Optimization of technogenic landscapes of the Crimea. Report 2. Landfills, embankments and dumps

Abstract

The problem of waste is one of the most urgent in the world. The Russian Federation and the Republic of the Crimea are no exception. More than 30 billion tons of garbage has been placed on the territory of the Russian Federation, it is expected that almost all Russian landfills will overflow in the next five years. In the Crimea, outside the boundaries of settlements, 293 landfills with a total area of more than 1.054 million square meters remain not liquidated (in comparison with the indicators as of 12.03.2021, the number of non-liquidated landfills outside the boundaries of settlements increased by 4 units, and the area of landfills increased by 889 sq. m.). Optimization of anthropogenic objects is decided by the correct choice of location and operation of the dump, as well as by giving it the appropriate shape and proper landscaping, that is, using what is called the integration of the object into the landscape. Under any circumstances, the formation of a dump should be preceded by the removal of the topsoil, its storage and preservation. The most important form of dump should be considered a terraced table mountain with a steepness of 1:3 and a rounding of the talus base. Dumps above 10 m are terraced with a ledge width of at least 4 m. It is extremely important to ensure control over surface water runoff by laying small canals on the slopes and bordering the perimeter with a plantation strip at least 5 m wide. Phyto-reclamation measures on a poor substrate should be carried out using green manure, combining legumes and cereals (legumes: meadow clover, white clover, yellow alfalfa, horned clover, Hungarian sainfoin, etc.; cereals: orchard grass, desert wheatgrass, awnless brome grass, meadow fescue, pasture ryegrass, etc.). Young plants of avant-garde trees and shrubs are planted according to a layout pattern of 2.5 x 2.5 to 0.75 x 0.75 m. The more difficult the natural conditions, the denser the planting should be. Any types of trees and shrubs that grow rapidly in these conditions are used as vanguard. The main types of trees are initially planted in an amount of 4,000 to 6,000 pieces. This means that the distance between the rows is 1.5-2 m, and the distance between plants in a row is from 1 to 1.5 m. The avant-garde species of trees and shrubs are placed evenly in groups or rows. The main types of trees and shrubs are placed in groups of at least 10 seedlings of the same species.