Polymer Metal Research Articles

Chemical compatibility of energetic metal complexes with polymers by thermal analytical techniques

Energetic metal complexes have been established to be effective combustion catalyst for energetic composites and propellants with improved performance. Chemical compatibility is an important aspect in the development of novel energetic composites which are related to safe processing, handling, and storage. In the present paper, the compatibility of energetic metal complexes [Zn(atrz)(DNBA)2(H2O)2]n (complex 1) and [Cd(atrz)(DNBA)2(H2O)2]n (complex 2) with Viton A and epoxy resin as polymer binder are studied by thermal analytical techniques. The compatibility was studied through vacuum stability test (VST), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standardization agreement (STANAG) 4147 method. Furthermore, physicochemical methods including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to support the thermal analytical methods. The VST results indicate that the volume of gases evolved for complex 1/Viton A, complex 1/epoxy resin, complex 2/Viton A, and complex 2/epoxy resin is found to be 0.545 mL/g, 0.86 mL/g, 0.403 mL/g, and 0.884 mL/g, respectively, indicating high compatibility with one another. According to the STANAG 4147 criteria, the DSC/DTG data demonstrate that the difference in Tmax is less than 2 °C for all the admixtures, suggesting that the polymer binders under investigation are compatible with complexes. TG results demonstrate that the mass loss difference is less than 4 % for all admixtures, indicating good compatibility. The essential additional information offered by the supplementary non-thermal FTIR and PXRD techniques confirm that no reaction occurs between metal complex and polymer. SEM micrographs exhibit that metal complex crystals are embedded in the polymer matrix.

XPS guide for insulators: Electron flood gun operation and optimization, surface charging, controlled charging, differential charging, useful FWHMs, problems and solutions, and advice

Current day x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) instrument makers have made significant advances in charge compensation systems over the last 20 years, which makes it easier to analyze insulators, but samples still have many differences in chemistry, dielectric properties, sizes, surface roughness, etc. that force instrument operators to tweak flood gun settings if they want or need to obtain high quality chemical state spectra that provide the most information. This guide teaches which flood gun variables to check, and how to optimize electron flood gun settings by presenting high energy resolution, chemical state spectra that show the result of using a poorly aligned flood gun on modern XPS instruments equipped with a monochromatic aluminum Kalpha x-ray source. This guide is focused on the XPS measurement of insulators—nonconductive metal oxides and polymers. This guide shows that by measuring commonly available polymers (polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate) or ceramic materials (SiO2 and Al2O3), the operator can easily characterize the good and bad effects of XY position settings and other settings provided by modern electron flood gun systems. This guide includes many original, never-before-published XPS peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) that will greatly assist peak-fitting efforts. This guide reveals a direct correlation between electron count-rate and best charge-control settings. This guide discusses sample and instrument issues that affect surface charging and explains how to check the quality of charge control by measuring the FWHM and binding energy of C (1s) or O (1s) spectra produced from the sample currently being analyzed. A list of other charge-control methods is provided, along with advice and a best-known method. The availability of large extensive databases of actual spectra is extremely beneficial to users who need real-world examples of high quality chemical state spectra to guide their in-house efforts to collect high quality spectra and to interpret valuable information from the peak-fits of those spectra.

Influence of Metal Surface Structures on Composite Formation during Polymer–Metal Joining Based on Reactive Al/Ni Multilayer Foil

Progressive developments in the field of lightweight construction and engineering demand continuous substitution of metals with suitable polymers. However, the combination of dissimilar materials results in a multitude of challenges based on different chemical and physical material properties. Reactive multilayer systems offer a promising joining method for flexible and low‐distortion joining of dissimilar joining partners with an energy source introduced directly into the joining zone. Within this publication, hybrid lap joints between semicrystalline polyamide 6 and surface‐structured austenitic steel X5CrNi18–10 (EN 1.4301) are joined using reactive Al/Ni multilayer foils of the type Indium–NanoFoil. The main objective is to examine possibilities of influencing crack initiation in the foil plane by variation of joining pressure and different metal surface structures with regard to geometry, density, and orientation. Thus, the position of foil cracks is superimposed onto the metal structure and associated filling with molten plastic is improved. Consequently, characterization of occurring crack positions as a function of joining pressure and metal structure, analysis of the composite in terms of structural filling and joint strength, as well as possible causes of crack initiation are evaluated.

Simulation of the Dynamic Responses of Layered Polymer Composites under Plate Impact Using the DSGZ Model

This paper presents a numerical study on the dynamic response and impact mitigation capabilities of layered ceramic–polymer–metal (CPM) composites under plate impact loading, focusing on the layer sequence effect. The layered structure, comprising a ceramic for hardness and thermal resistance, a polymer for energy absorption, and a metal for strength and ductility, is analyzed to evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating the impact loading. The simulations employed the VUMAT subroutine of DSGZ material models within Abaqus/Explicit to accurately represent the mechanical behavior of the polymeric materials in the composites. The VUMAT implementation incorporates the explicit time integration scheme and the implicit radial return mapping algorithm. A safe-version Newton–Raphson method is applied for numerically solving the differential equations of the J2 plastic flow theory. Analysis of the simulation results reveals that specific layer configurations significantly influence wave propagation, leading to variations in energy absorption and stress distribution within the material. Notably, certain layer sequences, such as P-C-M and C-P-M, exhibit enhanced impact mitigation with a superior ability to dissipate and redirect the impact energy. This phenomenon is tied to the interactions between the material properties of the ceramic, polymer, and metal, emphasizing the necessity of precise material characterization and enhanced understanding of the layer sequencing effect for optimizing composite designs for impact mitigation. The integration of empirical data with simulation methods provides a comprehensive framework for optimizing composite designs in high-impact scenarios. In the general fields of materials science and impact engineering, the current research offers some guidance for practical applications, underscoring the need for detailed simulations to capture the high-strain-rate dynamic responses of multilayered composites.

Intercalating polypyrrole tuning interlayer space of V2O5 for advanced aqueous zinc ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries is considered as a promising system for large scale electrochemical energy storage system owing to their intrinsic safety, and low cost. Nevertheless, the industrialization process is slow due to the constraints of high-performance cathode materials. Adjusting the layered structure of V2O5 through metal ion or polymer intercalation can effectively improve low electron conductivity, vanadium dissolution, and slow ion transport kinetics. Herein, the conductive polymer polypyrrole-intercalated V2O5·H2O (PVOH) was successfully prepared via simple hydrothermal method and following interface polymerization reaction. Getting benefit from the insertion of polypyrrole, the prepared PVOH composite material achieves a V2O5 cathode with a more open structure, rich active sites, and greater stability, allowing for an expanded crystal plane spacing of 14.5 Å. Therefore, the PVOH electrode demonstrates a discharge capacity of 475 mAh g−1 and a cycling stability of 95% capacity retention after 2000 cycles. The intercalating conductive polymers strategy can become a new approach to improve the electrochemical behavior of vanadium oxide cathodes.

Comminution of Metal–Polymer Composites for Recycling

ZusammenfassungTo increase the recycling rate of components used in electric vehicles, metal–polymer composites are to be separated. As a basis, samples of polymers are ground in a hammer mill to analyze the influence of various pretreatments. The resulting particle size distributions are related to the mechanical properties of the polymers. The results can be used for a comminution of a metal–polymer composite from an electric vehicle's battery housing and show that lower temperatures perform the best for individual materials and composites. The complexity of the components and the type of joining also influence the comminution success of composite components, as a separation of the materials is easier with low complexity and force closure.

Regulating Electrode/Electrolyte Interface with Additives towards Dendrite‐Free Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are highly promising for grid‐scale energy storage due to their high‐safety and low‐cost characteristics. Nevertheless, the progress in AZIBs has been impeded due to challenges encompassing corrosion, hydrogen evolution reaction, and the formation of dendrites on Zn anodes. These issues arise from the decomposition of active water molecules in the Zn2+ solvation structure in the electrolyte. Various strategies have been proposed to regulate the electrode/electrolyte interface to effectively address these problems. In spite of remarkable headway, an inadequacy of comprehensive studies addressing the mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of the electrode/electrolyte interface is evident within scientific literature. This overview aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies for regulating the electrode/electrolyte interface, focusing on dendrite‐free and side reactions‐suppressed AZIBs. These strategies include the introduction of metal ion additives, inorganic additives, surfactant additives, polymer additives and organic additives. Furthermore, a detailed examination is made on the effects and underlying mechanisms associated with modifying the electrolyte at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte. Moreover, an appraisal is provided on the performance metrics of diverse strategies and prospective research directions are recommended as well.

Study on surface morphology and properties of biological type Ag-IPMC and its application on butterfly soft robot

Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) is a new type of artificial muscle material. It has unique advantages such as low driving voltage, good flexibility and rapid response that make it suitable for driving soft robots. However, the high preparation cost limited its widely application. The focus of this paper is to study a low-cost and high-performance Ag-IPMC and explores its application in driving bionic butterfly robots. In addition, based on the flexible characteristic of IPMC, a bionic butterfly soft robot is designed and manufactured, and its related performance is also studied. This manuscript also has provided a reference value for the extensive diversified application of the biological IPMC.

First-principles prediction of one-dimensional conductive metallic organic polymers as ultrahigh energy density anode for lithium-ion batteries.

Metal-Organic Polymers (MOPs) have attracted growing attention for lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications due to their merits in orderly ionic transportation and robust structure stability in electrochemical reactions. However, they suffer from poor electronic conductivity. In this work, we apply first-principles density functional theory to explore the potential of three one-dimensional (1D) electrically conductive C6H2S4TM (TM = Fe, Co, and Ni) MOPs with the π-d conjugated coordination as anode materials for Li+ ions storage. Our theoretical results reveal that these 1D MOPs possess a superior theoretical capacity of over 748 mA h g-1. In particular, the 1D C6H2S4Ni MOP shows an exceptional theoretical specific capacity of 1110 mA h g-1 based on the three-electron transferring reaction, which significantly outperforms the traditional graphite-based anode material in LIBs. Moreover, the resonant charge transfer between Ni metal and ligand within the 1D C6H2S4Ni MOP reduces the diffusion energy barrier of the Li atoms when they migrate on the surface of the MOP. The ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity of the C6H2S4Ni MOP predicts that it can be a promising anode material for LIBs.

Enhancing Thermal Conductivity through Interface Modification: Experimental and Theoretical Validation for a Polymer–Metal Film

Enhancing Thermal Conductivity through Interface Modification: Experimental and Theoretical Validation for a Polymer–Metal Film

Possible design/fabrication of a soft biomimetic magic (flying) carpet made with Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs)

A novel design of an artificial soft robot similar to the motions of a magic carpet is presented. Reported in the planning, designing, and fabricating of a biomimetic magic (flying) carpet made with ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs). A new family of IPMC sensors and actuators is proposed to be used as a flexible plate and a flexible carpet to form a biomimetic flexible soft sensor and actuator system. The magic carpets made with IPMCs will be experimentally capable of bending, rolling, turning, twisting, and simultaneous sensing. However, their sensing characteristics as a soft biomimetic magic carpet feedback sensor are shown to have great potential for ubiquitous robot-human interactions (RHI). Upon various types of deformation, they are shown to generate unique output voltage signals and transient currents to be correlated to the actual magic carpet feedback force. Furthermore, a flexible sheet of IPMC can be actuated simultaneously on the fly by a small power supply embedded in the magic carpet. The magic carpet version of IPMC can be applied as smart skin to develop human-like dexterous and soft manipulation.

Trimetallic nanocomposite as efficient nanosensors for the electrochemical detection of riboflavin

A composite is a material in which more than one metal salt or polymer can be mixed to enhance the processed product's physical and chemical properties. Due to their high band gap and enhanced excitation energy, composites can be used in numerous areas, such as solar cells, fuel cells, catalysts, and energy storage. Over a large area of applications in different fields, few studies have examined the ability of composites to sense the efficiency of riboflavin/vitamin B2. The present work explores the utilisation of trimetallic-based nanocomposite nanoparticles (TMNCsNPs) as a sensing material, which is synthesised and characterised in detail. The TMNCsNPs were used to understand the exposure of riboflavin to glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). Several electrochemical parameters were selected for the electrochemical study of the processed sensor. Initially, a long-range concentration of riboflavin (0.976–125 μM in PBS) was selected to check the efficiency of the produced sensor (TMNCsNPs/GCE). Low-to high-potential windows (0.5–15 mV/s) were chosen to measure the effect on TMNCsNPs/GCE in PBS. The chronoamperometry (CA) responses were analysed at different time intervals (0–900s). The cyclic response (CR) was analysed for TMNCsNPs/GCE sensor for up to one month. The interference of metal was examined, and real sample analysis was also conducted and discussed with possible mechanism.

Effects of gamma radiation on the optical properties of ultrafine iron particle/polystyrene composites

The present research studied the influence of gamma radiation doses on the optical properties and parameters of the tested composite samples consisting of polystyrene polymer as a matrix filled with different concentrations of ultrafine iron particles (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%) with an average thickness of 2 µm. Using a UV-1800 Shimadzu spectrophotometer, the optical absorbance and transmittance values of the tested composite samples were measured at room temperature in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. Optical parameters such as the excitation energy for electronic transitions, optical energy gap, dispersion energy, static dielectric constant, static refractive index, moments of the optical spectrum, optical oscillator strengths, linear optical susceptibility, third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, carrier concentration to the effective mass ratio, high-frequency dielectric constant, nonlinear refractive index, plasma frequency and long wavelength refractive index were calculated and discussed at different doses of gamma radiation (1, 2, and 6 kGy). The results demonstrate that the optical properties and parameters of the gamma-irradiated composites vary with increasing gamma doses. This variation in values was observed after increased irradiation due to enhanced metal–polymer bonding and due to an increase in the density of the free charges within the metal polymer composites.

Electromechanical properties of uniaxial polar ionic plastic crystal [(C2H5)4N][FeBrCl3

Abstract Ferroelectric plastic crystals are an emerging class of materials that combine room temperature ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity with a high temperature plastic mesophase prior to melting. These materials offer possibilities for accessing different property parameter spaces from the state-of-the-art metal oxide and polymer ferroelectrics. Tetraethylammonium bromotrichloroferrite, [(C2H5)4N][FeBrCl3], has a unipolar wurtzite-like structure and thus may have potential for small but stable piezoelectric coefficients like the iso-symmetrical AlN. In this study, density functional theory was used to compute elastic compliance, piezoelectric coefficients, and dielectric constant values. Single crystals grown from aqueous solutions were evaluated via single crystal synchrotron x-ray diffraction, impedance spectroscopy and high and weak-field electromechanical characterization. Diffraction studies revealed that the anion tetrahedra orientated preferentially so that the Br− ion had a 30% alignment with the polarization vector. Electromechanical measurements found piezoelectric coefficients in the 5–9 pC N−1 and pm V−1 range. The piezoelectric coefficient (d 33) was most stable with 3.4% variation between 0.4 and 90 Hz and 0.5 and 3 V. Additional piezoelectric stability measurements were made as a function of DC bias field and temperature. Impedance measurements indicate contributions from either intrinsic effects unique to ionic plastic crystals, such as molecular rotation, or the extrinsic effect of electrode interfaces, both of which can play a role in the electromechanical response of the materials. The results show that [(C2H5)4N][FeBrCl3] has potential as a small signal piezoelectric that has a softer elastic moduli than AlN but a stiffer moduli than polyvinylidene fluoride, and thus occupies a unique parameter space.

Efficiency of Antifriction Solid Lubricant Coatings for Metal–Polymer Friction Pairs

Efficiency of Antifriction Solid Lubricant Coatings for Metal–Polymer Friction Pairs

Exploring the synthesis, structure, and properties of two 2D transition metal polymers based on 4, 4’-bistriazole 3, 3’-biphenyldicarboxylic acid

Two coordination polymers {[Zn(BTBPA)(H2O)2]·0·5H2O}n (Zn-1), and {[Mn(BTBPA)(H2O)2]·0·5H2O}n (Mn-2) were synthesized solvothermally by the combination of organic linker 4,4′-bistriazole 3,3′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (H2BTBPA) and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O or MnCl2·4H2O. Both of the polymers 1–2 are as 4,4-linked two-dimensional layered structures, which constitute into three dimensional supramolecular frameworks with porous channels via O − H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. Zn-1 exhibits recognition abilities to antibiotics (PCL, NFT and NFZ) with high sensitivity via luminescence “turn-off” mechanism. In addition, the static magnetic performance of Mn-2 was investigated.

INNOVATIVE MATERIAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES IN PRECISION MANUFACTURING: A REVIEW

Precision manufacturing plays a pivotal role in various industries, demanding high accuracy, efficiency, and quality in the production process. The continual pursuit of innovation in material processing techniques is essential to meet evolving demands and challenges. This review explores the latest advancements and innovations in material processing methods within precision manufacturing. The review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of various innovative material processing techniques, including additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing, and hybrid approaches. Additive manufacturing, often referred to as 3D printing, has gained significant attention for its capability to produce complex geometries with high precision. The exploration of novel materials, such as metal alloys, polymers, and composites, expands the applicability of additive manufacturing in diverse industrial sectors. Subtractive manufacturing techniques, such as milling, turning, and grinding, are also undergoing transformative advancements to enhance precision and efficiency. Emerging technologies like abrasive waterjet machining, electrical discharge machining (EDM), and laser machining offer improved accuracy and surface finish while enabling the processing of a wide range of materials, including hard-to-machine alloys and composites. Hybrid manufacturing approaches, combining additive and subtractive techniques, are revolutionizing precision manufacturing by leveraging the strengths of both methods. These hybrid systems enable the production of intricate components with high precision, reduced lead times, and minimized material waste, addressing the challenges of traditional manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the review highlights advancements in process monitoring and control technologies, such as in-process sensing, real-time feedback systems, and adaptive control algorithms, facilitating enhanced quality assurance and productivity in precision manufacturing. The integration of advanced computational tools, simulation techniques, and artificial intelligence further augments the optimization and customization capabilities of material processing techniques, driving efficiency and innovation in precision manufacturing. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the latest developments and trends in innovative material processing techniques, offering a roadmap for future research directions and applications in precision manufacturing industries.
 Keywords: Material, Processing, Techniques, Precision, Manufacturing, Review.

Smart fin with automatic evaporation and regeneration for thermal management of high heat flux electronics

The high temperature of modern electronic devices poses great challenges to the safety and reliability of applications. Reasonable and effective control of device operating temperature for enhancing device performance and promoting the development of the electronics industry has a positive effect. Here, an innovative and efficient passive cooling technology is proposed to reduce the device temperature using polymerized metal fin and smart hydrogel to form smart fin. The smart fin carries away the waste heat generated by the device through evaporation and regeneration is accomplished by capturing water molecules from the environment. The smart fin is demonstrated to low down the temperature of a heater with heat flux of 2900 W/m2 by 48.3 °C and restores to its initial state after 160 min. At a threshold temperature of 60 °C, it promoted the maximum usage power by 49.4%. The evaporation and regeneration capacity of the smart fin can be controlled by ambient temperature, relative humidity, and smart hydrogel thickness. Specifically, high temperatures promote water evaporation and absorption, high humidity suppresses evaporation but favors absorption, and excessive thickness impedes water transport. This thermal management strategy with simple structure, low-cost, and easy-preparation is expected to become a universal technology in the electronics industry.

Новые полимерные комплексы гидразида изоникотиновой кислоты противотуберкулезного и иммуностимулирующего действия

Туберкулез относится к одному из социально значимых заболеваний. В научной литературе обосно-вана целесообразность использования полимерных матриц для иммобилизации протуберкулезных препаратов, что способствует завершению фагоцитоза. Проведено сравнительное исследование противотуберкулезной активности аналогов конденсата гидразида изоникотиновой кислоты при лечении экспериментального туберкулеза у мышей. Установлена эффективность использования хлоргидроксихитозанового комплекса с 1-изоникотинил-2-D-глюкозилгидрозон с включенным Со2+ в сравнении с хитозан-кобальт-1-изоникотинил-2-D-глюкозилгидрозоном при лечении экспериментального туберкулеза. Выявлена иммуностимулирующая активность полимерного металлокомплекса, сравнимая с комплексом хитозан-кобальт-1-изоникотинил-2-D-глюкозилгидрозон. Полученные в эксперименте ре-зультаты могут использоваться при разработке современных методов лечения туберкулеза.

Studying the Performance of Reinforced Polymer Gear Wheels: Development of an Advanced Test Bench for Wear Analysis

In recent years, polymeric materials have gained prominence as a competitive option for gear manufacturing. Nevertheless, the absence of comprehensive literature addressing the wear due to the coupling of these materials presents a real challenge in response to this innovative trend. Wear of plastic gearwheels represents, in fact, a key issue, traditionally assessed using standard formulations under optimal dry operating conditions. These calculations often rely on coefficients derived from specialized gear tests, but their applicability is constrained to specific polymer–metal combinations. This research was dedicated to the development of a test bench tailored to evaluate the wear of glass fiber-reinforced self-lubricating polymer gearwheels under different operating conditions. This study commenced with a comprehensive exploration of wear phenomena in thermoplastic gearwheels and the inherent challenges associated with utilizing existing standards and the scientific literature for wear analysis. This was followed by a careful evaluation of the operational needs of the test bench, which, starting from a basic solution already implemented, improved its use in various aspects. Finally, this study introduced an optical-based methodology for average linear wear control. This research strived to establish a testing approach that minimizes uncertainties when assessing the wear of thermoplastic gears.