Meadow Clover Research Articles

Features of crop formation and productivity of legume-festulolium grass mixtures in the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia

The article presents the results of four years of research in a field experiment conducted on medium-loamy gray forest soil of the Kaluga region. The soil of the experiment was characterized by: humus content - 2.7%, pH – 5.9, gross nitrogen content - 0.12%, mobile phosphorus content - 135, exchangeable potassium - 100 mg/kg of soil. Objects of research: festulolium of the Fest and Allegro varieties, skip-row sown and in mixtures with legumes grasses - meadow clover of the Delets and Orlovsky varieties, alfalfa variable Sarga variety and Eastern galega Gale variety. Legumes-festulolium grass mixtures on average for three years formed the green mass and dry matter yield in the range of 34.5-43.5; 34,8-43,9 and 7,2-9,3; 7,2-9,4 t/ha, respectively, with skip-row and mixed sowing methods. The maximum productivity was obtained in a grass mixture of alfalfa of the hybrid Sarga variety with festulolium of the Allegro variety. The yield of exchange energy in legume-festulolium grass mixtures was in the range of 66.8-90.4 and 68.1-91.3 GJ/ha, respectively, with skip-row and mixed crops. The largest collection was provided by alfalfa-festulolium mixtures. Alfalfa grass mixtures of the Sarga variety with festulolium of the Fest and Allegro varieties provided the collection of crude protein 17.1-17.3 and 16.7-17.2 c/ha, respectively, with skip-row and mixed sowing methods. The collection of crude protein in clover- and galega-festulolium grass mixtures did not exceed 11.7 and 12.0 c/ha. The total energy costs and the energy efficiency coefficient according to the experimental variants were 17.2-17.7 GJ/ha and 3.8-5.1 for skip-row, 17.3-17.8 GJ/ha and 3.9-5.1 for mixed crops, respectively. Grass mixtures with the participation of alfalfa of the Sarga variety and festulolium of the Fest and Allegro varieties had the highest total energy costs and the maximum energy efficiency coefficient.

Влияние растворов борной кислоты в органических растворителях на продуктивность и химический состав зеленой массы клевера лугового

A comparative study of the effectiveness of boron in various forms (aqueous solution / chelated form) on the yield and quality indicators of Martum variety meadow clover herbage was carried out. Chelated forms were solutions of boric acid in organic liquids: monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, glycerol, ethylene glycol. The plants fertilized with solutions of boric acid in orga¬nic solvents were bulkier and their biomass grew more intensively. The use of an aqueous solution of boric acid (the traditional form of boron microfertilizers) increased the plant growth by only 6.2 % compared to the variant without fertilization. The use of organic solvents led to more significant increase in the height of red clover: its increase compared to control test varied from 5.5 to 19.6 cm. The tallest plants were observed in the variant with the use of boric acid dissolved in ethylene glycol, which exceeded the control value by 1.3 times. Foliar top dressing with boric micronutrient fertilizers allowed increasing the herbage of the experimental crop by 7.4–78.5 %, in relation to the control test. The use of triethanolamine, glycerol, and ethylene glycol as solvents contributed to the maximum significant growth of the vegetative mass of clover, which was 8.1, 7.7 and 9.5 t/ha higher, respectively, compared to the unfertilized variant. The collection of dry matter in the experimental variants increased by 0.1–1.1 t/ha. The highest value of this indicator was noted during foliar treatment of clover with the solution of boric acid based on ethylene glycol, which exceeded the value of the control test by 73.3 %, as well as the variant with an aqueous solution of boric acid by 62.5 %. In addition to taking into account the total content of organic or mineral compounds in the clover phytomass, the content of the main nutrients – nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium – was determined. The highest concentration of nitrogen was observed after adding a mixture of boric acid and glycerol, which is 24.2 % higher than the value in the control test, as well as 33.1 % higher than the variant after the aqueous solution of boric acid. The content of phosphorus in the clover herbage was maximal in the variant using a solution of boric acid in glycerol; it exceeded the control test by 15.4 %. The dissolution of boric acid in water and ethylene glycol, on the contrary, significantly reduced the concentration of this element by 11.5 % compared to the control test. The content of potassium in the clover herbage in the control test was 1.95 %, while the use of solutions of boric acid in organic solvents for foliar feeding led to an increase in this indicator by an average of 1.04 times. At the same time, the maximal increase in the indicator under consideration in the variant where a solution based on diethanolamine was used equaled 7.7 % to the corresponding value of the unfertilized variant and 8.2 % to the variant using an aqueous solution of boric acid. The use of boric acid contributed to a slight decrease in the content of nitrates, and the options with the use of di- and triethanolamine were characterized by the greatest effect in this case.

Study of the inertial separator of the clover thresher with a pneumatic loader

The clover thresher with a pneumatic loader, having an inertial louvered counterflow separator, is characterized by a simple design and operation, reliability and durability, convenient arrangement with other elements of the pneumosystem and relatively low hydraulic resistance. The wedge-shaped sedimentation chamber (separator) with a horizontally displaced discharge opening towards the inlet window is equipped with a louvered partition installed at the junction of the inlet and outlet windows. To determine the basic design parameters of the inertial louvered counterflow separator of the clover thresher, the authors experimentally studied the hull of meadow clover with a humidity of 12 to 14% of the following composition: 57.4% of beans with seeds; 16.6% of free seeds; 25.0% of light impurities; 1.0% of heavy impurities. As a result, the main design parameters of the separator have been determined: the length of the louver grille is 210 mm, the pitch, length, angle of installation of the louver plates are 40mm, 50 mm, 30°, respectively, the height of the inlet and outlet windows of the separator is 120 and 280 mm, the height of the outlet windows of the louver and counterflow cleaners is 190 and 80 mm, the depth of the discharge pipe of the sedimentary chamber is 570 mm. The efficiency of the pneumatic loader when feeding 300 kg/h: the amount of released heavy impurities - 100%, light impurities -33.6%, loss of full-fledged seeds to waste - 0.8% hydraulic resistance - 196 Pa. The research results give grounds to recommend this design for application.

Productivity of perennial herbage with the participation of Trifolium pratense L. on sod-podzolic soils of the Republic of Karelia

In the conditions of northern arable farming, the productivity and nutritional value of the dry mass of pure stand of Tr. pratense and three-component agrophytocenoses with the participation of meadow clover, as well as legume and cereal representatives (Galega orientalis Lam., Medicago varia Mart., Bromus inermis Leys., Phlum pratense L.) were studied. Against the background of spring fertilizing with N45P60K90 and two-time mowing, the yield of dry biomass of grass mixtures averaged 8.3-8.8 t/ha over four years compared to single-species sowing of meadow clover (7.8 t/ha). In terms of energy and protein productivity, the maximum indicators of one hectare were provided by agrophytocenoses of clover (7.54 thousand feed units, 84.8 GJ of exchange energy, 1.22 tons of crude protein) and clover-timothy with the addition of galega or alfalfa (up to 7.19 thousand, 87.7 GJ, and 1.09 tons, respectively). The highest nutritional value of the feed mass (up to 16.71% of crude protein and 138 g of digestible protein/feed units) was allocated to a single-species clover herbage.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOW CLOVER CROPS COVERLESS AND UNDERCOVER CROPS, DEPENDING ON THE NORMS OF THEIR SOWING

The productivity of under-cover and no-cover sowings of meadow clover under different sowing rates of cover and under-sowing crops in the forest-steppe remains insufficiently studied, the choice of sowing method is determined by biological, soil-climatic conditions, economic and economic possibilities of the farm. The article presents the results of studies on the influence of the method of creating a grass stand and different sowing rates of cover crops and under seeding on the formation of photosynthetic productivity of meadow clover crops in the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. Research has established that the method of creating a grass stand and the rate of sowing of cover crops and seed crops significantly influenced the level of yield, the formation of indicators of the assimilation surface, photosynthetic potential and the use of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by meadow clover grass stands. Research has established that the method of creating a grass stand and the rate of sowing of cover crops and seed crops significantly influenced the level of yield, the formation of indicators of the assimilation surface, photosynthetic potential and the use of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by meadow clover grass stands. At the same time, it should be taken into account that no-cover sowing was in the second year, while under-cover sowing was in the first year of using the grass stand. In coverless crops, with an increase in the rate of sowing seeds, the area of the leaf surface increased. In all cases, increasing the sowing rate of cover crops reduced the leaf surface area of clover in the second year of life. The conducted studies showed that grass clover accumulates solar energy most effectively in the first year of use. The coefficient of use of PAR was in the range of 2,01-1,66%. Its maximum value was noted on the option with clover under-sowing under millet with the minimum rate of its sowing and the average meadow clover – 2,01%.

PHYTOSANITARY STATE OF THE AGROECOSYSTEM OF WINTER WHEAT DEPENDING ON THE PREDECESSORS OF PERENNIAL LEGUMINOUS GRASSES

The article deals with the issues of increasing the resistance of winter wheat crops to the effects of the most common diseases, weeds and pests for growing after the predecessors of six types of perennial leguminous grasses without using pesticides. The damage caused to the leaf surface of winter wheat by septoria and powdery mildew diseases has been shown. The number of cockchafer larvae has been analysed. Determining the predominant types of weeds in the context of predecessors the level of weed infestation of winter wheat crops has been researched. The level of winter wheat yield depending on its predecessors has been assessed and correlation-regression dependences between it and the spread of pests, diseases and weeds in their crops have been identified. A close correlation between winter wheat yield and the damage caused to the leaf surface by powdery mildew has been proved. It has been shown that the highest level of winter wheat yield is observed after meadow clover. The slightest damage to the leaf surface of winter wheat caused by powdery mildew has been found after the predecessor of meadow clover. After the predecessor of white sweet clover the damage caused to the winter wheat’s leaf surface by the septoria disease was minimal. During the sowing season of winter wheat, no cockchafer larvae were found in the arable layer of soil after the predecessors of alfalfa, white sweet clover and fodder galega. The smallest number of weeds during the spring growth of winter wheat was found after the predecessor of white sweet clover. Meadow clover provides the highest productivity level of the winter wheat yield in case of cultivation after six types of perennial leguminous grasses without additional use of mineral fertilisers – 5,8 t/ha. The minimal damage to the leaf surface of winter wheat plants caused by powdery mildew Erysiphe graminis DC has been found after the meadow clover predecessor – 6%, without using fungicides. The damage to the leaf surface of winter wheat from Septoria tritici Mg disease without fungicides was the smallest after white sweet clover – 5%. During the sowing season of winter wheat no cockchafer larvae Melolontha melolontha L. has been disclosed in the arable layer of the soil after alfalfa, white sweet clover and fodder galega predecessors. The smallest number of weeds in the period of spring growth of winter wheat has been observed after white sweet clover predecessor – 12 pcs/m2.

Improving old-age hayfi elds in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia

The results of research on the improvement of old-age hayfi elds in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia carried out in 2016–2020 were presented. A grass mixture of perennial leguminose grasses was sown, consisting of alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.) of the Siberian variety 8, meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) of SibNIIK variety 10 and sandy esparcet (Onobrychis arenaria D.S.) of SibNIIK variety 41. The largest number of cereal plants (77,3 %) was in the variant with disking in 1 trace without sowing. The largest number of perennial leguminose grasses (86,5 %) was observed in the variant with a radical improvement of old-age hayfi elds and ordinary sowing of a mixture of perennial leguminose grasses. In the botanical composition of the herbage of old–age hayfi elds, the proportion of diff erent grasses with various turf treatments and sowing of perennial leguminose grasses decreased from 19,4 to 9,4–12,9 %. The highest yield of green and dry mass was obtained in a variant with a radical improvement and ordinary sowing of the grass mixture of perennial leguminose grasses. The yield of green mass was 12,09 and dry one 3,51 t/ ha. The amount of digestible protein per 1 feed unit was 111 g. Slightly inferior in yield was the option with a strip sowing of the grass mixture of perennial leguminose grasses. The yield of green and dry mass was 10,02 and 2,91 t/ha, respectively. The amount of digestible protein per 1 feed unit was 106 g. The lowest yield was obtained in the control version of the fi eld experiment (old-age hayfi eld). The yield of green and dry mass was 3,28 and 1,02 t/ha, respectively. The amount of digestible protein per 1 feed unit was 85 g. There was no butyric acid in the haylage of perennial grasses of improved old-age hayfi eld. The sum of lactic and acetic acids was small and amounted to 1,01–2,35 %, which indicates the high quality of the haylage mass obtained. It has been established that the most energetically advantageous option among the methods of improving old–age hayfi elds is strip sowing of the grass mixture of perennial leguminose grasses. Thus, among the considered methods of improving old-age hayfi elds, strip sowing of perennial leguminose grasses turned out to be the most energetically advantageous.

Методы создания позднеспелых и раннеспелых сортов клевера лугового на диплоидной и тетраплоидной основе

To increase the volume of production of vegetable protein feeds, meadow clover plays an important role. In the conditions of Western Siberia, a late-ripening variety based on the diploid SibNIIK 10 was created by the polycross method. Together with the Federal Research Center "VIK named after V.R. Williams", as a result of a combination of mutagenesis, polyploidy, hybridization and selection methods, for the first time in Siberia, the Meteor — winter-hardy, early-ripening type variety on a tetraploid basis was created, and as a result of a combination of hybridization and selection methods, a Prima — early-ripening type variety on a diploid basis with high seed yield was created. The early-maturing varieties Prima (2x) and Meteor (4x) exceeded the late-maturing variety SibNIIK 10 by 36 and 46%, respectively, in terms of dry matter yield for two mowing. In terms of seed yield and plant seeding in the first year of use, the early-maturing diploid variety Prima was at the level of the late-maturing diploid variety SibNIIK 10, and in unfavorable years it exceeded by 17%. New varieties of the early-maturing type on a diploid (Prima) and tetraploid basis (Meteor) are characterized by high plasticity and have a significant advantage over the late-maturing SibNIIK 10 variety in terms of basic biological and economically valuable characteristics.

ЕКОЛОГО-ЕКОНОМІЧНА ТА БІОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНА ОЦІНКА ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ ПІСЛЯ БОБОВИХ БАГАТОРІЧНИХ ТРАВ

Topicality. The economic crisis requires modern winter wheat cultivation technologies based on the principles of financial feasibility, energy saving and environmental safety. Issues. Changes in animal husbandry have led to the differentiation of fodder crops, which are used as predecessors of winter wheat. Now, other types of perennial legume grasses are grown along with its traditional predecessor meadow clover. However, it is necessary to carry out research and calculations due to the lack of results of the ecological, economic and bioenergy feasibility of non-traditional perennial legume grasses as predecessors of winter wheat. Aim. To investigate the indicators of ecological, economic and bioenergy efficiency of winter wheat cultivation after six species of perennial legume grasses as predecessors, such as meadow clover, alfalfa, sand esparcet, white sweet clover, bird's-foot-trefoil, eastern galega, and also after the maize for silage (control). Methods. Field studies with subsequent calculation of economic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation based on technological charts and costs, as well as the energy efficiency of the technologies under study according to the methods of O.K. Medvedovskyi, P.I. Ivanenko and VASKHNIL were conducted. Results. The highest grain yield was 6.52 t/ha when winter wheat was cultivated after maize for silage with high rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. When winter wheat was cultivated after perennial legume grasses, the rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides were significantly lower. Accordingly, the grain yield of winter wheat grown after perennial legume grasses was by 11.1–38.2 % lower than after silage maize, and it was 4.03–5.80 t/ha. The highest grain yield was observed after meadow clover, and the lowest – after bird's-foot-trefoil. The highest level of profitability (90.7 %) is provided by the cultivation of winter wheat after the predecessor meadow clover. When winter wheat was grown after such predecessors as meadow clover, white sweet clover, sand esparcet and eastern galega with limited rates of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the level of profitability was 5.7–46.8 % higher than indicator for winter wheat after silage maize with high rates of mineral fertilizers and pesticides At the same time, winter wheat profitability after bird's-foot-trefoil and alfalfa equaled to the indicator for silage maize. Conclusions. The technology of winter wheat cultivation after meadow clover, which provided the highest energy coefficient 4.96, is the most profitable and the least energy-intensive. Key words: economic assessment, bioenergy assessment, cultivation technology, winter wheat, predecessors.

The use of non-traditional legumes in the production of high-protein feed on irrigation

The article presents the results of research on the perennial legumes various types modern varieties attracting and adapting to the conditions of the Lower Volga region. The experiments were carried out on irrigated light chestnut soils. The completeness of the studied grasses seedlings was at the level of the traditional culture of purple hybrid alfalfa or slightly lower than its indicators. The creation of optimal growing conditions contributed to the formation of the maximum assimilation surface on the grasses sowing. In the second year of life, the leaf area by crops varied from 43 - 45 to 57 - 62 thousand m2/ha. The highest indices were in alfalfa and blue hybrid alfalfa and meadow clover. On these crops, the yield of green mass was formed at the level of 75 - 88, on the crops of birdsfoot trefoil and creeping crown vetch it was 62 - 65 t/ha. The qualitative indicators of the biomass of the studied legumes corresponded to the high requirements for the assessment of feed. The content of feed units in a kilogram of dry matter was 0.62 - 0.68, digestible protein - 120 - 171, and metabolizable energy - 9.7 - 10.3 MJ. Leguminous herbs improve soil fertility due to the nutrients contained in the accumulated root mass. After three years of use, from 142 to 240 kg of nitrogen, 60 to 90 kg of phosphorus and 80 to 145 kg of potassium enter the soil along with the organic matter.

Changes in agrochemical indicators of light gray forest soil and productivity of meadow clover depending on the level of mineral nutrition against the background of the aftereffect of liming in the conditions of the South-East of the Volga-Vyatka region

The research was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment, launched in 1978 on light gray forest soil in the conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In 2020-2021, the effectiveness of various doses of mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0, N15P40K60, N30P80K120, N45P120K180) was studied against the background of liming when laying the experiment (in doses 0; 0.5;1.0;1.5; 2.0; 2.5 of hydrolytic acidity) on the yield of meadow clover Martum of the 1st and 2nd years of use. It has been established that the studied lime doses introduced in 1978, by August 2021 had not affected the change in agrochemical parameters of light gray forest soil (acidity, content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, humus) and the yield of meadow clover of the 1st and 2nd year of use. A long-term use (1978-2021) of single and double doses of mineral fertilizers did not provide the accumulation of humus, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium as compared to their initial content in arable layer of light gray forest soil. Increased content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium (Р2О5 per 34.1 mg/kg, К2О per 22.3 mg/kg) was observed by long-term application of three-fold doses of mineral fertilizers. Application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N45P120K180 enabled to obtain 36.5 and 37.9 t/ha of green mass during the 1st and the 2nd year of use and the highest total yield of 74.4 t/ha that is 12.0-22.2 t/ha higher than the control and all the rest variants of mineral fertilizers application.

INFLUENCE OF EROSION OF SOD-PODZOLIC SOILS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS (RESULTS OF LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENTS)

Perennial leguminous grasses reduce yields on sod-podzolic slightly washed soils by an average of 14 % compared to non-eroded soils, on medium and heavily washed soils – by 20 and 25 % respectively. Depending on the developing hydrothermal conditions of the growing season, the decrease can reach 30 %. Under the same soil-geomorphological conditions, the alfalfa of the north reduces the yield to a greater extent
 compared with the eastern galega and meadow clover.
 Perennial legume-cereal grasses reduce yields on sod-podzolic medium-washed
 soils by an average of 11 %, on heavily washed soils – by 19 %. Annual legume-cereal
 grasses reduce yields on sod-podzolic slightly washed soils by an average of 10 %
 compared to non-aerated soils, on medium and heavily washed soils – by 18 and 25 %
 respectively. Annual grasses to a greater extent reduces the yield on sod-podzolic soils
 on moraine loams compared to soils on loess-like loams.

Study of varieties of meadow clover by economically valuable characteristics

The article evaluates the source material of clover according to a complex of economically valuable features. Perennial varieties of meadow clover with high winter hardiness, fodder and seed productivity, tolerance to major diseases have been studied. It was revealed that all the studied varieties are adapted to the conditions of the foothill zone of North Ossetia.

Сопряженность семенной продуктивности клевера лугового с полеганием травостоя

Analysis of the problems of increasing the yield of clover seeds shows that, in relation to fodder perennial grasses, the tasks of selection when breeding new varieties are associated with improving the vegetative development of plants. Fodder use provides for the need to further increase the productivity of phytomass, increase the period of active shoot formation, the predominance of vegetative stems in the structure of the herbage, and others. Such natural or selectively induced features of plant development make it difficult to sow varieties for fodder purposes. The growth and development of red clover, the yield value is greatly influenced by the biological characteristics of varieties, as well as agrometeorological conditions during the formation of generative organs, flowering, seed setting and filling. One of the main factors influencing the yield value is the lodging of the herbage. In modern varieties of meadow clover of an intensive type, during the process of growth and accumulation of vegetative mass, lodging of grass stands of varying degrees is usually observed already by the flowering phase, which negatively affects the formation of seed productivity. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of grass stand lodging on the realization of the seed productivity potential of red clover varieties of early and late ripening types. To solve this problem, vertical clover shoots were artificially formed using a special frame. The degree of lodging of seed grass stands of late-ripening clover under field conditions was 56%, and that of early-ripening clover was 36–39%. With the artificial creation of non-lodging grass stands compared to lodging ones, depending on the prevailing weather conditions, the biological yield of meadow clover seeds of late-ripening type increased by 88%, and in early-ripening — in the range from 31 to 48% due to an increase in the number of inflorescences by 14–27% and seeds in heads by 14–28%. To increase the yield of meadow clover seeds, it is necessary to develop and use a complex of agrotechnical techniques that ensure the formation of non-lodging grass stands with optimal plant density per unit area.

Improvement of degraded hayfelds in the forest-steppe of the Priobye region

The authors presented the results of research in 2012-2016 on the improvement of degraded hayfields with the sowing of perennial legume grass mixture at different methods of turf cultivation. The work aims to determine the most effective methods of cultivation of the turf of degraded hayfields, contributing to higher yields and quality of the resulting fodder. The highest content of perennial legumes in the herbage was noted in the variant with radical improvement of degraded hayfield (ploughing + discing) - 88 %, in the variant with milling - 80, discing - 70 %. The variant with radical improvement of the degraded hayfield (ploughing + discing) obtained the highest yield - 17.3 green and 3.64 t/ha - dry mass, which exceeds the yield of the control variant by 3.6 times. When carrying out radical improvement of degraded hayfields yield of fodder units was 1740, the number of digestible proteins per 1 fodder unit 140 g. These indicators during turf disking were 1550 fodder unit and 135 g, respectively. During strip seeding of perennial leguminous grasses (meadow clover + alfalfa) the variant with a width of the cultivated strip of 60 cm was selected. The yield of fodder units was 1610, the amount of digestible protein per 1 fodder unit - 120 g. In the control variant the yield of fodder units was 380, the amount of digestible protein per 1 fodder unit - 85 g. Strip-seeding of perennial leguminous grasses was the most cost-effective method of improving degraded hayfields in the Priobye forest-steppe. Net income in variants with strip-seeding of perennial leguminous grasses was 3751-4278 rubles/ha, profitability level - 71- 87%. In the variant with radical improvement of the degraded hayfield (ploughing + discing) these indicators are lower - 3959 rubles/ha and 57 % accordingly.

Դեղաբույսի (Trifolium prаtense L.) շտկող ազդեցությունը էկոլոգիական անբարենպաստ պայմաններում օրգանիզմում առաջացած ֆունկցիոնալ խանգարումների ժամանակ

In the instances of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, when the body feels lack of oxygen, several herbs are used in folk medicine that have antioxidant properties. One of these herbs is the meadow clover (Trifolium prаtense L.). Studies have shown that in ecologically unfavorable conditions, the body experiences lack of oxygen as well. As a result, the rate of respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate increase. Ten days after taking the tincture of clover flowers, these indicators start approaching the norm. This is due to the activation of the body's adaptive mechanisms under the influence of antioxidants contained in clover flowers.

DEPENDENCE OF CROP ROTATION EFFICIENCY ON PHOSPHOGYPSE AND FERTILIZERS APPLICATION

The article is devoted to the study of the energy nutritional value of forage from perennial legumes and cereals grown on the drained lands of the Non-Chernozem zone (Tver region). The objects of research are highly productive grass stands based on variable alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The objects of research are high-yielding grass stands based on alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020 on the experimental field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands - Branch of the Federal Research Centre V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (VNIIMZ) on sod-podzolic light loamy soil, drained by closed pottery drainage. It is noted that under conditions of waterlogged soil and low average daily temperatures, grass mixtures of alfalfa and meadow clover with perennial grasses often have unstable productivity. The botanical composition of grass mixtures on average over the years of research showed the participation of legumes - 45-50 %, cereals - 50-55 %. Of the cereal components during the period of crop formation, more active development was noted in meadow fescue, on average, 54 % in the composition of mixtures, versus 46 % of meadow timothy. Analysis of samples of green mass and voluminous forage (silage) from alfalfa, meadow clover and cereal grasses harvested for the winter stall period showed a high protein content in silage prepared from the plant mass of alfalfa-clover-cereal grass mixture. These feeds contain protein 128.3-138.5 g per feed unit, metabolic energy 9.18-10.08 MJ per 1 kg of dry feed.

ENERGY NUTRITION OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES AND CEREALS ON DRIED LANDS OF THE UPPER VOLGA

The article is devoted to the study of the energy nutritional value of forage from perennial legumes and cereals grown on the drained lands of the Non-Chernozem zone (Tver region). The objects of research are highly productive grass stands based on variable alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The objects of research are high-yielding grass stands based on alfalfa variety Vega 87, meadow clover variety Shans, and intensive types of cereal grasses meadow timothy variety VIK 9, meadow fescue variety Sakharovskaya. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020 on the experimental field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands - Branch of the Federal Research Centre V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (VNIIMZ) on sod-podzolic light loamy soil, drained by closed pottery drainage. It is noted that under conditions of waterlogged soil and low average daily temperatures, grass mixtures of alfalfa and meadow clover with perennial grasses often have unstable productivity. The botanical composition of grass mixtures on average over the years of research showed the participation of legumes - 45-50 %, cereals - 50-55 %. Of the cereal components during the period of crop formation, more active development was noted in meadow fescue, on average, 54 % in the composition of mixtures, versus 46 % of meadow timothy. Analysis of samples of green mass and voluminous forage (silage) from alfalfa, meadow clover and cereal grasses harvested for the winter stall period showed a high protein content in silage prepared from the plant mass of alfalfa-clover-cereal grass mixture. These feeds contain protein 128.3-138.5 g per feed unit, metabolic energy 9.18-10.08 MJ per 1 kg of dry feed.

Optimization of technogenic landscapes of the Crimea. Report 2. Landfills, embankments and dumps

The problem of waste is one of the most urgent in the world. The Russian Federation and the Republic of the Crimea are no exception. More than 30 billion tons of garbage has been placed on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is expected that almost all Russian landfills will overflow in the next five years. In the Crimea, outside the boundaries of settlements, 293 landfills with a total area of more than 1.054 million square meters remain not liquidated (in comparison with the indicators as of 12.03.2021, the number of non-liquidated landfills outside the boundaries of settlements increased by 4 units, and the area of landfills increased by 889 sq. m.). Optimization of anthropogenic objects is decided by the correct choice of location and operation of the dump, as well as by giving it the appropriate shape and proper landscaping, that is, using what is called the integration of the object into the landscape. Under any circumstances, the formation of a dump should be preceded by the removal of the topsoil, its storage and preservation. The most important form of dump should be considered a terraced table mountain with a steepness of 1:3 and a rounding of the talus base. Dumps above 10 m are terraced with a ledge width of at least 4 m. It is extremely important to ensure control over surface water runoff by laying small canals on the slopes and bordering the perimeter with a plantation strip at least 5 m wide. Phyto-reclamation measures on a poor substrate should be carried out using green manure, combining legumes and cereals (legumes: meadow clover, white clover, yellow alfalfa, horned clover, Hungarian sainfoin, etc.; cereals: orchard grass, desert wheatgrass, awnless brome grass, meadow fescue, pasture ryegrass, etc.). Young plants of avant-garde trees and shrubs are planted according to a layout pattern of 2.5 x 2.5 to 0.75 x 0.75 m. The more difficult the natural conditions, the denser the planting should be. Any types of trees and shrubs that grow rapidly in these conditions are used as vanguard. The main types of trees are initially planted in an amount of 4,000 to 6,000 pieces. This means that the distance between the rows is 1.5-2 m, and the distance between plants in a row is from 1 to 1.5 m. The avant-garde species of trees and shrubs are placed evenly in groups or rows. The main types of trees and shrubs are placed in groups of at least 10 seedlings of the same species.

ОЦЕНКА СОРТОВ КЛЕВЕРА ЛУГОВОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ СРЕДНЕГО ПРЕДУРАЛЬЯ

Meadow clover remains the main forage crop in the middle Urals with great potential. An urgent problem is the development and improvement of the technology of this crop cultivation, including the search for adapted varieties. The aim of the research is to estimate the fodder and seed productivity recommended by the originators of meadow clover varieties of Russian and foreign selection VIK 77, Diplo, Lestris, Ranniy 2, Kudesnik in the Middle Ural region. The studies were carried out in 2017-2019 in the forest-steppe zone of the Udmurt Republic on sod-medium-podzolic medium loamy soil. The Dymkovsky variety included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in the Volga-Vyatka region was used as a standard. Clover varieties were sown in 2017, comprehensive study in 2018-2019. The meteorological conditions of the growing seasons during the study years were different: 2017 and 2019 - over moistened (hydrothermal coefficient – 1.97 and 1.73), 2018 - dry (hydrothermal coefficient – 0.89). Winter hardiness of meadow clover varieties was estimated at 4.5 points. Varieties Diplo, Lestris and Ranniy 2 reached mowing ripeness in 58-63 days, varieties Dymkovsky, VIK 77 and Kudesnik – in 66-70 days. The varieties Diplo, Ranniy 2 and Kudesnik provided a dry matter yield of 6.2-6.8 t/ha, on average for two years of using meadow clover grass-stand. The highest yield of metabolizable energy (51.2 and 55.0 GJ/ha), digestible protein (0.44 and 0.46 t/ha) and feed units (3.79 and 4.09 thousand feed units/ha) was found in the standard variety Dymkovskiy and the tetraploid variety Kudesnik. Seed productivity of cultivars of meadow clover of the 1st year of use was at the level of 137-314 kg/ha, the highest - 314 kg/ha in the standard variety Dymkovsky