Literal Equivalents Research Articles

Literarisch-linguistische Besonderheiten in Wolfgang Hildesheimers Selbst-Übersetzungen

This paper presents a linguistic analysis of a lesser known part of the written production of German writer and artist Wolfgang Hildesheimer (1916–1991). The insight into his two speeches, delivered in English and self-translated into German, has two aims. First, to analyze their most peculiar linguistic features. Second, to highlight Hildesheimer’s linguistic awareness and his extensive activity with languages and with their variations. Thanks to his bilingualism, he used to explore language variations and often realized some in a very peculiar way. The features highlighted in the analysis concern above all literal equivalents, the translation of foreign and loan words, of metaphors and idioms. This aims to emphasize Hildesheimer’s ability to deal with languages and their qualities.

Examining the role of context in written sarcasm comprehension: Evidence from eye-tracking during reading.

This article addresses a current theoretical debate between modular and interactive accounts of sarcasm processing, by investigating the role of context (specifically, knowing that a character has been sarcastic before) in the comprehension of a sarcastic remark. An eye-tracking experiment was conducted in which participants were asked to read texts that introduced a character as being either sarcastic or not and ended in either a literal or an unfamiliar sarcastic remark. The results indicated that when the character was previously literal, a subsequent sarcastic remark was more difficult to process than its literal counterpart. However, when the context was supportive of the sarcastic interpretation (i.e., the character was known to be sarcastic), subsequent sarcastic remarks were as easy to read as literal equivalents, which would support the predictions of interactive accounts. Importantly, this effect was not preceded by a main effect of literality, which constitutes evidence against the predictions of modular accounts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Is L2 Exposure Always a Strong Modulator of L1 Influence? Evidence from Chinese EFL Learners Acquiring English Collocations

Despite the voluminous body of research investigating the role of L1 influence in acquiring L2 collocations, research that examines the extent to which L2 exposure modulates L1 influence is relatively scant. The present study, therefore, aims to address this under-studied issue. To this end, two types of collocations comprising congruent collocations (i.e., collocations which have literal translation equivalents in learners’ L1) and non-congruent collocations (i.e., collocations that do not have L1 literal translation) were used as materials to elicit the potential role of L1 in acquiring L2 collocations. A blank-filling collocation test and an acceptability judgement collocation test were designed and then administered to three groups of Chinese EFL learners differing in L2 exposure, i.e., years of instructions (freshmen, sophomores and juniors), affording the chance to explore the possible relationship between L1 influence and L2 exposure. The findings indicate that (a) L1 had a robust and persistent impact on acquiring L2 collocations at both reception and production level, regardless of the amount of L2 exposure received; (b) with an increase in L2 exposure, receptive/productive congruent and non-congruent collocational knowledge was developed in parallel (from freshman to sophomore), and then plateaued or even decreased (from sophomore to junior), suggesting that L2 exposure may not always be a strong modulator of L1 influence. Possible reasons and pedagogical implications arising from this study are discussed.

Celiac Dietary Adherence Test simplifies Determining Adherence to a Gluten-free Diet in Swedish Adolescents.

The aims of the study were to ascertain whether the Celiac Dietary Adherence Test (CDAT) could contribute in determining adherence to a gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease and to evaluate the diet adherence and well being of a study population 5 years after a celiac disease screening known as "Exploring the Iceberg of Celiacs in Sweden." Through the screening, 90 adolescents (born 1997) were diagnosed with biopsy-proven celiac disease at 12 years of age. Of them, 70 (78%) came to a 5-year follow-up where anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies 2 was tested and a questionnaire was filled in, including CDAT, which consists of 7 questions related to adherence. Nonparametrical tests were used to determine associations between adherence measures. Among the adolescents, 86% were adherent to a gluten-free diet 5 years after screening, 38% reported their general well being as excellent, 50% very well, and 12% well. Statistically significant associations were seen between anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies 2 and the CDAT score (P = 0.033), and the self-reported adherence question and the CDAT score (P < 0.001). The screening-detected adolescents reported a high level of well being and adherence to a gluten-free diet 5 years after screening. We conclude that the CDAT can be used in clinical practice as an estimation of adherence to a gluten-free diet. It would be most suitable to use in conjunction with currently used adherence measures, but can also be used as a stand-alone method when others are not accessible.

The Application of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies in Translating Arabic-English Collocations in Awlad Haratina’s Novel

This paper examines the translations of collocations in a literary text in light of the translation strategies used. This paper examines the translations of collocations in a literary text in light of the translation strategies used within the framework of Venuti's foreignization and domestication strategies. The study aims to examine the translation strategies that are frequently employed to translate collocations. It also attempts to find out if the translators of the TTs follow Venuti’s preferred strategy of translation, foreignization. Moreover, it investigates if using these strategies resulted in any distortion of the SL message. Accordingly, a comparative quantitative analysis and an expressive interpretive examination are followed to analyze the collected data. The study reveals that foreignization is highlighted by the heavy usage of literal translation, cultural borrowing and descriptive equivalence procedures. Domesticating procedures are manifested in cultural equivalent, addition, reduction, omission and adaption. According to the nearly equal percentage of using the two strategies, the study results in finding that collocations can be translated by using the two strategies, domestication and foreignization depending on the type of the collocation. However, foreignization strategy is used as the most frequent strategy to translate collocations.

Procedures of Translating Dialogue in Carroll’s "Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland" from English into Indonesian

Translation is one activity which needs strategy. In translation there are many strategies which can be used to translate one language to another language. There are technique, method, strategy and procedure. In this study, the researcher provides vivid comprehension on how the translator used the translation procedures to render the meaning of the dialogue. The study attempted to focus on the dialogue translation of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and its Indonesian version translated by Agustina Reni Eta Sitepoe. The objectives of the study were to describe the translation procedures used in translating the dialogue in the Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland novel. In conducting this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative approach. This study applied the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Hatim and Munday 2004:30) about translation procedures. The data in this study were words, phrases, clauses and sentences in the form of utterances in the dialog of the novel. The results of the study showed that there were 213 data of dialogues and seven translation procedures found in this study. The seven translation procedures were transposition, literal translation, modulation, adaptation, equivalence, calque, and borrowing. The translation procedures mostly used was transposition (76.99%), followed by literal translation (8.92%), modulation (7.98%), adaptation (2.81%), equivalence (1.87%), calque (1.40%), and borrowing (0.46%).&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Translation Procedures; Dialogues; Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland; English into Indonesia

Implicit Demonstrative Reference With Reference to English Arabic Translation: The Case of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Novel

The present study aims at exploring the way in which English implicit demonstrative reference is rendered into Arabic through analyzing a number of sentences in the novel &amp;ldquo;Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,&amp;rdquo; written by J. K. Rowling (2010), and its Arabic translated version by Ahmad Hassan Mohammed (2010). The scrutiny of the English implicit demonstrative reference shows that it can be translated into Arabic, whether implicitly or explicitly. This procedure is determined by the entailment of the demonstrative reference, whether it is clear and comprehensible, or unclear and incomprehensible. Also, the study has revealed that literal translation and formal equivalence present themselves as valid options in translating the English implicit demonstrative reference into Arabic. Recommendations of the study are stated at the end of the present research paper.

Translating and Adapting the Patient Perception of Integrated Care Survey to Evaluate Integrated Care in Brazil: Preliminary Results

Introduction: the increase in initiatives to improve integration of care for patients with chronic illness has risen on all over the world. This context claims the need for instruments able to evaluate the integrated care as perceived by patients across different cultural context. This abstract aims to describe the preliminary results forward translation and the expert panel of translation and cultural adaptation of the Patient Perception of Integrated Care PPIC survey to measure integrated care in Brazil. Methods: the PPIC survey version 2.1 served as basis for this methodological study after authorization granted by the original authors. For the process of translation and adaptation, we used the World Health Organization WHO guideline, including, sequentially, forward translation, expert panel, back-translation and pre-testing with cognitive interviewing. After expert panel, Content Validity Index CVI was calculated for each item for measuring the proportion of members in agreement with the translation proposed in first step. Beyond to analyzing each item individually, the instrument was evaluated as a whole. CVI ≥ 0.80 was adopted as indicator of adequacy of the translation to the original text. Results: the forward translation and the expert panel produced a Portuguese initial version of the PPIC survey with important adaptations. These adaptations resulted from differences relate to the context of Brazilian healthcare system Sistema Unico de Saude and are cultural/structural nature. The bilingual English and Portuguese expert panel, was composed by 5 members including experts in health, experts in linguistic as well as experts with experiences in instrument development and translation. The panel assess 76 items, being 64 questions e others 12 items related instructions and session titles. The mean CVI was 0.98 and all the suggestions made by the panel' members were discussed until to obtain the consensual version. Discussion: the WHO guideline is being very useful in guiding this process. Our partial results show that forward translation and expert panel are fundamental steps of translation and adaptation of instruments that need to be conducted carefully. This two steps showed that choosing words or expressions is a delicate procedure and need a rigorous examination. To ensure that questions content was not affected by adaptations, in the next steps, we will check for conceptual equivalence with the backward translation. Conclusions: the results of the two initial steps of the process of translation and adaptation of PPIC survey are promising for its adoption in Brazilian context for evaluate integrated care. Lessons learned: the results reached till the moment has shown that to focus on cross-cultural and conceptual, rather than on linguistic or literal equivalence, is the key point of these initial steps to achieve different language versions of the original instrument. Limitations: the forward translation and the expert panel were very important to produce a comprehensive starting version equivalent to the original instrument. However, it needs additional steps to successfully transfer the PPIC survey to Brazilian context. Suggestions for future research: after the final version, it will be necessary to determine the validity of the Brazilian PPIC survey through psychometric testing.

Punctuation, Exclamation and Tears:The Sorrows of Young Wertherin Japanese and Chinese Translation (1889–1922)

Rich in exclamations and ellipses, Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther inhabits a linguistic space in German that does not immediately lend itself to literal translation. Its first translations into Japanese and Chinese coincided with periods of linguistic innovation, as writers and translators contributed to the development of vernacular writing. While in Japanese versions the rendered text faithfully evinces intermediate stages of vernacularization, Guo Moruo's 1922 translation represents a radical attempt to reshape language. By finding literal equivalents of Goethe's stylistic idiosyncrasies, Guo actively shapes the Chinese vernacular, i.e. he establishes the syntactical usage of an exclamation particle plus an exclamation mark. Since German and Chinese belong to different language families, his translation artificially creates intralingual affinities.

The Role of Individual Differences and Situational Factors in Perception of Verbal Irony

Abstract A study was conducted to analyze the influence of situational and individual factors on verbal irony perception. Participants (N = 144) rated smartness, criticality, humorousness, and offensiveness of ironic utterances and their literal equivalents. The utterances were put in various contexts, differing in terms of the structure of the interlocutors’ social ranks and the responsibility of the addressee for the described event. Additionally, participants’ state and trait of anxiety were measured using the Polish adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Wrześniewski, Sosnowski, Jaworowska, &amp; Fecenec, 2011) and their social competences were measured with the Social Competences Questionnaire (Matczak, 2007). Analyses showed that the structure of the interlocutors’ social ranks, the addressee’s responsibility, as well as the state and trait of anxiety can influence the perception of irony, although it does not always concern all of the variables rated herein. No link between social competences and irony perception was found.

The Creative Poetry Translation Method from the Perspective of the Cultural Turn — Longfellow’s A Psalm of Life as a Case Study

A Psalm of Life is a well-known poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and it has been translated into many different versions since the Qing Dynasty. From the 1980s, translation studies have focused on the cultural aspects rather than the literal equivalence. The new perspective takes into account how the translated version is adapted and accepted and influences the target culture. This paper, based on the cultural turn perspective, examines the theoretical background of translation research and analyzes a translated version of A Psalm of Life in light of the target language and culture. This paper concludes that the creative translation method in English-Chinese poetry translation is reasonable and innovative.

Does formal training in translation/interpreting affect translation strategy? Evidence from idiom translation

This study examined whether training in translation/interpretation leads to a reliance on a ‘vertical’ translation strategy in which the source language text is comprehended before the message is reformulated. Students of translation/interpreting and untrained bilinguals were given an idiom translation judgment task with literal (form and meaning) or figurative equivalents (meaning only). Dependent measures included the time taken to comprehend the first presented sentence and the accuracy and speed of judging if the second presented sentence was a translation of the first sentence. The groups did not differ in their speed of reading the first presented sentence but translation verification times differed by group and translation type: untrained bilinguals were significantly faster at verifying literal than figurative translations while trained bilinguals were equally fast for the two types. The pattern of findings is consistent with the view that training in translation fosters a processing-for-meaning-before reformulating, or vertical, translation strategy.

Lexical borrowing by Khoekhoegowab from Cape Dutch and Afrikaans

The present article instantiates types of lexical borrowing from Afrikaans and Dutch in Namibian Khoekhoegowab (also known as “Nama”/“Damara”), but occasionally also refers to borrowings in the opposite direction. Where evidence allows, loans are traced back beyond Afrikaans to the era of Cape Dutch and contemporary interethnic contacts. Various categories ranging from adoptions to phonologically integrated loans, hybrids and calques are presented and, where possible, historical inferences are offered. The high degree of translational equivalence between Khoekhoe serial verbs and Afrikaans compound verbs leads to the consideration of some grammatical aspects including replication and relexification. Finally, reference is made to a parallel between Afrikaans and “Khoekhoe Afrikaans” syntax pointed out by den Besten (2013): Afrikaans circumlocutions like ek / sy wat Anna is (Khoekhoe: Anna. ta / Anna. s ) are literal equivalents of the underlying phrasal structures of Khoekhoe surface nouns #stem.pgn# in first, second or third person, as accounted for by the “desentential hypothesis” (Haacke 2006).

Native and non-native uses of English modal particles. The case of "surely" and "for sure"

AbstractIt has frequently been noted that non-native speakers of English find it difficult to express their views with the appropriate degree of conviction. However, many of the problems which non-native speakers have with specific modal expressions are still waiting to be identified. The aim of this paper is to compare native and non-native (student) uses of two English epistemics: "surely" and "for sure". The students' uses are mostly examined with reference to PICLE (the Polish subsection of the International Corpus of Learner English), while native uses are analyzed on the basis of two corpora of texts written by native speakers of English available at the PICLE website, the British National Corpus, and scholarly publications concerning the two particles. The study demonstrates that Polish students tend to wrongly assume the functions of surely and for sure to be identical with the functions of the Polish expression "na pewno" (a literal equivalent of "for sure" with a broader range of uses). In consequence, they use the challenging and pressure-building particle "surely" in contexts which require neutral epistemic adverbs, such as "clearly". They also tend to put "for sure" in positions characteristic of epistemic adverbs, and use it in formal discourse.

False memory for idiomatic expressions in younger and older adults: evidence for indirect activation of figurative meanings.

Idiomatic expressions can be interpreted literally or figuratively. These two meanings are often processed in parallel or very rapidly, as evidenced by online measures of idiomatic processing. Because in many cases the figurative meaning cannot be derived from the component lexical elements and because of the speed with which this meaning is accessed, it is assumed such meanings are stored in semantic memory. In the present study, we examined how literal equivalents and intact idiomatic expressions are stored in memory and whether episodic memory traces interact or interfere with semantic-level representations and vice versa. To examine age-invariance, younger and older adults studied lists of idioms and literal equivalents. On a recognition test, some studied items were presented in the alternative form (e.g., if the idiom was studied, its literal equivalent was tested). False alarms to these critical items suggested that studying literal equivalents activates the idiom from which they are derived, presumably due to spreading activation in lexical/semantic networks, and results in high rates of errors. Importantly, however, the converse (false alarms to literal equivalents after studying the idiom) were significantly lower, suggesting an advantage in storage for idioms. The results are consistent with idiom processing models that suggest obligatory access to figurative meanings and that this access can also occur indirectly, through literal equivalents.

PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATION ON MALIN KUNDANG’S FOLKTALE FROM WEST SUMATRA

The objective of this study was to examine the procedures of translation on the Malin Kundang folktale translated into English. The data was collected in several steps, the first step was note taking, the further step was identifying the data and the last step was arranging the data and classifying it in the table. The analyzing method of the data through documentation method and it was randomly selected in the discussion session. Result for the procedures in the folktale revealed based on the procedures in translation, only five out of seven procedures were obtained from the text such as Literal Translation, Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation.

Contextualization and Generalizability of Organization-Based Self-Esteem

Organization-Based Self-Esteem(OBSE) was defined as one's appraisal of his/her ability and value in the organizational context, which had significant impact on his/her work-related attitudes, behavior and performance. Based on the review of the existing literature, this study illustrated the contextual definition, structure and measurement of OBSE. Integrating the extant theories implemented in the studies of OBSE, we established the nomological framework of contextualized researches on OBSE. Then, given the different findings in the OBSE studies from Western and Chinese context, we discussed literal differences, construct equivalence and generalizability of OBSE in Chinese context. Finally, we provided the implications for the future contextualization research of OBSE and its development in Chinese context.

PRM156 - Determining subject preference for items using idiomatic or literal phrasing in patient questionnaires

To review both idiomatic items and items with literal phrasing within Patient Reported Outcomes instruments in order to assess subject comprehension and preference. Idiomatic items commonly appear in psychological questionnaires and clinical outcomes assessments, and frequently require translation for use in multinational clinical trials. Though it is theorized that idiomatic items will be more comprehensible to lay audiences, previous research has shown that they require more rounds of revision during linguistic validation in order to achieve conceptual equivalence. A patient questionnaire containing six idiomatic items underwent linguistic validation in six languages. For each item, a literal equivalent was developed and translated. During cognitive debriefing, a sample of 147 subjects was presented with both idiomatic and literal versions of the six items. Subjects were asked to comment on comprehensibility and preference. A control group of 7 subjects was asked for feedback on these items in U.S. English. Cognitive debriefing data showed preference for the literal item 59% of the time, and for the idiomatic item 37% of the time. Subjects made no decision 4% of the time. No correlation was found between years of education and preference. Only 2 instances of comprehension issues occurred, both with the idiomatic items. Literal items yielded no comprehension issues. In some languages, an idiomatic equivalent was unavailable; these items were omitted from the analysis. Subjects in the English-U.S. control group preferred the literal item 74% of the time. In previous research, idiomatic items were shown to require one to two more rounds of revision than literal items during translation. Given that literal items were understood by all sample members with less than 12 years of education, and were preferred by a majority, avoidance of idiomatic items in patient questionnaires is recommended.

“Stung by a bee, you fear a fly”: Areal and universal aspects of Lahu proverbial wisdom

Abstractqhɔ-qhô ί-kâʔ cɔ̀, Lâhō tɔ̂-mɔ̂cɔ̀.The mountains have [springs of] water; the Lahu have proverbs. (#1012)Proverbs are a particularly interesting type of sentential formulaic expression. This paper analyses a rich corpus of proverbs in Lahu, a language of the Central Loloish branch of Tibeto-Burman, in terms of both their syntactic structure and their semantic content. Overwhelmingly bipartite in form, these proverbs reflect cultural and moral preoccupations of the Lahu people, and are sometimes expressed in similes and metaphors that are quite obscure to the outsider. They make implicit or explicit analogies between phenomena in the outside world and aspects of the behaviour of human beings. They often use earthy, scatological imagery, which tends to be bowdlerized in Chinese translation. Many of them bear a resemblance to the cryptic Chinese folk similes known as xiēhòuyû 歇后语. The proverbs cited are compared to similar ones in other languages, revealing the universal aspects of folk wisdom. Most Lahu proverbs seem to be original creations, although some look like literal equivalents of Western or Chinese sayings. A full-scale comparative study of Sino-Tibetan proverbs would shed light on possible paths of transmission, whether via missionaries or Chinese or Indian influence.

Tradução e adaptação cultural da Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) para aplicação em adultos brasileiros

OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos deste estudo foram traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e verificar a equivalência literal, semântica e idiomática da Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), que avalia a presença de manifestações da impulsividade tendo como base o modelo teórico proposto por Ernst Barratt. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, a versão original em inglês da BIS-11 foi traduzida para o português por seis pesquisadores bilíngues. Em seguida, foi realizada uma tradução reversa para o inglês por uma tradutora de origem norte-americana. As versões original, traduzida e retraduzida foram avaliadas por um comitê de juízes especialistas, os quais emitiram pareceres com as observações pertinentes, o que culminou em uma versão final traduzida da BIS-11. As versões original e traduzida foram aplicadas em duas amostras da população geral com proficiência na língua inglesa, a fim de investigar a equivalência literal, semântica e idiomática da versão traduzida por meio de análises de correlação. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados das análises quantitativas indicaram que a versão final do instrumento é satisfatória.