Literary Aspects Research Articles

Intertextuality of Persian and Albanian Literature (Study Sample: Quran Narrative of Jusuf and Zulejha)

After accepting Islam, the Persians began receiving strong influences from Arabs, in all fields of knowledge, including the religious one. One of the indicators of this particular influence is, their early interest for the contribution to the story of Yusuf, originally told in a dedicated chapter in the Qur’an (surah 12). Persians have given numerous literary works on the subject. In Persian, this story is narrated in three forms: in verse (in mathnawi rhymed couplets), in prose, and in prose and verse combined. I think it would be sufficient in this paper, just to give a clearer idea about, when the story of Yusuf and Zulaikha started to be elaborated in the Persian literature and about the most prominent authors, who have undertaken such a task. I will compare those Persian literary works – up to 30, authored by writers such as Ferdowsi, Jami, Khawari Shirazi, Balkhi, Umku Bukhari, al-Kharvi etc. – with literary works on the same theme, by Albanian authors such as Hafiz Ali Korca and Muhamed Kycyku. I will argue that, the interest and contribution of Persians to the story of Yusuf and Zulaikha has been great. One thing that deserves attention is the fact that, in relating the story of Yusuf, Persians have paid attention to the artistic and literary aspect of it, in contrast to the Arabic works, which mainly focus on the religious and moral aspect of the story.

Digitaalse kirjanduse defineerimisest ja periodiseerimisest

The article examines the links between digital literature and digital humanities, as well as various definitions and periodisation of digital literature. Digital literature is ‘digitally born’ literature, created and studied since the end of the 1980s and largely defined as a work with an important literary aspect that takes advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by computer technology (e.g. hypertext literature, multimedia poetry, interactive literature, etc.). In the periodisation of digital literature, two generations have so far been differentiated (late 1980s until 1995 and from 1995 until today). The article adds a third generation to this periodisation, starting from2006–2007 and linked with the development and spread of social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr) and smart gadgets. The article defines the third generation of digital literature as literature created via social media (including so-called Alt Lit literature), characterised by its democracy, dialogue between participants, textual and narrative dynamics, and mixing of various forms of media. In addition, it is suggested that this type of literature can be associated with post-postmodernist literary trends. A closer look is taken at the work of Estonian authors Kaur Riismaa, Liina Tammiste and Keiti Vilms, who have all used social media platforms (Facebook,Twitter). The article discusses whether these authors can be associated with the term ‘Alt Lit’. The conclusion reached is that several of the features of Alt Lit can be ascribed to the texts and activity of Riismaa, Tammiste and Vilms; Alt Lit features seem to correspond best to Vilms. The overall conclusion of the article is, however, that the content and essence of digital literature does not so much depend on the will of the authors, creative impulses or inner-literature movements, but instead on the development of computer technology. Thus the definitions of digital literature are dynamic in time and depend on the technological solutions that are emerging in a given period and the types and works of digital literature these new technologies can inspire. Keywords digital literature, digital humanities, Alt Lit, Facebook,Twitter, Estonian literature

Transposition of the Scientific Elements in Hiroshi Teshigahara’s Adaptation of Kobo Abe’s the Face of Another

This article focuses on Hiroshi Teshigahara‟s film adaptation of the famous Kobo Abe‟s The Face of Another with special attention on the transposition of the scientific elements of the novel in the film. This article observes how Teshigahara, through cinematic techniques, transposes Abe‟s scientific language into visual forms. Abe himself involved in the film adaptation by writing the screenplay, in which he prioritized the literary aspects over the filmic aspect. This makes the adaptation become more interesting because Teshigahara is known as a stylish filmmaker. Another noteworthy aspect is the internal dialogues domination within the novel narration. It is written in an epistolary-like narration, placing the protagonist as a single narrator which consequently raises subjectivity. The way Teshigahara externalizes the stream-of-consciousness narration-like into the medium of film is another significant topic of this essay.

Ad fontes: formation of aesthetic platform in the creation of M. Zerov and M. Rylsky

The object. The article analyzes the specifi cs of the perception of ancient motifs and images in the literary heritage of Ukrainian neoclassicists of the early 20th century, in particular M. Zerov and M. Rylsky. The poetry of Neo-Classicism representatives is considered in cultural and literary aspects. The subject of this study is symbols transformation as the mechanisms of «culture’s memory» and semiotic capacitors in the text synchrony. Conclusion. The works of Ukrainian neoclassicists as the representatives of the era of «Executed Renaissance» have left an invaluable heritage. The poetry of neoclassicists is the result of the interaction of traditions and innovations, national tendencies with the borrowed and transformed experience of an ancient text perception in the world literature. Finding. The article proves that in spite of the common for neoclassicists attraction to kalokagathia as an aesthetic ideal of an ancient culture, which included the harmony of senses of a rational sphere, physical and spiritual roots, high culture of thinking and the discipline of poetic speech, the aesthetic platform of Zerov and Rylsky does not come down to the principles of «pure classicism», the interpretation of classical forms and principles as universal and unchanging norms.

Letter from the Editors

Other| November 01 2017 Letter from the Editors Resources for American Literary Study (2017) 39 (1): vii–viii. https://doi.org/10.5325/resoamerlitestud.39.2017.vii Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Letter from the Editors. Resources for American Literary Study 1 November 2017; 39 (1): vii–viii. doi: https://doi.org/10.5325/resoamerlitestud.39.2017.vii Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectivePenn State University PressResources for American Literary Study Search Advanced Search We are sorry to announce that the owner and director of AMS Press, Gabriel Hornstein, passed away in Westport, Connecticut, on February 17, 2017, at the age of 81. Gabe was a courtly gentleman who loved literature and literary scholarship. He was a strong supporter of Resources for American Literary Study from the time he took it on in 2003. We are grateful for his belief in the importance of the journal—and for his friendship. He will be missed.We are now entering a new phase of the development of the journal—new but familiar all the same. RALS is returning to Penn State University Press. We are grateful to Patrick Alexander, Director of the Press, and Diana Pesek, Journals Manager, for their interest and their encouragement. We look forward to working together to continue offering a substantial journal of archival scholarship and bibliographical analysis for all aspects of American literary... You do not currently have access to this content.

A JAVANESE PANJI ROMANCE: ANALISIS STRUKTUR CERITA PANJI PADA NASKAH WANGBANG WIDAYA

Panji's story is a classic romance originating from East Java. One variant of Panji's story is Wangbang Widèya: A Javanese Panji Romance. Research on this manuscript is rarely done, or there is research on the same topic, but different theoretical basis as a tool for study. The purpose of this study is to indirectly examine the literary aspect that possible further research coupled with intrinsic research. Research focuses on studying intrinsic aspects that include: theme, plot, character and characterization, and background story. This research is library study using qualitative research method. The source of this research data is Wangbang Widèya: A Javanese Panji Romance. This process begins with data collection in the form of primary and secondary data. The analysis comprises data reduction, data classification, and data display. In the final process of data display, it has presented data ready to be analyzed. The results show: (1) the theme of romance is an absolute theme in Wangbang Widèya: A Javanese Panji Romance; (2) the groove is loose because it is easily inserted with other stories that complement the story as a whole; (3) the characters and the characterizations are static, namely if the character is good then he will get the victory, but if the character is evil it will get defeated; (3) the settings in Wangbang Widèya: A Javanese Panji Romance cover the setting of place, time, atmosphere, and social aspect as the explanation of the character strata. Keywords: the structure of the story, manuscript, Wangbang Widèya: A Javanese Panji Romance

Argument and Performance: Alcibiades’ Behavior in the Symposium and Plato’s Analysis in the Laws

Argument and literary form, and how they both relate to each other, are crucial aspects of any interpretation of the Platonic dialogues. Plato the author and Plato the philosopher always work hand in hand in that Plato the author tries to serve Plato the philosopher. It is, therefore, an appropriate principle for approaching the study of Plato’s philosophy to take into account the literary aspects of the dialogues and to ask how Plato’s literary art of writing could possibly support his philosophical message and, for instance, to consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy. In the present paper , I argue that the performance of the characters plays an important role in this context. I discuss various passages in the Laws which analyse the weakness of the will and I compare what Plato says there with the performance of Alcibiades in the Symposium. I conclude that the passages in the Laws can be read as a kind of commentary on Alcibiades’ behavior and I consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy

Argument and Performance: Alcibiades’ Behavior in the Symposium and Plato’s Analysis in the Laws

Argument and literary form, and how they both relate to each other, are crucial aspects of any interpretation of the Platonic dialogues. Plato the author and Plato the philosopher always work hand in hand in that Plato the author tries to serve Plato the philosopher. It is, therefore, an appropriate principle for approaching the study of Plato’s philosophy to take into account the literary aspects of the dialogues and to ask how Plato’s literary art of writing could possibly support his philosophical message and, for instance, to consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy. In the present paper , I argue that the performance of the characters plays an important role in this context. I discuss various passages in the Laws which analyse the weakness of the will and I compare what Plato says there with the performance of Alcibiades in the Symposium. I conclude that the passages in the Laws can be read as a kind of commentary on Alcibiades’ behavior and I consider what this relation means in the context of the debate about developementalism versus unitarianism in Plato’s philosophy.

What the words do not say: SFS for children under the light of social semiotic theory case study: ‘Horis sosivio’

The research on short stories for children has focused in Greece mostly on their literary, pedagogical, linguistic and educational aspects. This paper attempts to approach Short Form Stories for children under the light of social semiotics, the main elements being the author’s choices in sign-creation process and its interpretation by the reader. In the case of short stories, the recipient is the child, who for the first time tries to decode without help the verbal text and to enter - symbolically but also in reality – to the literate society. This moment of the reader's first encounter with a multimodal text is crucial to her/his future reading behaviour. The paper examines the concept of the ‘Horis sosivio’ (without lifejacket) series, as evidenced at the level of visual design and the combination of text and image for the construction of meaning, as well as the interpretation of the visual text by preschool children as participants in meaning production.

Review: Holy Treasure and Sacred Song: Relic Cults and Their Liturgies in Medieval Tuscany, by Benjamin Brand

Holy Treasure and Sacred Song: Relic Cults and Their Liturgies in Medieval Tuscany , by Benjamin Brand. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. xxiv, 296 pp. What constitutes a musicological subject? What constitutes a musicological method? What constitutes a musicological source? These are the questions that frame Benjamin Brand's extraordinary study of relic cults in medieval Tuscany. At the outset the author declares that a proper evaluation of his subject will require a “rare,” more holistic approach than is ordinarily practiced in the field of musicology (pp. 2–3). Until now, he explains, investigations of relic cults and their liturgies have been limited either by overly technical musicological approaches (too entrenched in musical analysis to have an impact on other fields) or by overly amusical approaches, which avoid engaging with the music altogether. In the author's own words, “The present study bridges this disciplinary divide, developing music-analytic techniques in a manner accessible to non-specialists and placing the aural riches of the liturgy at the heart of a broader examination of medieval relic cults” (p. 3). In Holy Treasure and Sacred Song the artistic, architectural, literary, liturgical, and musical aspects of relic cults are thus brought together within a single framework for the first time. The result is a study as valuable to the field for its holistic methodology as it is for its scholarly findings. The depth of inquiry achieved in this relatively concise study is wholly impressive. Examining the development of relic …

“Portunhol Selvagem”: translinguagens em cenário translíngue/transcultural de fronteira

O objetivo deste texto é trazer para discussão as práticas multifacetadas das translinguagens, por um lado vistas como um recurso literário que dilui fronteiras e possibilita interculturalidades e, injustamente por outro, como anomalias a serem eliminadas, quando se trata de textos de alunos, no contexto escolar. O movimento literário denominado “Portunhol Selvagem”, por exemplo, se caracteriza por práticas em que se entrelaçam a língua portuguesa, a língua guarani e a língua espanhola, e/ou a língua inglesa, buscando justamente quebrar fronteiras linguísticas, culturais, sociais, políticas. As transliguagens também podem ser encontradas em textos de alunos, embora, no sistema educacional, sejam vistas como erros. No contexto escolar busca-se manter a correlação integracionista e homogeneizadora entre uma língua/uma nação, permanecendo a escola como (re)produtora do mito do monolinguismo, mesmo em contexto de fronteira, em que a ‘superdiversidade’ salta aos olhos. Considerando que o sistema educacional é tanto reprodutor como gerador de modos de (re)produção social, essa discussão torna-se central para a formação de professores, principalmente aqueles que atuam/atuarão no cenário da Tríplice Fronteira Brasil/Paraguai/Argentina. Para as discussões propostas serão tomadas como ponto de partida as práticas translíngues de autores que se filiam à vertente literária “Portunhol Selvagem” e o texto de uma aluna transfronteiriça.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a890

Consideration on Geumdae Lee Ga-hwan’s Theory of Poetry

錦帶李家煥(1742~1801)은 18세기 후반 남인 문단을 대표하는 주도적인물로서 학문적·문학적으로 중요한 인물이었다. 이 논문은 문학적으로 중요한 위치에 있는 금대 이가환의 시론에 대해 고찰한 글이다. 금대는 詩가 ‘뜻이 언어의 밖에 존재〔意在言外〕’하는 본질적 속성을 지니고 있기 때문에 文보다 전하기 어렵다고 보았다. 그는 시의 이해란 章句너머에 존재하는 ‘言外之意’를 찾아내는 신묘한 정신작용이라 하였다. 그리고 시를이해하기 위해서는 독자가 시인의 神理에 합치되어야 하며, 시인의 神은 언어나 문자 이면에 존재하는 마음과 마음, 곧 心印으로 전수된다고 보았다. 금대는 詩는 性情의 발현이며 성정은 누구나 가지고 있고, 성정을 가진 모든 인간은 시인이 될 수 있다고 하였다. 그는 담박하고[淡], 꾸밈없는[素], 있는 그대로의 자연스러움을‘性情之眞’으로 인식하고 성정의 자유로운 표출을허용하였다. 그러나 금대는 유학자적 입장에서 무분별한 성정의 표출을 좌시하지 않았다. 그는‘性情之眞’의 이상적 표현을‘溫柔敦厚’로 보았다. 금대는 백성들의 시가 ‘溫柔敦厚’의 경지에 이르기 위해서는 위정자가 風敎를 통해 백성들의 성정을 순화해야 하며, 이를 통해 ‘溫柔敦厚’의 詩風을 진작시켜 ‘性情之眞’이 ‘性情之正’의 상태에 이를 수 있도록 啓導해야 한다고 하였다. 금대와 그의 부친 이용휴는 淸新한 시풍을 지향했고, 파격이라 할 수 있는六言詩의 창작을 즐겼다. 淸新은 표현에 있어서는 자구의 도습이나 모방·조탁을 넘어선 깔끔하고 새로운 언어 표현을 뜻하고, 풍격에 있어서는 맑은 탈속의 정신세계에 대한 지향을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 또한 六言詩는 당시로서는 五言詩와 七言詩의 정형을 뛰어넘는 기이한 新詩였다. 이로 인해 금대가 지향한 淸新한 시풍과 파격적인 六言詩의 창작은 擬古的, 模倣的시풍에 젖어있던 당시 문인들에게 ‘奇詭’와‘尖新’으로 인식되었다. 금대가 추구한 眞詩는 ‘似〔같게〕’·‘當〔꼭맞게〕’에 의해 사실과 감정을진실되게〔眞〕묘사한 시이다. 충만한 성정이 부득이하게 표출된, 無意의 순수성을 보존하고 있는 眞詩는 그 가치가 인정되어 사람들에 의해 입에서 입으로 전해진다. 眞詩는 일체의 수식이 가미되지 않았어도 깊고, 맑으며, 무성하고, 소박하다.Geumdae Lee Ga-hwan(錦帶李家煥; 1742~1801) is an initiative figure representing the Namin literary group during the latter 18th century. He is positioned importantly in academic as well as literary aspects. This study is going to consider the poetical theory of Geumdae Lee Ga-hwan who is regarded crucially in literary aspects. Geumdae deemed that the meaning of si(詩; a poem) is harder to be delivered than that of mun(文; a prose) because of its fundamental property of ‘uijaeeonoe〔意在言外; Meaning exists outside language〕’. He said that understanding poetry is a miraculous action of mentality to find out ‘eonoejiui(言外之意)’ existing beyond janggu(章句). He also sees that to understand a poem, the reader’s sinri(神理) should agree with the poet’s, and the poet’s sin(神) is delivered through mind to mind, that is simin(心印) existing outside language or letters. Geumdae deemed that si(詩) is the expression of seongjeong(性情;nature), and because everyone has nature, anyone can be a poet through that nature. He considered that ‘seongjeongjijin(性情之眞)’ is simpleness [淡], plainness[素], and naturalness and allowed a poet to express his nature just as he wishes. However, Geumdae did not accept the indiscriminate expression of nature in his position as a Confucianist. He regarded the ideal expression of ‘seongjeongjijin(性情之眞)’ should be ‘onyudonhu(溫柔敦厚)’. Geumdae insisted that to let the people’s poetry reach the level of ‘onyudonhu(溫柔敦厚)’, politicians should be able to purify their nature through punggyo(風敎), and this should encourage the sipung(詩風) of ‘onyudonhu(溫柔敦厚)’ and guide them to reach their ‘seongjeongjijin(性情之眞)’ to ‘seongjeongjijeong(性情之正)’. Geumdae and his father, Lee Yong-hui, pursued the poetical style of cheongsin(淸新; neat and new) and enjoyed writing yukeonsi(六言詩) which was regarded sensational then. In expression, cheongsin(淸新) refers to using neat and new expressions being freed from following, imitating, or elaborating old ones. Also, in one’s personality, it means pursuing the world of pure mentality escaping from secularity. Also, yukeonsi(六言詩) was a sinsi(新詩; a new kind of poetry) then escaping from the typicality of oeonsi(五言詩) or chileonsi(七言詩). Because of this, the poetical style of cheongsin(淸新) and sensational creation of yukeonsi(六言詩) Geumdae pursued were regarded ‘gigue(奇詭)’ or ‘cheomsin(尖新)’ by literary persons of the time who were deeply immersed into the style characterized by uigo(擬古; following old things) or mobang(模倣; imitation). Jinsi(眞詩) which Geumdae pursued is the poetry depicting facts or feelings truthfully〔眞〕based on ‘sa(似〔identically〕’•‘dang(當〔fittingly〕’. The value of jinsi(眞詩) expressing full of nature inevitably and preserving the purity of muui(無意) is often acknowledged by people and transmitted from month to mouth. Jinsi(眞詩) is deep and clear, and abundant and plain even though not any single rhetoric is added to it.

Creation, Background, and Literary Aspects of Hanseoldang An changhu

Creation, Background, and Literary Aspects of Hanseoldang An changhu

The cognitive value of contradictions—Revision

The text consists of brief responses to the two discussion notes: “A Cognitive-Stylistic Response to Contradictions” by Lizzie Stewart-Shaw and “Using contradictions: When multiple wrongs make right” by Marla Perkins and some comments on the author’s original publication “Contradictions in Fiction...”. The text concerns contradictions in art (especially postmodern fiction) and touches upon such issues as the communicative potential of artistic contradictions, their literary and aesthetic aspects, or the possibility of using them to manipulate the reader. Attached at the end is a brief synopsis of Contradictions in Art: The Case of Postmodern Fiction—a book recently published by the author, which addresses the issue of artistic contradictions in greater detail.

Acts as Kerygma: λαλεῖν τὸν λόγον

This essay argues that Acts is essentially kerygmatic in its literary texture and purpose. It assumes that literary purpose, even genre to some extent, can be determined by examining how language is used in two respects: (1) through the authorial voice of the narrative, and (2) by the direct speech of characters within the story. This is especially the case when there is a strong convergence in the pattern of usage in the narrative voice and the dialogical voice. Three literary aspects are investigated: (1) kerygmatic vocabulary, (2) the speeches, and (3) the expression ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ/ὁ λόγος τοῦ κυρίου. The operative kerygmatic vocabulary in Acts is displayed in two appendices containing statistical information comparing Lukan usage with other NT writings.

Obituário ontem e hoje: do biográfico fast food a uma "literatura de jornal"

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2017v70n1p143Este artigo oferece um panorama do fenômeno cultural de publicação e leitura de obituários em jornais de língua inglesa e nas coletâneas deles oriundas. A partir daí, relaciona o surgimento desse gênero específico e sua manutenção hegemônica nos jornais ingleses e americanos com o caráter biográfico, instantâneo e literário de sua narrativa. Para compreender o interesse extemporâneo por um gênero que migra da efemeridade do jornal para as coletâneas, analisa-se sua conformação romanesca, decantada a partir de outros gêneros e formada pela confluência entre temas de vida e morte marcada pelo suplemento de verdade do discurso da imprensa. Tal gênero apelaria esteticamente ao leitor por poder ser fruído, ao mesmo tempo, como relato de verdade eticamente rico e como uma espécie acessível e iterativa de literatura.

Literary and Poetic Aspects of Ogun Deity: A Study of Ogun Festival in Ondoland

Literary and Poetic Aspects of Ogun Deity: A Study of Ogun Festival in Ondoland

YI Kwang Su's Love and history records of modern hospital under the japanese colonial period.

This article aims to evaluate and analyze the description of the modern hospital as history record, which appeared in YI Kwang Su's novel Love. This novel has mentioned in detail western style clinic, Bukgando Catholic hospital, tuberculosis sanitarium as its main space. Modern hospitals are depicted in the novel has a great significance in historical aspect as well as in literary aspect. The most data on modern hospital is laws, statistics and newspaper archives. These materials are a great help to understand the history and status of the modern hospital. Literary description here is important materials, that specific to reconstruct the appearance of the modern hospital at that time. Literary representations infuse life into the history record. In this regard, Love has special meaning in the history of Korean modern literature. Before anything else, doctor AN Bin's clinic as a first space of the novel vividly shows the reality of the Western style clinic and a general practitioner under the colonial period. The establishment of the hospital was based on 「Rules on private hospital」 declared by the Japanese Government General of Korea in 1919. According to this Rules, a private clinic's founder had to submit the documents to the director of police affairs, in which all the details were written. It included name of hospital, site location and size, floor plan of a nearby building, each size of patient's rooms, number of steps and emergency exit, bath, toilet, disinfecting room. AN Bin's clinic was a private hospital with the requirements in the rules. The descriptions of this clinic re-created real situation of private hospitals, specifically scale of hospital, interior space, conditions of patient's room at the time. The second modern hospital in the novel is Bukgando Catholic hospital. There is a lot more materials on medical activity and hospital of protestant churches than we thought. But we do not have a lot of information on catholic church's medical activities and hospital. In this respect, Bukgando Catholic hospital in Love has a great value as historical material. The medical activity of catholic churches was weak than protestant's one under the japanese colonial period. But there were catholic church's medical activities and hospitals. The catholic church's professional medical activities are mainly deployed since the 1930s in earnest, especially Bukgando Catholic hospital played an important role. The catholic hospital in this novel is valuable material to understand medical activities of catholic church. Third form of the modern hospital described in the Love is tuberculosis sanitarium. WADA Tomomi maintained that the model of Bukhan sanitarium was Kyeongseong sanitarium, that was established by the seventh-day adventist in 1936. She thinks, that the adventist church's treatment is similar to Bukhan sanitarium's. The therapy of the adventist church, however, was common from tuberculosis treatment at the time and AN Bin was not adventist. And WADA Tomomi said that 'ozone' therapy of Bukhan sanitarium came from Kyeongseong sanitarium. But we can find this therapy in Haeju sanitarium. In this respect, AN Bin's sanitarium is similar to Haeju sanitarium. YI Kwang Su had not modeled his Bukhan sanitarium on certain sanitarium. He had integrated the materials on sanitarium and envisioned Bukhan sanitarium. Here Haeju sanitarium played important role than Kyeongseong sanitarium. In conclusion, Love has a special meaning as an important historical material, that restore and understand the history of the modern hospital. Literature is worth as a record of the society. In particular, novel infuses human breath into the history record, as if we can see the motion picture.

King Śibi in the East and the West: Following the Flight of a Suppliant Dove

The article focuses on the legend of King Śibi, which is considered as one of the most celebrated and proliferated stories in India. Topics discussed include an outline of the origin of the legend, the literary aspect of the legend, its masculinity aspect, and the depiction of human-animal relationship in the epic.

문맥적 읽기와 성서 번역 : ‘탕자들의 비유’(눅 15:11-32) 번역 제안

The purpose of this article is to suggest a contextual reading of the biblical narrative in translating the Bible. Bible translation is not a simple, mechanical process of changing a word in a source text into a probable corresponding word of the target language. It is more than a word-for-word or sense-for-sense matching work; it is rather a complicated series of action where lots of elements such as linguistic, sociocultural, artistic and literary aspects are to be considered. BR I briefly surveyed what the translation scholars and theorists have been interested in when they define the concept and function of the act of translation. I criticised some key theories and methodologies such as formal equivalence, dynamic equivalence, functional equivalence, skopos theory, and Literary Functional Equivalence, and argued for the importance of the balance between the author or original text oriented stance and the reader/receptor/consumer oriented stance in Bible translation.BR I suggested reading biblical texts from the context to find out how the author or the text expected the implied reader to understand or to feel when they read or listened to biblical texts. Admitting that to guarantee absolute objectivity is impossible when reading and translating a text, I argued that in spite of this, Bible translation should be, in a sense, conservative as to illuminate the originally intended meaning and effect, and as to help the reader understand and feel them as closely as possible.BR I examined the parable of the prodigal son in Luke’s Gospel employing contextual reading methodology, and suggested three new translations of ‘δουλϵύω (v. 29)’, ‘στολήν τήν πρώτην (v. 22)’, ‘συναγαγών(v. 13)’ into Korean by reading the narrative from the context.