Nominal Mean Research Articles

Вокативы и их функции в повести А.С. Пушкина «Капитанская дочка» (к 225-летию со дня рождения)

<p>The article discusses different types of vocatives that are performed in the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" has a number of significant functions. It has been established that they not only serve as a means of nomination and identification of the addressee, but also perform equally important functions — social-regulatory and emotive. It has been revealed that neutral, characterological and ironic addresses create a speech portrait of the speaker, evaluate the characters of the work, indicate their social status, characterize actions, reveal the inner world, demonstrate the relationship between communicants.</p>

On the second law of thermodynamics: A global flow spontaneously induced by a locally nonchaotic energy barrier

It is well known that, inherently, certain small-scale nonchaotic particle movements are not governed by thermodynamics. Usually, such phenomena are studied by kinetic theory and their energy properties are considered “trivial”. In current research, we show that, beyond the boundaries of the second law of thermodynamics where Boltzmann’s H-theorem does not apply, there may also be large-sized systems of nontrivial energy properties: when the system is isolated, entropy can decrease; from a single thermal reservoir, the system can absorb heat and produce useful work without any other effect. The key concept is local nonchaoticity, demonstrated by using a narrow energy barrier. The barrier width is much less than the nominal particle mean free path, so that inside the barrier, the particle-particle collisions are sparse and the particle trajectories tend to be locally nonchaotic. Across the barrier, the steady-state particle flux ratio is intrinsically in a non-Boltzmann form. With a step-ramp structure, the nonequilibrium effect spreads to the entire system, and a global flow is generated spontaneously from the random thermal motion. The deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is steady and significant, and compatible with the basic principle of maximum entropy. These theoretical and numerical analyses may shed light on the fundamentals of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

ZeroExpander® effectiveness assessment in PEEK or PA12 in a group of paediatric patients with transverse maxillary deficiency.

The aim of this article is to compare the performance of ZeroExpander® realised using PEEK or PA12 for the expansion of the maxilla in paediatric patients, exploring a new concept for approaching maxillary expansion with a metal-free fixed automatic appliance, based on pre-programmed set-up and anchored on deciduous teeth. It is a retrospective comparative study with a sample of 40 children in early or mixed deciduous dentition and transversal maxillary deficit, 20 treated with ZeroExpander® in PEEK and 20 treated with ZeroExpander® in PA12 with a mean age of 7.3 years old. The intraoral scans at T0 and at the end of the expansion were all performed by the same operator to obtain digital models on which were performed measurements by two other different operators. A descriptive analysis was conducted using frequencies and percentages for nominal variables and means and standard deviations for continuous variables. In cases of allergy or hypersensitivity to metals or to specific chronic or acute pathological conditions, which may require periodic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it may not be possible to use traditional and metal fixed expansion devices. Moreover the concept of autonomous driving in paediatric orthodontics is not only possible, but it is and will be more real and very useful in the future. The "ortho-paediatric dentistry concept" will increase the range of benefits for children and their families which, in addition to care and thanks to technology, demand well-being, safety, comfort and quality of life beyond clinics.

Virtual dosimetry study with three cone-beam breast computed tomography scanners using a fast GPU-based Monte Carlo code

Objective. To compare the dosimetric performance of three cone-beam breast computed tomography (BCT) scanners, using real-time Monte Carlo-based dose estimates obtained with the virtual clinical trials (VCT)-BREAST graphical processing unit (GPU)-accelerated platform dedicated to VCT in breast imaging. Approach. A GPU-based Monte Carlo (MC) code was developed for replicating in silico the geometric, x-ray spectra and detector setups adopted, respectively, in two research scanners and one commercial BCT scanner, adopting 80 kV, 60 kV and 49 kV tube voltage, respectively. Our cohort of virtual breasts included 16 anthropomorphic voxelized breast phantoms from a publicly available dataset. For each virtual patient, we simulated exams on the three scanners, up to a nominal simulated mean glandular dose of 5 mGy (primary photons launched, in the order of 1011–1012 per scan). Simulated 3D dose maps (recorded for skin, adipose and glandular tissues) were compared for the same phantom, on the three scanners. MC simulations were implemented on a single NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 graphics card. Main results. Using the spread of the dose distribution as a figure of merit, we showed that, in the investigated phantoms, the glandular dose is more uniform within less dense breasts, and it is more uniformly distributed for scans at 80 kV and 60 kV, than at 49 kV. A realistic virtual study of each breast phantom was completed in about 3.0 h with less than 1% statistical uncertainty, with 109 primary photons processed in 3.6 s computing time. Significance. We reported the first dosimetric study of the VCT-BREAST platform, a fast MC simulation tool for real-time virtual dosimetry and imaging trials in BCT, investigating the dose delivery performance of three clinical BCT scanners. This tool can be adopted to investigate also the effects on the 3D dose distribution produced by changes in the geometrical and spectrum characteristics of a cone-beam BCT scanner.

КОННОТАТИВНЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ЗООНИМОВ, ОБОЗНАЧАЮЩИХ ДИКИХ ЖИВОТНЫХ, В АЛТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The purpose of this paper is to identify the lexical and semantic features of the connotation of zoonyms denoting wild animals in the Altai language. The relevance of the work is due to the lack of a comprehensive study of the connotative meanings of zoonyms in the Altai language. The subject of the study is zoomorphisms that designate representatives of different families (bears, canines, deer, mustelids, squirrels) and are used in human nominations. One of the tasks is to identify the positive (meliorative) and negative (pejorative) connotations of these zoolexems. The research methods used in this work are the semantic-pragmatic method, contextual and component analysis. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of manifestations of connotation in the speech of native speakers of the Altai language, which are not recorded by existing dictionaries, but are reproduced in the process of forming and interpreting statements. In line with the anthropocentric approach, the specificity of zoonyms denoting in the Altai language representatives of the families of bears, canines, mustelids, squirrels, and deer, which are endowed with connotative meanings and are means of emotional-evaluative nomination, is considered. Zoonyms denoting wild animals in the Altai language are involved in the conceptualization of man, his physical, moral, ethical and intellectual qualities. By expressing a subjective attitude towards another person, describing his qualities, a native speaker actualizes those stereotypical established associations with animals that are enshrined in his linguistic consciousness. The connotative meanings of zoonyms denoting representatives of the bear and dog families are as follows: ayu “bear” expresses the word “strong”, bӧrü “wolf” – “evil”, “cruel”, “greedy”, “young”; tülkü ‘fox’ – “beautiful”, “cunning”, borsuk ‘badger’ – “stupid, kind, honest”, jeeken ‘wolverine’ – “boastful”, toktonok ‘weasel’ – “wise”; pulan ‘elk’, maral ‘deer’ – ‘strong, brave’, elik ‘roe deer’ – ‘beautiful’, ‘timid’, tiyyn ‘squirrel’ – ‘fast’, ‘light’, ‘nimble’. In cultural and linguistic practice, when using zoonyms, two trends in meaning are noted: anthropomorphism, or endowing animals with human properties, and zoomorphism, or endowing people with animal properties, likening humans to animals. In the process of functioning of zoonyms in a figurative meaning in speech practice, mutual enrichment of the semantics of lexemes occurs.

Metaphorization of German socio-political discourse

The emergence of new phenomena and concepts determines the constant need for new means of cognition, nomination and evaluation — a process in which metaphors traditionally take the leading place. The article is devoted to the processes of replenishing the actual vocabulary of socio-political discourse through metaphorization as a means of secondary nomination. The subject of the study is the metaphorical character of this part of the modern German lexicon and the processes of metaphorization that took place in the German-language socio-political discourse during the last decade. The object of the study was lexical units selected from publications in modern German-language media. The paper describes the functioning of topical metaphors in the social sphere, domestic and foreign policy, economy, education, modern technologies, and ecology. The processes of metaphor migration between different spheres, as well as the expansion and specialization of their meaning are presented. The linguistic material is considered first of all in cognitive and nominative aspects and is analyzed according to several criteria: conceptosphere, belonging to parts of speech and language of origin, structural and functional characteristics, word-formation potential. Special attention is paid to the description of conceptual (cognitive), figurative and expressive-evaluative metaphors, as well as the anthropocentric nature of metaphor. The article analyzes a number of so-called «leading metaphors» of modern socio-political discourse, which, due to their high frequency and manipulative use, have lost their metaphoricality over time and undergone significant semantic changes. The problem of manipulative nature of some metaphors, the issues of morality and political correctness of their use are discussed. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by actual linguistic material, which is a cross-section of a particular stage of language functioning and allows us to study its dynamic and creative essence.

«Что в имени тебе моем?»: функции антропонимов в китайско-американском транскультурном художественном тексте

The article deals with the problem of anthroponyms as a means of creativity in transcultural literature. The analyzed material was taken from “The Bonesetter’s Daughter” novel written by a contemporary Chinese American writer Amy Tan. The author of the article comes to a conclusion that anthroponyms can be a very effective and bright means of creativity, a kind of intersection of cultures, reflecting an author’s individuality. The norms and traditions of such different languages and cultures are so tightly interwoven and create an absolutely new transcultural narration. In this connection it is absolutely impossible to consider anthroponyms just a mere means of nomination, lacking any cultural connotation and value for the reader. Thus, anthroponyms create not only the nominative function but also the aesthetic function as well as the function of ethnic coloring.

Functional-semantic category of beingness in the Yakut language

The article is devoted to the study of the functional-semantic category of beingness in the Yakut. The purpose of this article is to describe the structure of the category under consideration, identified on the Yakut material. The study is based on the functional-semantic approach, which allows us to display the holistic organization of universal semantic categories with specific content and means of expression. A brief description of the main directions of research into the category of beingness in linguistics, based on functional-semantic, linguopragmatic, syntactic approaches, is given. The structure of the functional- semantic category of beingness in Yakut is presented. The structure of the functional-semantic category of beingness in the Yakut language is presented. It was revealed that the functional-semantic field of beingness in Yakut has a polycentric structure, which is determined by the type of relationship of the semantics of beingness to the grammatical category (noun and verb) and the syntactic structure of the sentence (predicative and nominative constructions). From the position of the functional-semantic approach, the means of expressing the category of beingness in the Yakut can be combined into a functional-semantic field, consisting of two parts: the microfield of beingness, expressed by nominal means of denoting existence/non- existence, being/non-existence, presence/absence, and the microfield of beingness, represented by verbal means of denoting existence/non-existence, being/non-existence, presence/absence. The indicated parts of the functional-semantic field of beingness in the Yakut consist of multi-level means, dispersed according to the “center – periphery” principle. The article presen

Zoomorphic metaphor in a Russian folk riddle

Metaphor is a unique phenomenon both from the point of view of language and culture, for it preserves unique relic forms of the surrounding reality perception. At present, when modern conditions of people’s lives are transformed, metaphor, as a way of realization of hidden comparison, undergoes a number of qualitative changes. In this regard, it will be relevant to turn to metaphor functioning in folklore texts, because due to its conservatism we can identify archetypal images underlying the hidden comparison. This article examines the features of zoomorphic metaphor in Russian folk riddles. The zoomorphic code is interesting for us, since the images of animals, actualized through metaphor, allow identifying national values. In riddles containing images of animals, there is a certain similarity between the image of the animal and the denotat in question; accordingly, this similarity is reflected in the metaphor, usually through a description of the action and appearance of the animal. Analyzing metaphor in the Russian folk riddle, we identify zoomorphic codes, which retain archetypal coding, expressed in the context of the whole riddle and in its correspondence to mythological ideas about the given animal. In this case, we are talking about the image of a horse, a bull. At the same time, the corpus of folk riddles reveals such zoomorphic metaphorical formations, which do not show any connection with archetypal coding. Thus, the image of a bear is deprived of mythological subtext and is used only as a means of secondary nomination of the denotation.

Real area of contact and tractions on the patterned surfaces generated by spinodal decomposition and amplified instability

Past decades featured significant advancements in additive and micromanufacturing that facilitated the creation of functional patterned surfaces with impressive spatial resolutions. However, these techniques are expensive and require a considerable amount of time and energy, and hence lack scalability to practical surfaces. Recent techniques employing spinodal decomposition and instabilities amplified via centrifugal acceleration offer viable and cheaper alternatives. The patterns created by those techniques, however, vary randomly in geometry. When interfacing those patterned surfaces with other components and under self-contact scenarios, geometric variations lead to stress concentration and abrupt failure around the contact. In this study, we investigate numerically real contact areas, contact tractions, and stress concentration. We generate patterned surfaces in congruence with actual surfaces created by those techniques. Then, we conduct normal-contact analyses of those surfaces boundary element method (BEM) under nominal mean pressures ranging from 0.001E* to E*, where E* is the contact modulus. We record real contact areas and stress concentration as a function of nominal mean pressures. We compare these values with the analytical solutions from sinusoidally-patterned and randomly rough surfaces. Randomness in pattern geometry is primarily influenced by the processing parameters such as the degree of anisotropy in spinodal decomposition and acceleration in amplified instabilities. To understand the influence of the processing parameters, we perform a parametric study. We find isotropic spinodal decomposition creates patterns that deliver contact area and traction distributions similar to randomly rough surfaces, and lead to high-stress concentrations. Such high-stress concentrations are expected to occur under self-contact loading scenarios, and thus can explain the compromised resilience and strength in recently-proposed spinodal metamaterials. For patterned surfaces created by amplified instabilities, high-stress concentrations are obtained for the surfaces created at high accelerations. At high accelerations, increased elastic instabilities and stochastic growth result in a more skewed and broader distribution in heights. Therefore, high-stress concentrations are inevitable. To account for combined loading scenarios, we conduct additional simulations on the same surface patterns with frictional pre-sliding contacts. We find the frictional tractions play a secondary role in stress concentrations where the primary factor is the processing parameters determining the degree of randomness in pattern geometry.

THE RELEVANCE OF NOMINATIVE MEANS OF THE CONCEPT EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH WORLDVIEW: MULTILINGUAL ASPECTS

The purpose of the article is to review and arrange according to the specified criteria nominative means of expressing the concept of TECHNOLOGY in the context of the English-speaking, French-speaking and German-speaking world picture; coverage of nominative features; identification of a different and common character to determine a comprehensive idea of the expression of the concept of TECHNOLOGY in the context of the English-speaking, French-speaking and German-speaking picture of the world. The main problem of modern linguistics is the study of the relationship of language and thinking to language and culture, due to the fact that language is the founder of culture. The main attention is paid to the study of the structure of the language system in connection with the consciousness of a person, his worldview and spiritual life; specifics of speech behavior of different peoples. The concept appears as the key and most relevant unit of research in the context of cognitive linguistics.The concept of TECHNOLOGY represents a complex of socially significant ideas of a person about the process of his relations with various objects of reality. Similar concepts consolidate the intellectual space of the respective era, largely determining the nature of thinking and axiological relations of its representatives. Concepts as elements of consciousness are completely independent of speech, and language means convey only part of the concept with their meanings, which is confirmed by the existence of many different synonyms, definitions and descriptions of the same concept.

Single-Compartment Dose Prescriptions for Ablative 90Y-Radioembolization Segmentectomy.

Yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization is increasingly being utilized with curative intent. While single-compartment doses with respect to the perfused volume for the complete pathologic necrosis (CPN) of tumors have been reported, the actual doses delivered to the tumor and at-risk margins that leads to CPN have hitherto not been estimated. We present an ablative dosimetry model that calculates the dose distribution for tumors and at-risk margins based on numerical mm-scale dose modeling and the available clinical CPN evidence and report on the necessary dose metrics needed to achieve CPN following 90Y-radioembolization. Three-dimensional (3D) activity distributions (MBq/voxel) simulating spherical tumors were modeled with a 121 × 121 × 121 mm3 soft tissue volume (1 mm3 voxels). Then, 3D dose distributions (Gy/voxel) were estimated by convolving 3D activity distributions with a 90Y 3D dose kernel (Gy/MBq) sized 61 × 61 × 61 mm3 (1 mm3 voxels). Based on the published data on single-compartment segmental doses for the resected liver samples of HCC tumors showing CPN after radiation segmentectomy, the nominal voxel-based mean tumor dose (DmeanCPN), point dose at tumor rim (DrimCPN), and point dose 2 mm beyond the tumor boundary (D2mmCPN), which are necessary to achieve CPN, were calculated. The single-compartment dose prescriptions to required achieve CPN were then analytically modeled for more general cases of tumors with diameters dt = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 cm and with tumor-to-normal-liver uptake ratios T:N = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1. The nominal case defined to estimate the doses needed for CPN, based on the previously published clinical data, was a single hyperperfused tumor with a diameter of 2.5 cm and T:N = 3:1, treated with a single-compartment segmental dose of 400 Gy. The voxel-level doses necessary to achieve CPN were 1053 Gy for the mean tumor dose, 860 Gy for the point dose at the tumor boundary, and 561 Gy for the point dose at 2 mm beyond the tumor edge. The single-compartment segmental doses necessary to satisfy the criteria for CPN in terms of the mean tumor dose, point dose at the tumor boundary, and the point dose at 2 mm beyond the tumor edge were tabulated for a range of tumor diameters and tumor-to-normal-liver uptake ratios. The analytical functions that describe the relevant dose metrics for CPN and, more importantly, the single-compartment dose prescriptions for the perfused volume needed to achieve CPN are reported for a large range of conditions in terms of tumor diameters (1-7 cm) and T:N uptake ratios (2:1-5:1).

Mean stress adjustment models for stress‐life fatigue of notched components

AbstractTensile mean stress effects in notched metallic components are studied. Steel and aluminum stress‐life fatigue data are analyzed using the generalized linear and Walker constant‐life models with two classical approaches to mean stress adjustment, namely, the nominal mean stress method and the residual stress method. Particular attention is given to the number of free parameters when evaluating model performance. A generalization of the residual stress method is proposed both with one and zero additional free parameters. Analysis of the test data indicates that the Walker equation provides a better correlation for notched components than the generalized linear constant life relation and that the classical approaches to mean stress adjustment are overly optimistic (i.e., unsafe). The optimal degree of mean stress adjustment is shown to be sensitive to the relative stress gradient. The proposed zero parameter mean stress adjustment model improves model correlation performance in nearly all cases studied.

Активизация содержания стереотипов в тексте как средство и способ социальной критики

The article outlines current features of generation of texts of various types containing various forms of social criticism. Attention is drawn to the active and increasingly intensive use of secondary means by communicants who aim at solving the task of nomination. The heterogeneous secondary nominative means that the authors of texts need are listed and briefly characterized. The reasons and conditions that encourage the producer to give preference to secondary nominative means for solving the mentioned communicative and cognitive task are revealed. A detailed analysis of one of the most popular techniques of generating texts aimed at social criticism is given on the example of culturally significant phenomena as secondary semiotic products. The nominative potential of culturally significant phenomena as means of activating the content of stereotypes of consciousness is revealed. The article also outlines cognitive grounds that allow the authors to influence the recipients of texts as efficiently, predictably and economically as possible with the help of culturally significant phenomena. The article describes the interdependence of cognitive, nominative and discursive strategies which require reference to culturally significant phenomena whose advantage as a means of nomination that ensure the success of solving the communicative task of social criticism in various discursive conditions we highlighted. We also described the reasons for functioning of nominative means in various communicative situations and the dominance of these means in the complex of isofunctional ones, and characterized the conditions that favour the activation of the knowledge of culturally significant phenomena in the minds of recipients of texts. The article offers an explanation of the current trend in the use of language tools, according to which the speaker prefers secondary nominative means to primary ones.

Номинация социума и социоморфный код номинации: соотношение понятий

The subject of consideration is the nomination of society as a central fragment of the Russian language picture of the world and a sociomorphic language code based on comparison with society. The relevance of the study lies in the study of the ratio of means of secondary indirect nomination to designate society (sotsial’nyi lift) and the use of primary and secondary direct nomination of society to designate other fragments of the Russian language picture of the world (postavki oruzhiya “kapel’nym polivom”). The material of the press and oral talk-shows of experts (1160 examples) was analyzed. The methods of component analysis and the comparative method were used. The results of the study show the nominative activity of the Russian linguistic personality in the formal and informal nomination of society: the use of landscape (bol’shaya luzha), climatic (stoyat’ na raz”ezzhayushchikhsya l’dinakh), zoomorphic (giena Evropy), artifact (beskonechnyi dollar), historiomorphic (sharovarnyi Vermakht) metaphors; manifestation of the systemic organization of society’s nominations: synonymic series (rzhavyi Tolik, gospodin privatizais ryzhii vaucher Chubais; likhie – banditskie – pomoinye devyanostye), antonymic pairs (zastoi – nezhnyi Brezhnev), homonymous pairs (krasnaya Armiya ‘workers’-and-peasants’ army of the country of Soviets’ – krasnaya armiya ‘association of terrorist brigades of Italy’), thematic groups (time periods, leaders of states, professions, places of settlement, etc.); the appearance in this nominative field of historicisms (khrushchevskaya ottepel’, chlenovoz) and archaisms (okolotochnyi – uchastkovyi). The main functions of the informal nomination of society (epistemological, characterizing, adaptive, philosophical) are established. The results of the work can be used in linguistics, journalism, sociology, political science.

Medical faculty students risk perception, attitudes, and behaviors regarding protection from COVID-19 infection.

This study aims to determine the risk perception, attitude, and behavior characteristics of Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine students towards protection from COVID-19. A total of 698 (48.2%) students of Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine participated in this analytical cross-sectional study. Dependent variables were attitudes and behaviors related to protection from COVID-19, and independent variables were socio-demographic characteristics, sources of information about COVID-19, and health status. Data was collected through a survey using Google Forms. SPSS 17.0 (Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software package was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were expressed as numbers and percentages for nominal data and mean and standard deviation for numerical data. Numerical data were compared with Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. Spearman correlation and backward linear regression analyses were used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The mean age of 698 students participating in the study was 21.8±2.2, and 60% of them were female. The mean attitude score was 54.99±5.17 and the mean behavior score was 50.64±6.06. The information sources of the students about COVID-19 were TV news (69.3%). Linear regression analysis revealed that attitude scores of the female gender were higher than male gender (β=0.757±0.364 p=0.038, 95% CI: 0.440-1.471) and scores for using websites/social media accounts of professional organizations and professional associations as information sources were higher than not using (β=0.981 ± 0.388 p=0.011 95% CI: 0.230-1.732). Medical students' attitude and behavior score towards protection against COVID-19 infection is slightly above the average level. Medical education should prepare students to manage epidemics.

САКРАЛЬНА ФУНКЦІЯ СВЯТКОВОГО ПИРОГА В ДАВНІХ РИМЛЯН: ОНОМАСІОЛОГІЧНИЙ І КУЛЬТУРОЛОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТИ

The article represents evolutional changes in modern culture of celebration, the traits of desacralization of traditional festive practices in comparison with the old ceremonial rites of "serving the deity" appropriate, in particular, to Greeks and Romans. In conformity with V. Turner’s universal theory of rite its multilevel structure was determined (symbolic, valuable, teleological and role-playing) as well as important sacred function that insures the integrity of all components. The rite of sacrifice was described as the most important festive ritual aimed at the creation of the channel of communication between the heavenly and the earthly, between gods and people. The assignment of different species of animals and plants’ sacrifice was determined the existence of link between the type of ophir and the deity’s cult was proved, between its zoomorphic and phytomorphic attributes, which had to guarantee the choice of the victim at the deity’s preference. Ancient Greeks and Romans traditionally sacrificed the bulls to Zeus / Jupiter, the cows to Hera / Juno, the horses to Poseidon / Neptune, the ear of cereals to Demeter / Ceres etc., and those who lacked the money to buy animals, had to choose animal and vegetable substitutes to bloody sacrifice – pies in the form of animalistic figures. The sacred assignment of festive banquet after the sacrifice ritual was grounded, when joint consumption of food symbolized an accord between gods and people and was aimed at winning support of the celestials and to ensure receiving divine favour. Names of bakery product were analyzed, in particular, pies, that ancient Romans used as bloodless sacrifice during both public sacrifice ceremony and festive rituals in the family circle. Conclusion was made that metaphthonyтy is major means of nomination, language formulas of dedication and examples of the use of pies’ names in the works of such famous Roman authors as Cato, Ovid, Horace, Martial and others were illustrated. Derivative mutuality of the names of festive pies and the libation as various types of the ophir deriving from the Latin verb "libare" – to sacrifice – was determined.

The use of Turkic loanwords in the Russian language

The subject of the research is loanwords form Turkic languages in the Russian language. The basic rules for the development of the language, its connections with the history of society in different periods are clearly manifested precisely in the vocabulary. Loanwords from Turkic languages were borrowed through oral speech. This led to the emergence of various options for borrowing. The article describes the internal rules for the development of Turkic loanwords, reflected in their composition, functioning, semantics, and phonetics. The borrowing of loanwords, in particular, from the Turkic languages, is determined mainly by the needs of semantic differentiation. Turkic loanwords, as well as Western European loanwords, changed in semantics and went beyond the original sphere of functioning. In the process of development, Turkic vocabulary adjusts to the phonetic, morphological and semantic norms of the Russian language by changing their phonetic composition and semantics. Turkic loanwords are mostly monosemantic words that filled in the gaps in the system of nomination. Therefore, Turkic vocabulary was the only means of nomination for a long time. Later, becoming a part of the Russian language, Turkic loanwords acquire figurative meanings.

Language and aesthetic sign of culture “muse” in language creation of the neoclassic

The article identifies and substantiates the essential features of neoclassical movements of the twentieth century. It is noted that the aesthetic credo of the neoclassics largely corresponds to the instructions of the symbolists. It is proved that figurative means performing expressive and aesthetic functions in the poetic language. It is noted that the analysis of the author’s linguistic creativity requires a comprehensive study of all components. It is noted that the uniqueness of linguistic means, their enhanced expressiveness, and stylistic marking of words are always based on an objective psychological assessment of the writer. Attention is focused on the aesthetic, linguistic-spatial, lexical criteria, and the criterion of contextual (situational) attachment of the word creation of Ukrainian poets. It is indicated that the poets’ orientation towards high style led to the modification of the lexical system of the poetic language; commonly used and highly specialized terminological names expand their compatibility, become determined, and acquire emotional and expressive coloring. It is noted that neoclassics use the aesthetic potential of lexical and semantic images, and resort to the value transfer of signs from the concrete-sensual to the intra-sensual, adding associative and symbolic meaning to the nominative meaning. The article demonstrates and comprehensively analyses the linguistic and aesthetic signs of culture “muse” in the poetic language of neoclassical authors. It is emphasized that the figurative and expressive specificity of neoclassical poetry is determined by the rootedness of the aesthetic credo in ancient culture. It has been found that the linguistic and aesthetic sign of culture “muse” is concrete in the images of goddesses, creativity/poetry, inspiration, woman/girl, and Ukraine. The ideological marking of this linguistic and aesthetic sign is noted. The newest semantic additions, which the image of the muse acquires in the poetic practice of the neoclassics, are identified. It is noted that the neoclassics use the aesthetic potential of lexical and semantic images, and resort to the value transfer of signs from the concrete-sensual to the intra-sensual, adding associative and figurative content to the nominal meaning. Keywords: author’s style, language creativity, linguistic and aesthetic sign of culture, image, metaphor.

Significantly different noun-verb distinguishing mechanisms in written Chinese and Chinese sign language: An event-related potential study of bilingual native signers

Little is known about: (a) whether bilingual signers possess dissociated neural mechanisms for noun and verb processing in written language (just like native non-signers), or they utilize similar neural mechanisms for those processing (due to general lack of part-of-speech criterion in sign languages); and (b) whether learning a language from another modality (L2) influences corresponding neural mechanism of L1. In order to address these issues, we conducted an electroencephalogram (EEG) based reading comprehension study on bimodal bilinguals, namely Chinese native deaf signers, whose L1 is Chinese Sign Language and L2 is written Chinese. Analyses identified significantly dissociated neural mechanisms in the bilingual signers' written noun and verb processing (which also became more explicit along with increase in their written Chinese understanding levels), but not in their understanding of verbal and nominal meanings in Chinese Sign Language. These findings reveal relevance between modality-based linguistic features and processing mechanisms, which suggests that: processing modality-based features of a language is unlikely affected by learning another language in a different modality; and cross-modal language transfer is subject to modal constraints rather than explicit linguistic features.