Line Follower Robot Research Articles

Principle Operation of a Line Follower Robot

A rudimentary autonomously guided robot called a "Line Follower Robot" (LFR) follows a line written on the ground to either find a white line on a dark surface or a dark line on a white surface. Working on the LFR is quite interesting. We will discover how to construct a black line follower robot in this study utilizing an Arduino Uno and a few readily available parts.

Principle Operation of a Line Follower Robot

Principle Operation of a Line Follower Robot

Development of Robot to Improve Learning of Programming Skills among Students

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) has shifted the mindsets of engineering students on the importance of IT skills for current and future engineering related jobs. Nowadays, programming is the most fundamental skill that needs to be learnt by the students using mBot technology. The mBot technology is consider as programmable educational robot designed for beginners to learn basic programming concepts which can be assessed and evaluated via bloom's taxonomy framework. It can be a daunting task to learn programming, especially to new students who do not have any prior experience in coding. Average and low performing students are lacking algorithmic skills, where they could not visualize how the programming concepts work. Therefore, this paper presents the effectiveness of using robot to improve students’ learning of the programming concepts. In designing the learning modules, bloom’s taxonomy model and problem-based learning are adopted using mBot. Moreover, a low-cost and pre-programmed line follower robot has been used to demonstrate the outputs from the programs written in a more interactive manner. For the evaluation, pre-test and post-test of Quasi experimental design have been applied involving 40 students who were identified and categorized as average and low performing groups in the course. The findings show that a significant improvement has been observed from students’ performance and motivation. As such, the students’ performance is measured based on two phases of experiments. Whereas the students’ motivation is measured based on four motivation attributes: self-efficacy, active learning strategy, programming learning value and performance goal.

Assembling, simulating, and recording robot videos as an effort to motivate middle school students and teachers of Science in Bengkulu Province

The aim of this study was to determine the motivation of science teachers and students towards science after participating in the activity of assembling, simulating, and recording line follower robots as an effort to motivate middle school students and teachers towards science in Bengkulu Province. The research was done by direct practicing, where 60 students and 15 teachers of three junior high school (SMP): SMP Negeri 06 Seluma, SMP Negeri 02 Kota Bengkulu, and SMP Negeri 8 Rejang Lebong, were involved as the research subjects. The research activity concluded that the schools are ready to prepare simple electronics/robot laboratories for the three research subjects and the science teachers and students were motivated to learn science. It was seen from the score of 3.95 (scale of 1 to 5) for students, and for the science teacher, the score was 3.83 (scale of 1 to 5). The science teachers will follow up on robotics activities so that students will be interested in learning science at home and school.

Design and Function Evaluation of Line Follower Plant Sprayer Robot

Agriculture tools necessary for increasing food security in Indonesia. An automatic spraying for plant became one of the tool that help in pot plant maintenance. This study was developing a prototype of automatic line follower robot for spraying plant. Designing a new construction and adding a line follower sensor, this robot could move between plant pots with guidance of black line. Main chassis of this robot made from 3 mm aluminum plate with 50 cm length and 20 cm width. Control of this robot using Arduino Uno as microcontroller that could control the movement of the robot and also could control movement of nozzle and flow rate. Performance testing of this robot held inside the room with concrete floor and placed on the white fabric with black line as a guidance and sign to stop and spray. As the result, average linier speed for this robot was 0,7 m/s and flow rate for spraying was 8,9 ml/s with 89,5% accuracy.

Design of Autonomous Line-Following Robot for Sterilization Process

Manual sterilization processes can be time-consuming and labour intensive. Sterilizing equipment and surfaces manually can take a lot of time and effort, especially if the warehouse is large and there are many items to sterilize. Manual sterilization processes can be dangerous if proper safety measures are not taken. For example, workers may be exposed to harsh chemicals can cause burning of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and can result in blindness and lung damage due to the presence of hypochlorite and quaternary ammonia compounds in the chemicals used for sterilization process. This project presents a novel approach for the sterilization of surfaces using a line follower robot with Bluetooth control, employing a mopping method. The robot is designed to navigate a pre-determined path using a IR sensor and sterilize the surface by mopping it with a disinfectant solution. The robot is equipped with a Bluetooth module that allows it to be controlled remotely using a mobile application. Overall, line follower robots offer a safe, efficient, and consistent solution for the sterilization process, making them an ideal choice for various industries, including healthcare, food processing, and warehousing.

DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMOUS ASSISTIVE ROBOT FOR HEALTHCARE APPLICATION

This project mainly focuses on an autonomous assistive robot for healthcare application that is developed to dispense medications to the individual patients in the patient care facility. This autonomous line-follower robot is able to detect and follow the line drawn on the floor while driving through the facility with the ability to stop when it faces obstacles. The source of energy supply to the whole robot is fed from the power supply through the ESP32 microcontroller that is programmed using C++ with infrared sensors connected to the board for sensing the drawn line. The ultrasonic sensors are used to detect any obstacles on their way and put the robot at a halt condition with an alarm indicating the obstacle occurrence. The robot will stop at the junction to dispense the medicine for 10 seconds before proceeds to the next station. After the medicine has been dispensed, a confirmation message will be sent out from CallMeBot API in Telegram to acknowledge the medical staff on the successful delivery of the medicine to each patient. The result presented the experimental data on the path line application and the obstacle detection to demonstrate the efficiency of the application.

Design and Implementation of the Line Following Robot with Odometer

Line follower robot constitutes one of the very crucial characteristics of robotics. A robotic system is the intelligent system that can follow whether it's a black-on-white contrasting colored surface or vice versa. The code is programmed in such a way that the robot runs automatically in alignment with the line. The robot designates the line with the help of optical sensor arrays, which enables it to keep its course. The ensemble of four sensors provides accurate and adaptable movement. The wheels on the machine are governed by the rotation of DC motors having gear box. The Atmega32-based Arduino device is utilized to operate and incorporate algorithms that govern motor rotational speed, enabling the device to commute all along the line flawlessly. The objective of this research is to apply the line-following algorithms and regulate the robot's direction and move through proper calibration of the control factors, resulting in better results. Also, an added LCD module is added to indicate by visualizing the trip distance of the system. The system can be used as a load carrier in factories, industries, etc.

Automation Of Trash Can Collection Using Line Follower Based On Wireless Control

Every school must have a cleaning staff whose job is to care for and maintain the cleanliness of the school building. At SMKN 2 Bawang, the building is spacious and separated between buildings, so collecting waste requires a lot of time and effort. An ineffective process occurs when the cleaning staff collects waste in a circular path. Automating garbage collection using a line follower robot with PID control and the blynk application to start and stop as well as a predetermined path at a particular gathering point, can save energy and time for cleaning staff. The tuning value for each PID Control constant P=0.2, I=0.3, and D=0.06 can smooth the robot's movement with the L298N motor driver. It is decided by the Arduino UNO microcontroller and wireless connection using NodeMCU (ESP8266) for direction taking. The reading sent by the infrared sensor with analogRead mode when dimmed is in the range of 175~270, and the maximum reading value of the sensor is 940~950. The decision to turn follows a predetermined line when the sensor is below 175, according to which the sensor hits the line. The robot will stop running when the ultrasonic sensor finds an object or obstacle less than 15 cm in front of it.

RANCANG BANGUN ROBOT LEGO SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN SEKOLAH DASAR BERBASIS ARDUINO MEGA

Students are taught in an ancient way that has been used for a long time so that new technology learning media are needed that motivate students who are creative and understand the world of robotics. Making robots as a learning tool for robotics based on the FKKS SD/MI Muhammadiyah syllabus in Central Java Province which can train elementary school students' skills in designing, assembling, and programming robots using the Arduino Mega microcontroller which is designed in a simple and attractive way. in one set of robots have various abilities such as transporter robots, avoider robots, and line follower robots. On the transporter robot, the movement of the robot is controlled using a joystick and push buttons to control the gripper. In the avoider robot, the sensor used is the HC SR04 sensor, in the analog line follower robot the sensor used is a photodiode sensor coupled with an LED, the output of the sensor is an analog value which will be compared or compared. This robotics learning media is made to be easily accessible and operated by children, therefore the robot mode options can be selected easily via the LCD and buttons on the robot.

Prototype of Automatic Cafe Management System (ACMS) Based on Internet of Things (IOT)

The COVID-19 Pandemic changes people’s lifestyle nowadays. Physical interactions between person have lessened due to laws passed by central governments concerning its limitations. It’s no surprise this impacted businesses that needs face-to-face meetings, such as cafés or restaurants. Based on such facts, prototype for Automatic Café Management System (ACMS) based on Internet of Things (IOT) is designed. ACMS allows customers to order food through web-based system that can be accessed with their gadgets. The system is equipped with a line follower robot to act as waiter/waitress. With such system, physical contacts in café or restaurant settings can be reduced significantly.

Simulation Understanding Line Follower Robot C Program with Webots

The line follower robot is one type of robot that develops in the world of technology with a robot system that can follow a line composed of a series of electronic components to get the ideal response and speed. The line follower robot is equipped with sensors that will affect the wheel that is driven by a motor, where the speed is very dependent on the speed limit and friction between the tire robot with the floor. 
 Line follower robot consists of software and hardware systems. In understanding how the line follower robot works use the Webots simulation application as an open source application that can be used by beginners. The line follower robot simulation begins by using the e-puck robot file that has been listed in Webots by inputting the language program used, namely C language, into the robot microcontroller.From the simulation result of line follower robot using Webots were obtained system is capable of identifying a straight line and turn lanes. The system is able to provide an ideal response and speed with input from the line reading sensor which is processed with the C language control system and outputs the result as the robot move maximum.

Mathematical analysis of a line-follower robot, a stable controller design using Lyapunov approach, and experimental tests

Mathematical analysis of a line-follower robot, a stable controller design using Lyapunov approach, and experimental tests

Pengembangan Jobsheet Robotika Line Follower Robot berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino UNO

Abstract— This research is based on the fact that in the Department of Industrial Electronics Engineering at SMKN 4 Serang City there is no learning media on robotic system controller subjects. On that basis, a line follower robot learning media was designed which is expected to overcome this problem. The learning media designed is in the form of a learning worksheet that contains 6 (six) jobs including how to assemble components, forward motion commands, backward motion, left turn motion, right turn motion and combination motion. The development of this jobsheet learning media uses a 4D research model which consists of 4 research steps, namely define, design, develop and disseminate. The purpose of this study was to create media and a line follower robot learning worksheet, then also to determine the feasibility level of the media. Based on the feasibility test conducted on media experts, material experts and user tests covering several aspects such as the feasibility of content, appearance and language, it was found that the line follower robot learning jobsheet was "very feasible" to be used as a learning medium in robotic system controller subjects.

Use of Video and Robot Simulation at MIN 1 Kepahiang Bengkulu

Community service activities are one of the university's tridharma activities that must be carried out by every lecturer, therefore lecturers of the Bengkulu University Master of Science Program in collaboration with teachers of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kepahiang, Bengkulu on March 31, 2022 have carried out Community Service activities at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kepahiang, Bengkulu. This collaboration is in the form of community service activities at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kepahiang, Bengkulu with the title "Line Follower Robot Demonstration and Simulation to Increase Students' Interest in Learning Science at Home at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Kepahiang, Bengkulu. From these activities it can be concluded that; Robotics material delivered using interactive multimedia which includes lectures, virtual demos, animations, visualizations, and simulations as well as videos has proven to be successful in motivating students to care more about science in the motivated/cared category with a score of 3.85 on a scale of 1 -5.

Pengembangan trainer robot line follower dan revitalisasi pembelajaran abad 21 menuju era society 5.0 di SMK Negeri 1 Kras Kediri

To support industrial development in the era of super-smart society 5.0, the State Vocational High School 1 Kras Kediri seeks to produce competent graduates by applying a teaching model that has a constructive paradigm, involves the active role of students, and prioritizes practicum. It is intended that SMK graduates can compete in the 21st-century industry. The problem of schools today is the lack of complete learning support equipment. So that learning is less effective. On the other hand, the implementation of learning is still dominated by a teacher-oriented learning system. So to support the Computer Network Engineering skill competency program in basic programming subjects, a Line Follower Robot Trainer was developed. The Line Follower Robot Trainer that has been made has sophisticated specifications using an ESP32 microcontroller processor. In addition, 21st-century learning revitalization workshops were also conducted which were attended by teachers of SMK Negeri 1 Kras Kediri to strengthen the 21st-century learning paradigm based on students (student-oriented learning). In general, the results of the community service program that have been implemented can overcome the problems faced by SMK Negeri 1 Kras, the Computer Engineering expertise program in programming subjects.

RANCANG BANGUN ROBOT LINE FOLLOWER PEMADAM API BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLLER ATMEGA 16

The fire area is not always in an easily accessible place, under certain conditions, there are times when it is not possible for humans to extinguish fires in the event of a fire, so certain smarter devices need to have the ability to detect and extinguish fires, namely Fire Extinguisher Robot. Robot Line Follower Fire Extinguisher designed by the author, works walking to find hotspots, if the sensor gets hot temperatures or hotspots, then the ic microcomtroller stops the dc motor, then another dc motor will be active to turn on the fan or fan. The method in this paper begins with designing a robot using the Proteus 8 simulator, making a robot, finally conducting a test and measurement. This study uses three dc motors, one dc motor to simulate the open lid or activate a fan or fan, two dc motorsto run the robot. The output of this robot is a line follower robot that serves to extinguish the fire

Optimization of the PID coefficients for the line-follower mobile robot controller employing genetic algorithm

O b j e c t i v e s. To develop a control system for the movement of a mobile robot along a color-contrast line, as well as to find the values of the coefficients of a proportional-integral-differentiating (PID) controller that allows the robot to move along the line at a given speed.M e t ho d s. To adjust the values of the coefficients of the PID controller, methods of enumeration, automatic tuning and a genetic algorithm are used.Re s u l t s. A software package for tuning the PID controller of the educational mobile robot RoboCake, designed to move along a closed color-contrast line at a given speed, has been developed. The software package consists of a simulation model of the specified robot in the Simulink environment, several virtual traces-polygons and a specialized solver based on the developed genetic algorithm. With the help of the proposed fitness function, a mobile robot control system that satisfies the stated conditions is implemented. Based on the conducted model experiments, the desired values of the parameters of the PID controller are obtained.Co n c l u s i o n. A comparison of the effectiveness of various methods of tuning the PID controller is carried out. The developed software package is designed to solve the practical problem of moving a mobile robot along a color-contrast line at a speed of 1 m/s. The results obtained can be used to study methods of evolutionary tuning of stabilization systems for transport robots, ensuring their movement without overshoot.

Comparative Study of Computer Vision Based Line Followers Using Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano

The line follower robot is a mobile robot which can navigate and traverse to another place by following a trajectory which is generally in the form of black or white lines. This robot can also assist human in carrying out transportation and industrial automation. However, this robot also has several challenges with regard to the calibration issue, incompatibility on wavy surfaces, and also the light sensor placement due to the line width variation. Robot vision utilizes image processing and computer vision technology for recognizing objects and controlling the robot motion. This study discusses the implementation of vision based line follower robot using a camera as the only sensor used to capture objects. A comparison of robot performance employing different CPU controllers, namely Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano, is made. The image processing uses an edge detection method which detect the border to discriminate two image areas and mark different parts. This method aims to enable the robot to control its motion based on the object captured by the webcam. The results show that the accuracies of the robot employing the Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano are 96% and 98%, respectively.

Graphical analysis of the movements of a line-following robot

The difficulties in the interpretation of graphs in kinematics have been studied since the 1980s. To try to reduce students’ learning problems, the researchers point to the need for different didactic strategies, some with the use of new technologies. In this context, we present an experimental proposal that uses a line-following robot based on Arduino to teach graph interpretation in movements with constant velocity.