth dilution method based on CLSI (clinical and laboratory standards institute) protocols. Determination of cytotoxicity was done by using MTT assay protocol on gingival fibroblast cells at 24, 48 and 72 hours after adding different concentrations of alcoholic extract of hypericin. Hypericin extract had an antimicrobial effect on lactobacillus spp., and its MIC was determined to be 0.625µg/ml . The IC50 value after 24, 48 and 72 hours was obtained as 0.89μg/ml, 0.7μg/ml and 0.604μg/ml, respectively. Hypericin extract MIC for L.acidophilus spp. was 0.625µg/ml and given that, MIC was less than IC50. This concentration does not have toxic effects on gingival fibroblast cells. The results of this study indicate that hypericin extract was able to eliminate acid producing strains in the mouth and can be evaluated as a suitable and safe substitute for mouthwashes and oral disinfectants.

THE EFFECT OF PROPOLIS EXTRACT AND PROPOLIS CANDIES ON THE GROWTH OF AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS ATCC 43718

Objective: This experiment aimed to analyze the effect of propolis extract and propolis containing candies on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using spectrophotometric analysis and colony-forming units (CFU) counts.Methods: After A. actinomycetemcomitans were exposed to propolis extract and candies, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined with spectrophotometry and post-exposure colony counting.Results: The MIC of propolis extract against A. actinomycetemcomitans was determined to be 10%, and the MBC was 20%. A decrease in the total CFU count of A. actinomycetemcomitans was observed after propolis extract and candy exposure.Conclusions: Propolis extract and propolis candies were effective in inhibiting the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 in vitro.

EFFECTS OF PROPOLIS EXTRACT AND PROPOLIS CANDIES AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS ATCC 10231 GROWTH

Objectives: This research was aimed at analyzing the effect of propolis extract and candies on Candida albicans growth.Methods: After C. albicans was exposed to propolis extract and candies, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined with spectrophotometry, and post-exposure colonies of C. albicans were counted.Results: The MIC of propolis extract against C. albicans was determined to be 10% and MBC to be 15%. Furthermore, C. albicans colonies were decreased after propolis extract and candies exposure.Conclusions: Propolis extract and candies were effective to inhibit C. albicans growth.