Line Follower Robot Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Line Follower Robot for Automatic Watering of Orchid Plants

This study studies how the line follower robot is made and used for the automation of watering orchid plants. The purpose of using this robot is to reduce the involvement of human hands in the watering process and improve the efficiency of water use. This robot, which is made with an Arduino microcontroller, has an infrared sensor that can detect paths and has an automatic water pump for water distribution. The tests were carried out in a greenhouse where the orchids were well cared for. The results show that the robot can effectively water plants by saving up to 35% water compared to manual methods and increasing productivity by 20%. This invention can be applied on a larger scale in the horticultural industry.

A review of navigation techniques for telepresence robots

Nowadays the need for digital travel has increased more than ever. This is due to the need for social distancing for medical reasons, economy of travelling, and avoidance of risks involved in physical travelling or for convenience. The telepresence robot therefore serves as a surrogate for the pilot user. Telepresence robots are very resourceful and versatile. Their applications include education; medicine; business; research and ambient assisted living. A major consideration for the effective functioning of telepresence robots is the navigation scheme employed which is central to its overall reliability. Depending on the use to which the robot is to be put, several authors have considered various navigation schemes used to effectively control and navigate in workspace consisting of obstacles and/or order robots. This work aims to review the navigation technique that has been employed by researchers for telepresence robots with a view to identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various navigation techniques and subsequently coming up with a relatively novel system of navigation that attemts to mitigate the various weaknesses of the previous methodologies for telepresence robot navigation. It has been observed that the general path planning and navigation for the usual autonomous robot is also applicable to the telepresence robot but bearing in mind that the robot is being piloted by humans and it is only when in a condition where it would be cumbersome for the humans that autonomous control system takes over. At such times path planning and navigation using AI methods have proved to be of importance. The path planning algorithms have been shown to be categorized into two viz: global path planning algorithms which are used for known environments and local path planning algorithms for unknown or partially known environments. The algorithms for local path planning are majorly reactive in attribute and are more relevant to telepresence robots. In any particular application, an appropriate blend of a number of these algorithms is employed to achieve desired navigation objectives. Furthermore, in this work, we propose the combination of a line follower robot with an obstacle avoidance algorithm for situations where the expected robot paths are foreknown.

Integrated Implementation of Computer vision and PID Control for Dynamic Speed Control of Line follower Robot

This research aims to develop a dynamic speed control system for line follower robots by integrating computer vision technology and PID control. The main challenge in controlling line follower robots is maintaining stability and speed while navigating various types of turns and complex paths. This study proposes the use of computer vision to detect paths more accurately and responsively, and PID control to dynamically adjust the robot's speed based on detected errors. The research methods involve simulating the e-puck robot in a Webots environment, developing algorithms for black line detection and error calculation, and designing the PID control system. The test results show that in Arena 1, the completion time with fixed base speed is 58.08 seconds, while with dynamic base speed it is 50.386 seconds, indicating a 13.3% reduction in completion time. In Arena 2, the completion time with fixed base speed is 71.584 seconds, while with dynamic base speed it is 66.624 seconds, indicating a 6.9% reduction in completion time. Thus, this control system is more effective in keeping the robot on the desired path, reducing deviations and improving path tracking accuracy.

Robotic Guardians: Navigating Hospital Isolation Zones for Disease Control

Abstract: In healthcare contexts where human access is limited, particularly in isolation and quarantine rooms, autonomous solutions become critical. This study presents a novel solution to addressing this problem: a line-following robot built for use in hospital isolation units. The robot's operating principle is led by a color recognition system, which responds dynamically to certain colors linked with directing cues. The system's ability to capture vital information by utilizing the ESP32 camera module increases its utility beyond navigation, extending to the collection of patient vitals displayed beside beds. By combining precise navigation with information gathering capabilities, this line-following robot offers a potential solution for tasks in restricted access healthcare environments.

Pengenalan Marketplace Hingga Robot Line Follower: Inovasi KKN Tematik di Dusun Gunungsari Desa Mlarak Kabupaten Ponorogo

The Thematic Community Service Programme in Gunungsari Subvillage, Mlarak Village, Ponorogo Regency strives to introduce digital technology and robotics to locals. This initiative concentrates on two key areas: introducing marketplaces to local UMKM and educating youth about line follower robots. The program aims to reduce the digital gap, enhance local economic competitiveness, and spark technological interest among young people. The program's execution involves two primary phases. The first phase focuses on familiarizing and training UMKM in marketplace usage, covering account setup, online store operations, and digital marketing tactics. The second phase comprises workshops and demonstrations of line follower robots at local schools, engaging students in basic robot programming and operation. The approach includes interactive sessions, hands-on training, and personalized guidance for participants. The initiative successfully enhanced the marketplace skills of 10 UMKM, with 60% of them beginning to market their products online actively. Concurrently, the line follower robot introduction attracted 60 students, resulting in a 75% increase in their interest in robotics technology, as indicated by post-event surveys. Furthermore, the program fostered collaboration among students, community members, and local government in efforts to advance technology and boost the local economy.

Line Follower Robot with Obstacle Avoidance

One of the most available robots in applications are the line followers. These robots normally follow either white or a black line. This paper introduces an Autonomous Emergency Indicating Line Follower and Obstacle Avoiding Robot. The robot moves on a specific path determined by the user and detects the obstacle that comes in its way. The vehicle robot stops and diverts its route and returns back to original path, once the obstacle has been overcome. Whenever the robot gets lost from the track, the robot automatically follow the predefined path. The robot is achieved through the implementation of many sensors interacting with the controllers. An experimental study of time taken by the robot for different length obstacle as well as for different speed of the robot is also performed. Key Words: Sensors, Obstacle Detection, Line Follower

Human-inspired similarity control system: Enhancing line-following robot perception

Human-Inspired Control (HIC) holds promise for endowing machines with human-like cognition, decision-making, and adaptability. In this study, we employ a fusion of cognitive modeling, machine learning, and control theory as the foundational architecture and empirically validate its suitability for robot control within the realm of HIC. Fuzzy logic stands out as a viable approach for HIC control, wherein control rules can be devised drawing from human intuitive inspiration. Specifically, this study explores similarity inference control systems in robotics, with the objective of enhancing line-following control as an alternative to fuzzy systems. The experimental optimization results provide insights into the advantages and limitations of the similarity inference control system. Despite achieving performance comparable to that of traditional two-stage fuzzy control systems, careful consideration of noise sensitivity is paramount. While the similarity inference approach streamlines implementation and obviates the necessity for expert-designed fuzzy rules, its susceptibility to noise can compromise performance, particularly in noisy environments. These considerations are pivotal for the development of control systems aimed at mitigating noise sensitivity, enhancing task-specific performance, and ensuring the adaptability and robustness of line-following robots. To tackle this challenge, we both discuss and experimentally evaluate potential solutions and their applicability in this paper.

A NOVEL ON LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT

The Line follower robot is a mobile machine that can detect and follow the line drawn on the floor. Generally, the path is predefined and can be either visible like a black line on a white surface with contrasted color or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. The line follower robot based on the 5081 microcontroller has been tested, and the results show that the line follower robot can walk following the black line on the white floor and can display the situation on the LCD. However ,this line follower robot still has shortcomings in the line sensor sensitivity process depending on a certain speed. At speeds of 90-150rPM, the line follower robot can follow the path, while at 150 rpm, the robot is not able to follow the path. Keywords— line follower robot, microcontroller

Application of Multilayer Neural Networks for Controlling a Line-Following Robot in Robotic Competitions

The paper presents an approach for controlling a line-following robot using artificial intelligence algorithms. This study aims to evaluate and validate the design and implementation of a competitive line-following robot based on multilayer neural networks for controlling the torque on the wheels and regulating the movements. The configuration of the line-following Robot consists of a chassis with a set of infrared sensors that can detect the line on the track and provide input data to the neural network. The performance of the line-following Robot on a running track with different configurations is then evaluated. The results show that the line-following Robot responded more efficiently with an artificial neural network control algorithm than a PID control or fuzzy control algorithm. At the same time, the reaction and correction time of the Robot to errors on the track is earlier by about 0.1 seconds. In conclusion, the capabilities of a neural network allow the line-following Robot to adapt to environmental conditions and overcome obstacles on the track more effectively.

Use of Mini Solar Panels for Battery Charging in the Mini Robot Warehouse

Industrial businesses have employed various robot cars to execute tasks related to goods movement, such as the Warehouse Robot Car, which utilizes a line follower sensor system. However, the substantial electricity consumption poses a challenge due to excessive energy use in robot cars. In light of this issue, the research aims to assess the utilization of mini solar panels in robot cars equipped with 3.3V Li-ION 18650 batteries. The primary objective is to calculate the electricity required to operate a line-following robot car within the designated sector. The approach involves designing robotics and solar panel systems for generating input and output power, including charging measurements. According to the findings, solar panels can charge at a maximum rate of 0.206358 watts for 45 minutes, while the robot can operate at a minimum rate of 0.26 watts for 29 minutes, resulting in a charging efficiency to robot performance of 43.5 percents.

Design of Digital Control System for Line Following Robot

Design of mobile robots has become an increasingly growing trend in the technology of modern times. They are very attractive engineering systems, not only because of many interesting theoretical aspects concerning kinematics, intelligent behavior and autonomy, but also because of applicability in many human activities. A typical example is the line following robot (LFR). In order for a LFR to function effectively, it must demonstrate excellent line tracking control. This is achieved by having accurate and responsive control algorithms as well as high precision color sensor systems. This paper proposes a system to show that good line tracking performance can be achieved with moderately simple digital control algorithms. The platform used is a differentially driven wheeled robot constructed using the Lego Mindstorms components. The simulation models are presented and analyzed using MATLAB Simulink . The main programming environment is the EV3 Software.

Design of Mobile Line Follower Robot as a Helper in Carrying Goods at Poltekbang Surabaya

A line follower robot is a robot that is able to walk automatically following the line that has been made as the path it will follow. The advancement of robot technology is very rapid, starting from airplane autopilots using robots, cars using robots, to household appliances using robot systems, therefore this robot technology if applied to carry parts in the AMTO hangar of the Surabaya Aviation Polytechnic will make it easier to carry something by saving time and energy to be efficient in doing work. The research method used is a qualitative method using observation which consists of several stages including problem identification, data collection, tool design, tool design and tool testing. The results of this study are that the robot can walk along the line when the robot is out of line or has arrived at the robot stop, it will give a signal in the form of a sound through a buzzer. When the ultrasonic sensor of the robot detects an object blocking in front of it, the robot will stop moving, the buzzer will make a sound as a signal that the robot is blocked until the blocking object is gone then the robot moves again. The robot is able to carry loads up to 10 Kg with the time taken getting longer when the load carried is heavier and able to carry a load of 20 Kg when the robot runs on a straight path. it can be concluded that the mobile line follower robot tool made works according to what was planned.

Implementasi Profil Pelajar Pancasila melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Robotik dan Smart Farmer di SMAS Santo Tarcisius Dumai

Santo Tarcisius High School is the first driving school in Dumai City, so Santo Tarcisius High School has the responsibility to implement the Pancasila Student Profile for its students. One of the characteristics of the Pancasila Student Profile is creative, namely being able to modify and produce something original, meaningful, useful and impactful. To realize the Pancasila Student Profile, an effort is needed to provide knowledge and skills to students in an interesting way, one of which is through robotics and smart farmer extracurricular learning activities. Based on the results of discussions with the school principal, the problems faced in implementing robotics and smart farming extracurricular activities include 1) Students have never had an understanding of computer and robot-based intelligent farming system technology, 2) They do not yet have teachers who are competent in the field of robotics, 3) Limited costs purchasing robotic electronic equipment and installing smart farmers at schools. Based on the problems above, the aim of this activity is to realize the Pancasila Profile, especially in the IT sector, through education on making Line Follower robots and smart farming systems for hydroponic plants. The implementation method is by dividing students into several groups to make Line Follower robots. The number of students in this activity is 150 students/class XI SMA Santo Tarcisius. Success in Beginner Community Service (PMP) is to improve students' skills in making robots and intelligent systems which is measured through the final product results, pre test and post test questionnaires, the product results from this PMP are line follower robots and smart farmer systems, the conclusion of the PMP This is to increase efficiency, productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector through the application of the latest technology.

The Future of Islamic Education: Breaking Through Boundaries with Line Follower Robot Trainers Toward the Era of Society 5.0

This research aims to identify and implement the Line Follower Robot Trainer as an innovative effort to advance Islamic education in facing the Society 5.0 era. The research focuses on SMK NU 1 Karanggeneng, Lamongan, as a case study, where robotic technology is used as a learning tool to integrate Islamic concepts with technological advances. This research proposes the Research and Development (R&D). The results showed that using the Line Follower Robot Trainer significantly improved students' understanding of their technological skills. The survey showed that most students (85%) felt more engaged and excited about learning Islam with the help of the Line Follower Robot Trainer. Students reported higher levels of engagement in learning with the robot, and teachers expressed positive support for using this technology in learning. These positive results reflect the potential of technology in enriching students' experiences in preparing for changes in the evolving Society 5.0 era. This research provides a greater understanding of the role of technology in supporting Islamic education, bridging the gap between tradition and innovation, and bringing Islamic education into an increasingly digitized future. The implications of this research can help Islamic education institutions utilize technology as a powerful tool to spread religious values and prepare students to face an increasingly digitally connected era.

Desain Mobile Robot dengan Differential Steering untuk Penyemprot Nutrisi Tanaman Melon di Greenhouse

Maintenance of melon cultivation is still carried out conventionally even though melon plants require different nutrients in each phase of vegetative and generative development. For this reason, an automation system is needed that can help distribute nutrients and pH in each planter bag. In this study, the automation system is realized in the form of a line follower robot using a PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) control system. The PID control system is used to correct errors from measuring input variables so that the system output matches the set point value to produce the smallest possible error. Based on the results of the experiments conducted, the best PID control parameter results were obtained with a value of Kp = 10, Ki = 0.5, and Kd = 1, where these values can respond to the position of the mobile robot line follower so that it always detects the set point value and has the fastest time to reach the finish with a time of 30,450 ms.

Principle Operation of a Line Follower Robot

A rudimentary autonomously guided robot called a "Line Follower Robot" (LFR) follows a line written on the ground to either find a white line on a dark surface or a dark line on a white surface. Working on the LFR is quite interesting. We will discover how to construct a black line follower robot in this study utilizing an Arduino Uno and a few readily available parts.

Recognition and Extraction of Power Transmission Lines Based on Infrared Image Processing for Line-following Robots

To further improve the real-time performance and accuracy of power transmission line maintenance, this paper primarily focuses on the preliminary line recognition and extraction method based on thermal image processing of infrared images collected by line-following robots for thermal fault detection. Firstly, filtering and noise reduction techniques along with enhanced image processing are applied to preprocess the collected infrared images. This effectively addresses the noise and interference from background objects, which can affect the extraction of overheated areas on the lines, while also reducing the computational memory required for subsequent image processing. Subsequently, an improved Canny edge detection algorithm is employed to extract the edges of foreground objects in the images. Additionally, a region-growing algorithm combined with the geometric features of the lines is employed to filter out unwanted thermal sources, enabling the accurate segmentation and extraction of power transmission lines. This forms a solid foundation for subsequent detection and identification of abnormal hotspots on the extracted lines, and holds significance for the inspection and maintenance of existing thermal faults and potential hotspots in power transmission lines.

Fuzzy Logic Algorithm of Sugeno Method for Controlling Line Follower Mobile Robot

The industrial world has been increasingly using robots for production purposes. One type of robot used is a line follower robot for the purposes of transportation of production materials. Various researches and competitions of line follower robots were held to improve its performance. This study proposed a fuzzy logic algorithm using Sugeno method for a line follower mobile robot. This algorithm received input from the readings of 8 sensors mounted on the bottom of the robot and generated the speed of each left and right motor. This speed was used to keep the robot on track. The performance of this algorithm was compared with the fuzzy logic algorithm of the Mamdani method. The proposed fuzzy logic algorithm was better in terms of speed. The results of this study can be used as material to study the application of fuzzy logic algorithm in real time.

IOT Based Medicine Transporter

During the coronavirus pandemic there are more than 174.4 million cases and 3.8 million deaths reported by claim the objective of the project “IOT BASED MEDICINE TRANSPORTER” is to reduce the number of diseases spreading among the medicine staffs and doctors when they attend the patient and administering the medication who are isolated in the general ward. This objective achieved by designing the medicine transporter using line follower robot using ESP32 microcontroller and equipped with the IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor which help in determine the path and stops during obstacles. The line follower robot is equipped with trays that deliver medicines to the patients and reduce unnecessary contact with the patient.

Improvement of Skills for Mu'allimin International Class Upper Secondary Level Students Through Line Follower Robot Training

Madrasah Mu'allimin Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta is a private religious-based educational institution. This campus has a superior class, namely Mu'allimin International Class Upper Secondary (MIC US). This class has 35 students and is divided into Upper Secondary A and Upper Secondary B classes. Even though Madrasah Mu'allimin has organized robotics extracurricular activities, in this MIC UP class all students cannot participate in these activities because the location of this class is far from the robotic site. MIC UP students' interest in robotics is quite high. Therefore, the students need to be given short training to improve their knowledge and skills in constructing robots. To realize this activity, Madrasah Mu'allimin collaborated with the Electrical Engineering Study Program at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (TE Study Program UMY), specifically line follower robot training. This activity is planned to be held for 1 day, starting with a pretest, delivering robotics material, building line follower robots, testing robots on the track, and closing it with a post-test. This activity was assisted by 2 international students from the TE Study Program UMY, coming from North Sudan and Qatar.