Diet In Men Research Articles

Leveraging men's education as an effective pathway for improving diet quality: Evidence from rural India.

Investing in nutrition sensitive sectors such as education can be an effective strategy for combatting malnutrition. In this paper we analyze the role that men's education plays in determining dietary diversity outcomes using primary data from 3600 households across four districts of India. Dietary diversity scores were calculated to reflect the quality of food intake, for households and women. Men's education level was considered as the primary driver of diet diversity. To establish a causal link between men's education and diet diversity, the education level of parents and siblings were used as instrumental variables. We find that men's education levels are associated with significantly higher diet diversity scores both for the household and for women. The role of men's education continues to be a significant determinant of diet quality after controlling for household and individual- level confounding factors including the education level of the woman. The results are consistent across different definitions of the diet diversity score and reference period. Methodologically we extend the evidence on the education-nutrition pathway from being associational to causal in nature. Results from this study point to the benefits of leveraging men's education as an effective pathway for improving nutritional outcomes within households.

Association of the Length of Service of 24/48 Firefighters with the Quality of Their Diet and Selected Anthropometric Parameters.

The aim of the study was to examine the association of lengths of service (LS) ≤ 10 years and >10 years in 24/48 shifts with the quality of the observed diet based on the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) and selected anthropometric parameters of 130 firefighters of the State Fire Service (SFS) in Wroclaw, Poland. The study also analysed the individual components of the men's diets required to calculate the NRF9.3 index in both seniority groups. Men with LS > 10 years had statistically significant higher body weight (89.00 kg vs. 81.59 kg), body-fat level (22.80 kg vs. 17.95 kg), waist circumference (96.50 cm vs. 89.00 cm), body-fat percentage (21.94 ± 4.06% vs. 25.00 ± 5.45%), body mass index (BMI) (28.10 kg/m2 vs. 25.40 kg/m2) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) (0.84 0.92 vs. 0.84), compared to the LF ≤ 10 years group. In contrast, the quality of the men's dietary adherence, based on the calculated NRF9.3 index, did not differ between the study groups, and was 662.50 ± 103.1 and 664.78 for the LS ≤ 10 years and LS > 10 years groups, respectively. Based on a statistical analysis using the NRF9.3 diet quality index by tertile (NRF9.3-C), a leading and statistically significant association of LS > 10 years vs. ≤10 years was observed as to most of the anthropometric parameters studied. In contrast, the association of participants' diet quality, as assessed by the NRF9.3 index value, was insignificant for all anthropometric parameters studied.

O-046 Nutritional habits might improve your fertility

Abstract Many lifestyle factors have been identified as risk factors for male infertility. For example, an unbalanced diet leading to overweight, obesity, metabolic disorders, and micronutrient deficiencies can have consequences for male reproductive functions. Obese men present more often altered semen parameters and a reduced chance of pregnancy naturally or after medically assisted procreation. In some cases, weight loss can reverse the adverse effects of obesity. However, few interventional studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a preconceptional intervention in men. In contrast, more and more studies are highlighting the importance of a balanced diet and physical activity to improve fertility. A qualitatively adequate and balanced diet and appropriate daily intake of micronutrients are fundamental for male reproductive functions. Some teams have highlighted the benefits of the Mediterranean diet on sperm production, whereas the Western diet, including reconstituted meats, fried foods, and sweet foods and drinks, was associated with altered semen parameters. However, few interventional studies have confirmed the impact of men's diets on the chances of natural or medically assisted pregnancy and live birth, and their results are controversial. Therefore, robust randomised controlled studies are needed. Practical advice and education can be recommended to men who wish to conceive to help them maintain or achieve the public health recommendations that encourage a balanced diet, such as the Mediterranean diet.

Diets of Men and Women in Rural Bangladesh Are Equitable but Suboptimal

BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that diet inequities between men and women may have diminished within rural Bangladeshi households. However, this has not been directly tested with appropriate physiologic adjustments and it is unclear whether changes have occurred across socioeconomic strata. Understanding intrahousehold dietary patterns at different points on the income and food-security distribution in rural Bangladesh—particularly, within ultrapoor and farm households—is important for appropriate design of gender-sensitive and nutrition-sensitive interventions, which often target these groups. ObjectiveUsing 2012 and 2016 data, we aimed to examine gender differences in diet quantity and quality among ultrapoor and farm households in rural Bangladesh. MethodsThe study used baseline 24-h dietary data from 2 randomized control trials conducted in rural Bangladesh: the Transfer Modality Research Initiative (ultrapoor households) and the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Gender Linkages project (farm households). Ordinary least squares regressions with household-level fixed effects tested for gender differences among constructed diet measures, such as caloric intake, caloric adequacy ratio, dietary diversity score, global diet quality score, and probability of consuming moderate or high levels of healthy food groups. ResultsIn both samples, on average, women consumed fewer calories than men in the same households but consumed near equal or more in reference to their caloric needs. Women scored <1% lower than men on diet quality indicators and showed similar probabilities to men of consuming healthy foods. Most men and women in both samples were calorically inadequate (>60%) and recorded poor diet quality scores that indicated high risk of nutrient inadequacy and chronic disease (>95%). ConclusionsIn both ultrapoor and farm households, although men record higher intake quantities and diet quality scores, the apparent male advantage disappear when energy requirements and the magnitudes of difference are considered. Diets of men and women in these rural Bangladeshi households are equitable but suboptimal.

Effect of Packaged Milk Advertisements on Consumer's Buying Behavior

Advertising can influence consumer behaviour by providing information about a product, creating positive associations with the product, and increasing brand awareness. In the case of packaged milk, advertisements aimed at highlighting the health benefits of milk, the convenience of packaged milk, or the taste and quality of the product. These advertisements lead towards increasing demand for packaged milk and influence consumer purchasing behaviour. However, the relationship between advertisements and consumption behaviour can be complex and may depend on a variety of factors, such as the target audience, the content of the advertisement, and the overall marketing strategy. Milk has been a staple of man's diet since the dawn of time, from infancy to old age. This is due to significant regional differences in milk consumption, which are primarily due to insufficient information about milk’s superior nutritional benefits rather than differences in consumer behaviour or market structure.

The effect of a Mediterranean diet on the symptoms of depression in young males (the “AMMEND: A Mediterranean Diet in MEN with Depression” study): a randomized controlled trial

Depression is a common mental health condition that affects 1 in 8 males each year, especially young adults. Young adulthood offers an opportunity for early dietary interventions, with research suggesting that a Mediterranean diet (MD) could be beneficial in treating depression. This study aimed to determine if an MD can improve depressive symptoms in young males with clinical depression. A 12-wk, parallel-group, open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of an MD intervention in the treatment of moderate to severe depression in young males (18-25 y). Befriending therapy was chosen for the control group. Assessments were taken at baseline, week 6, and week 12. MD adherence was measured with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MEDAS). The primary outcome measure was the Beck Depression Inventory Scale-version II (BDI-II) and secondary outcome was quality of life (QoL). A total of 72 participants completed the study. After 12 wk, the MEDAS scores were significantly higher in the MD group compared with the befriending group (mean difference: 7.8; 95% CI: 7.23, 8.37; P<0.001). The mean change in BDI-II score was significantly higher in the MD group compared with the befriending group at week 12 (mean difference: 14.4; 95% CI: 11.41, 17.39; P<0.001). The mean change in QoL score was also significantly higher in the MD group compared with the befriending group at week 12 (mean difference: 12.7; 95% CI: 7.92, 17.48; P<0.001). Our results demonstrate that compared with befriending, an MD intervention leads to significant increases in MEDAS, decreases in BDI-II score, and increases in QoL scores. These results highlight the important role of nutrition for the treatment of depression and should inform advice given by clinicians to this specific demographic population.The trial was registered with Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (trial ID ACTRN12619001545156) and has also been registered with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (Universal Trial Number U1111-1242-5215).

Low Carbohydrate Diets in Men with Prostate Cancer May Reduce Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Objectives Both weight loss and low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) have been shown to slow prostate cancer (PC) growth in animal models. Given the significant weight loss and purported metabolic benefits of LCDs to lower insulin and glucose (two key cancer growth factors), there is growing interest in using them in cancer patients. However, critics point to potentially increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a major risk. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of an LCD on estimated CVD risk within the context of randomized trials of LCD in PC patients. Methods Carbohydrate and Prostate Cancer (CAPS) 1 and CAPS2 studies were randomized clinical trials testing 6 mo. of an LCD vs. control (asked to make no diet changes) in overweight PC patients. CAPS1 included 34 men starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and tested whether LCD prevents insulin resistance. CAPS2 included 45 men with recurrent PC after primary treatment and tested whether LCD slows PC growth. Primary results have been presented. In this post-hoc analysis, we calculated 10-year risk of CVD at baseline, 3 mo., and 6 mo. in each study based on a CVD risk model developed from the Framingham Heart Study. This score accounts for age, diabetes, smoking, treated and untreated systolic blood pressure and BMI. Comparisons between arms were made using t-tests. A mixed model was used to test longitudinal changes in CVD risk combining data from both studies but adjusting for study. Results In CAPS1, the 10-year estimated CVD risk was unchanged from baseline to 6 mo. at 29% in controls but decreased from 31% to 23% in the LCD arm (p = 0.23). In CAPS2, CVD risk increased from 34% to 35% in controls but decreased from 32% to 28% in the LCD arm (p = 0.005). When data from the two studies were combined, the LCD was associated with a lower 10-year estimated CVD risk vs. control over the study period (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions Across two prospective randomized trials, an LCD in men with PC was associated with a lower estimated 10-year risk of CVD than control patients making no diet changes. These data support the safety of LCDs for men with PC. Given CVD is the number one cause of death in men with PC and pre-clinical data supporting anti-PC activity, further research on LCDs using long-term PC and CVD end-points is warranted. Funding Sources Atkins Foundation, American Urological Association, National Institute of Health/National Cancer Institute.

The role of nurses in the prevention of metabolic syndrome in spa environment

Materials and methods. 100 patients who were undergoing treatment at the Ružbachy Cherry Resort were anonymously interviewed with the use of the original questionnaire. The issue of the questionnaire consisted of a block of questions on the metabolic syndrome and block of issues relating to the lifestyle of the respondents.Results. When creating the design of the study, 7 hypotheses were set which were verified through a questionnaire. 100 patients were interviewed, including 49 males and 51 women. The average age of respondents was 40 years. When processing data from the questionnaire, we found that 56% of respondents said they could not calculate their body mass index. According to our findings, most respondents are overweight or obese and unable to determine whether they have overweight or obese. It can be noted for sure that according to the answers received, patients with higher education pay more attention to physical training and sports, both active and entertaining. Patients with higher education are more likely to eat healthy foods compared to patients with other education levels. Women eat healthier compared to men, their diet is more diverse. It consists of more fruits and vegetables compared to men's diets, in which, on the contrary, meat dishes dominate. More than half of the respondents are ready to receive information on the metabolic syndrome from educational lectures or training materials. In the work we specify the importance of nursing in the prevention of this serious civilization disease and the indispensable role of nurses in training the patients.Conclusions. Education is one of the non-pharmacological ways of influencing the patient and his family in the contextof secondary prophylaxis and is an important part of the patient's overall treatment. This is a process that affects their behavior.This allows us to make changes in the knowledge, relationships and skills necessary to strengthen, protect and develop the healthof patients. This is an important part of all nursing activities.

Processed meat intake in relation to semen quality indicators among men attending a fertility clinic

AbstractIt is estimated that in Central and Eastern Europe 8–12% of men are infertile, and in the case of 20% of infertile couples in the region, indicates a 56% part of the malefactor in the occurrence of infertility. Numerous studies have shown that a healthy diet with a high intake of fish and seafood, poultry, vegetables, fruits, legumes, through the high content of antioxidants are associated with better parameters of semen quality and reduced risk of asthenozoospermia. Men's diets may affect spermatogenesis as reflected in semen quality indicators, but the literature on the relation between meat intake and semen quality is limited. Our objective was to prospectively examine the relation between meats including red, poultry, proceesed and fish and indicators of semen quality. Men in subfertile couples presenting for evaluation at the Olsztyn Hospital Fertility Center were invited to participate in an ongoing study of environmental factors and fertility. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 208 men aged 18–55 years from Northern-Eastern Poland. Semen samples were collected at the clinic and analyses were performed by an experienced technician. Semen microscopic measurements were determined with the use of computer-aided semen analysis (CASA) and evaluated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. A total of men completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire and subsequently provided semen samples. We used linear mixed regression models to examine the relation between meat intake and semen quality indicators (total sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive motility, morphology, and semen volume) while adjusting for potential confounders. After adjustment for age, BMI, physical activity, residence place and education, one serving increase in intake of processed meat was associated with a 56% higher risk of abnormal progressive sperm motility (OR = 1.56 95%CI:1.09–2.21). Consuming processed meat may have a negative impact on sperm counts and morphology. Potentially, these products may be a significant source of saturated and trans fatty acids, xenobiotics, mainly xenoestrogen, and steroids. Is need to clarify the potential effect of meat products, especially processed meat, on male reproductive potential in RCTs or longitudinal studies. Future findings may be useful to establish a more precise recommendation connected with red and processed meat intake in the context of reproductive health.

Relationship between the dietary glycemic load of the adult Polish population and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors - results of the WOBASZ II study.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs more often among people with a low sociodemographic status, so it is worth knowing if any sociodemographic factor also has an impact on diet quality, defined by glycemic load (GL). Assessment of the relationship between the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, health status self-assessment and dietary GL of the adult Polish population based on WOBASZ II study results. The study included a representative group of the Polish population aged ≥20 years (2,554 men and 3,136 women). A 24-hour dietary recall was collected to assess the dietary intake. The total GL was calculated by summing the GL values of the consumed food. The average GL/1,000 kcal was significantly higher in women's than in men's diets (74.0 ±15.9 vs 71.2 ±15.7). Dietary GL/1,000 kcal increased with age (men: aged <35 - 70.3 and aged ≥65 - 73.9, women: 73.5 and 76.5, respectively). The lowest dietary GL/1,000 kcal was found among people living in large population centers. Dietary GL/1,000 kcal decreased with education level (men with primary, secondary and higher education: 73.4, 69.5 and 68.9, respectively, and women: 76.7, 73.4 and 70.9, respectively). Dietary GL decreased as an income increased. The highest GL/1,000 kcal was observed in the diets of participants who performed less physical activity. The highest GL/1,000 kcal was observed in the participants who defined their health status as very poor/poor and the lowest among those who defined their health status as good/very good. Nutritional education about the proper selection of products that are sources of carbohydrates in the diet should be addressed mainly to people with low sociodemographic status, such as: people in the older age group, living in small population centers, and with lower levels of education and lower income. It should also be directed to people with a lower level of physical activity. Greater awareness of the choices of carbohydrate products is recommended to improve diet quality in these groups of people.

Epigenetics in male reproduction: effect of paternal diet on sperm quality and offspring health.

Epigenetic inheritance and its underlying molecular mechanisms are among the most intriguing areas of current biological and medical research. To date, studies have shown that both female and male germline development follow distinct paths of epigenetic events and both oocyte and sperm possess their own unique epigenomes. Fertilizing male and female germ cells deliver not only their haploid genomes but also their epigenomes, which contain the code for preimplantation and postimplantation reprogramming and embryonal development. For example, in spermatozoa, DNA methylation profile, DNA-associated proteins, protamine 1:protamine 2 ratio, nucleosome distribution pattern, histone modifications and other properties make up a unique epigenetic landscape. However, epigenetic factors and mechanisms possess certain plasticity and are affected by environmental conditions. Paternal and maternal lifestyle, including physical activity, nutrition and exposure to hazardous substances, can alter the epigenome and, moreover, can affect the health of their children. In male reproductive health, data are emerging on epigenetically mediated effects of a man's diet on sperm quality, for example through phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins, and nutritional support for subfertile men is already being used. In addition, studies in animal models and human epidemiological data point toward a transgenerational effect of the paternally contributed sperm epigenome on offspring health.

Diuretic Plants Cited in the “Moretum” Poem from the Appendix Vergiliana

The authors first deal with the poor man's diet in ancient times, considering the moretum a short poem of the Appendix Vergiliana (Ist century BC) that describes in detail the making of a focaccia by the farmer Simulo. Then, they compare the Moretum with the guidelines reported in ancient texts such as the Bible and Flos Medicinae or Regimen Sanitatis Salerni (13th century), a manual of practical medicine that describes all the rules that help us live a healthy life, with the human body as a harmonic part of all Creation. Finally, modern aspects are discussed. Core tip: Nutritional balance has been associated with some ancient diuretic plants of the Mediterranean Region used for making the focaccia known as moretum.

The food environment and diet quality of urban-dwelling older women and men: Assessing the moderating role of diet knowledge.

The relationships between local food environments and dietary patterns are important for older adults and could be different in men and women. We examined associations between exposure to neighbourhood food sources and food consumption and the moderating role of diet knowledge separately among older women and men living in Montreal in 2003-2005 (n = 722). The proportion of fast-food outlets relative to all restaurants (%FFO) and the proportion of healthy food stores relative to all stores (%HFS) were estimated for 500 m buffers around participants' homes. Two dietary patterns, designated "Western" and "prudent", reflecting lower- and higher-quality diets respectively, were identified from food frequency questionnaire data. The unique and interactive effects of diet knowledge and food-source exposure on diet scores were tested with separate linear regression models for women and men. For men, greater %FFO exposure was related to lower prudent diet scores (β = -0.18, p = 0.02), but no effect of %HFS exposure was observed and no interactions were statistically significant. For women, an inverse relationship between %FFO and prudent diet scores was strongest among those with low diet knowledge (β = -0.22, p < 0.01). No other associations were statistically significant. Older men's diet patterns may reflect unhealthy cues associated with fast-food outlets. Among women, diet knowledge potentiated both negative and positive relationships with the food environment. In the absence of consistent main effects of the food environment on diet scores, subgroup analysis is a promising avenue for research.

The Structure of Fats and Fatty Acid Consumption in Elderly People with Cardiovascular System Diseases.

Patients with cardiovascular system diseases having their origin in arteriosclerosis require special dietetic treatment. Among many nutritional components, fats in the diet (both their quantity and quality) play a very important role in primary and secondary prevention of these diseases. The aim of the study was the estimation of total fats participation (saturated fatty acids, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol) in the Daily Nutritional Ration (DNR) of elderly people with cardiovascular system diseases. The study included 128 persons (66 women and 62 men, mean age 73.2 ± 6.9) hospitalized in the 1st Clinic of Cardiology and Hypertension, UJCM in Kraków. Daily intakes of energy were estimated using the 24-h nutritional recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire. A higher consumption of fats and fatty acids was observed in men's diet than in women's diet. The percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids (10.6% M and W) was higher than dietary recommendations. The consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids was in accordance with nutritional recommendations. The participation in the diet of polyunsaturated fatty acids was insufficient versus the newest nutritional recommendations and was determined as 4.6% of energy in DNR in men and 4.1% of energy of DNR in women. The excessive amount of saturated fatty acids together with the insufficient amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet are the result of the excessive consumption of products which are a source of animal fat and insufficient consumption of plant fat, fish and seafood.

The rise and fall of gluten!

Mankind has existed for 2·5 million years but only in the last 10,000 years have we been exposed to wheat. Wheat was first cultivated in the Fertile Crescent (South Western Asia) with a farming expansion that lasted from about 9000BC to 4000BC. Thus it could be considered that wheat (and gluten) is a novel introduction to man's diet! Prior to 1939 the rationing system had already been devised. This led to an imperative to try to increase agricultural production. Thus it was agreed in 1941 that there was a need to establish a Nutrition Society. The very roots of the society were geared towards necessarily increasing the production of wheat. This goal was achieved and by the end of the 20th century, global wheat output had expanded 5-fold. Perhaps as a result the epidemiology of coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitive enteropathy has changed. CD is a state of heightened immunological responsiveness to ingested gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. CD now affects 1 % or more of all adults, for which the treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. However, there is a growing body of evidence to show that a far greater proportion of individuals without coeliac disease are taking a gluten-free diet of their own volition. This clinical entity has been termed non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), although the condition is fraught with complexities due to overlap with other gluten-based constituents that can also trigger similar clinical symptoms. This review will explore the relationship between gluten, the rising prevalence of modern coeliac disease, and the new entity of NCGS along with its associated uncertainties.

Gender relations and couple negotiations of British men's food practice changes after prostate cancer

Nutrition plays an important role in the health of men diagnosed with prostate cancer and dietary interventions can therefore be a significant part of prostate cancer survivorship supportive care. Family food provision, however, involves complex social interactions, which shape how men engage with their diets and dietary interventions. The role that gender plays in shaping prostate cancer couples' food practices and men's diets after a prostate cancer diagnosis is thought to be important but is little understood. This study explored couples' accounts of nutrition information seeking and diet change to gain a better understanding of how gender relations shaped men's food practices after prostate cancer diagnosis. Qualitative health interviews with men and their partners were conducted and analysed using interpretive descriptive methods. Findings demonstrated how couples navigated food change journeys that involved seeking information, deciding what changes were warranted and implementing and regulating diet changes. Two overarching themes that illustrated couples' food negotiations were called ‘Seeking information and deciding on food changes’ and ‘Monitoring food changes’. Additional sub-themes described who led food changes, women's filtering of information, and moderation or ‘treats’. Throughout these food change journeys, interactions between men and women were at play, demonstrating how gender relations and dynamics acted to shape couples' food negotiations and men's food practices. Findings reveal that attention to gender relations and the men's family food dynamics should inform diet interventions for men with prostate cancer in order to improve uptake.

Pharmacokinetic Herb-Drug Interactions (Part 1): Origins, Mechanisms, and the Impact of Botanical Dietary Supplements

Phytochemicals have been components of man's diet for millennia and are believed to have played a significant role in steering the functional development of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters within the human gastrointestinal tract. Only recently, however, have plant secondary metabolites been recognized as modulators of human drug disposition. Despite exposure to thousands of structurally diverse dietary phytochemicals, only a few appear to significantly modulate human drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In some instances, these interactions may have beneficial effects like cancer prevention, whereas others may dramatically affect the pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administered drugs. In today's global economy, the opportunity for exposure to more exotic phytochemicals is significantly enhanced. Formulated as concentrated phytochemical extracts, botanical dietary supplements are vehicles for a host of plant secondary metabolites rarely encountered in the normal diet. When taken with conventional medications, botanical dietary supplements may give rise to clinically significant herb-drug interactions. These interactions stem from phytochemical-mediated induction and/or inhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

Total energy value and percentage contribution of calories from macronutrients in the diet of elderly individuals from Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil

Describe the total energy value and percentage contribution of calories from macronutrients in the diet of elderly individuals living in Fortaleza/CE. This is a population-based, cross-sectional domiciliary study, which included 458 elderly individuals (66.6% women). The variables evaluated were total energy value (TEV) and the percentage contribution of calories from proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The results are shown as mean, standard deviation, and percentile distribution (P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, P95). The Student's t-test and analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) with LSD post-hoc tests were used to determine the statistical significance of means between two groups and among three or more groups, respectively. When comparing the mean values of TEV among categories of socioeconomic and demographic variables, statistically significant differences were found between women for ethnicity, years of schooling and socioeconomic level. Among men, differences were found for years of schooling and socioeconomic level. The mean energy value of men's diet was significantly higher than that of women (1475.8 kcal and 1236.4 kcal, respectively). The mean values of calorie percentage contribution from proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids were similar between men and women. The elderly of this study showed significant differences in mean values of TEV between sexes and between the categories years of schooling and socioeconomic level. Women also showed significant differences between the ethnic categories. The mean relative contribution of macronutrients in TEV was similar between genders and age groups.

Valor energético total e contribuição percentual de calorias por macronutrientes da alimentação de idosos domiciliados em Fortaleza – CE

OBJETIVO: Descrever o valor energetico total e contribuicao percentual de calorias por macronutrientes da alimentacao de idosos domiciliados em Fortaleza/CE. METODOS: Este estudo e populacional, transversal e domiciliar. Participaram deste estudo 458 idosos (66,6% mulheres). As variaveis avaliadas foram: valor energetico total (VET) da alimentacao e contribuicao percentual de calorias por proteinas, carboidratos e lipidios. Os resultados sao apresentados sob a forma de medias, desvios-padrao e distribuicao percentilar (P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, P95). Os testes t-Student e analise de variância (ANOVA de uma via) com o teste Post Hoc LSD foram utilizados para verificar a diferenca estatistica das medias entre dois grupos e entre tres grupos ou mais, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar os valores medios do VET entre as categorias das variaveis socioeconomico-demograficas foi encontrada diferenca estatisticamente significativa entre as mulheres para cor, anos de estudo e nivel socioeconomico. Entre os homens foram encontradas diferencas para anos de estudo e nivel socioeconomico. O valor energetico medio da alimentacao dos homens foi significativamente superior ao das mulheres. Entre as mulheres o valor medio foi 1.236,4 kcal e entre os homens foi 1.475,8 kcal. Os valores medios da contribuicao percentual de calorias por proteinas, carboidratos e lipidios foram semelhantes entre homens e mulheres. CONCLUSAO: Os idosos deste estudo apresentam diferencas significativas nas medias do valor energetico da alimentacao entre os sexos e entre as categorias de anos de estudo e nivel socioeconomico. As mulheres apresentaram, ainda, diferencas significativas entre as categorias de cor. A contribuicao relativa media dos macronutrientes no valor energetico da alimentacao foi semelhante entre os sexos e grupos etarios.

Beyond the Ration: Sharing and Scrounging on the Western Front

The assumption to date has been that military provisioning was an unmitigated success for the British Army of the First World War; a judgement not reflected in the accounts of many of the rank and file soldiers on the Western Front. The men were often disappointed not merely by shortfalls, but also by rations that, though high in calories, failed to tempt the palate or reflect the civilian meals that had shaped their eating preferences. Whether driven by hunger or boredom, supplementing the official diet was a regular occupation for the men, through parcels from home, visits to the canteens or less legitimate means. Scrounging opportunities ranged from apples scrumped in a French orchard and an opportunistic raid on a chicken coop, to the pilfering of army stores. This article demonstrates the extent of the role played by this extra food in the men's diet and explores the significance of the way in which it was obtained and consumed. Whatever the source of the food, its even-handed division was a subject repeatedly referenced in the soldiers' diaries, letters, and memoirs. The sharing of food between pals in a just and proper fashion re-created, to some small degree, a microcosm of an ordered, civilized world in the ranks.