Lexical Subsystem Research Articles

Strategie uczenia się słownictwa specjalistycznego

CLIL (Content Language Integrated Learning) is defined as the integration of specific content with language learning objectives. In higher education, it refers to the simultaneously teaching academic content and language skills in a given language. The core concept revolves around the use of a second/foreign language to acquire knowledge, while while concurrently enhancing language skills and vocabulary, including the acquisition of new specialist terms. Developing the lexical subsystem as a an integral component of linguistic competence is particularly important in the process of linguistic reception and production. Vocabulary learning strategies prove invaluable in this context. The discussion on the strategy of learning lexis in a foreign language appeared in the academic literature at the end of the last century. Previously, this matter was addressed in research on learning strategies and communication strategies. In academia, knowledge of professional vocabulary and terminology is indispensable for mastering specialist content taught in a second language. Learners must not only grasp the meaning of concepts, but also employ them with precision. So how do students learn new specialist vocabulary, and which lexis learning strategies do they use? This article aims to present the results of my own research on the application of specialized vocabulary learning strategies by students of economic sciences.

On the conception of proper names and deproprial expressions in the academic dictionary of contemporary Czech

Abstract This paper is a conceptual supplement sui generis, the aim of which is to present a modified treatment of proper names and deproprial expressions in the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (ADCC). The focus of the study is both a reflection on the past and current lexicographical practice and a discussion of the key issues related to the treatment of the respective lexical subsystem in the dictionary. First, we summarize the basic facts concerning the lexicographic processing of proprial and deproprial lexical units in the field of explanatory lexicography. Second, we provide some more general information about the ADCC and, most importantly, about the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary in reference to the topic of the present study. We focus on the inclusion of proprial and deproprial entries in the ADCC and the specific treatment of proper names contained in phrasemes. Special attention is paid to the microstructure of proprial and deproprial entries, as well.

LEXICAL, PHRASEOLOGICAL AND STYLISTIC MEANS OF SPEECH OBJECTIFICATION OF THE MILITARY CONCEPT(BASED ON ENGLISH MILITARY VOCABULARY AND PHRASEOLOGY)

The article deals with the functional-semantic parameters and pragmatic-expressive specificity of the formation and functioning of military jargonisms - lexical-phraseological symbolic forms of objectification of the MILITARY concept. Expressive-evaluative and figurative motivation of connotative meanings on the basis of variation with various phonosemantic associations, humorous-ironic reinterpretation of the meanings of military abbreviations, formal-content compression of components, as well as various formal-structural euphemistic substitutions ensures the formation and use along with expressive-neutral terms stylistically marked signs, which diversify the specific picture of world perception in a functionally branched collective of military personnel.
 Any professional language subsystem, in particular, a military one, is a rather specific form of language reproduction, which has a military orientation, and therefore is used mainly in the field of communication of military personnel. Its least standardized component is the lexical subsystem, which has a field character, which means that its structure is organized by analogy with the field, in which there is a center (the core - a system of terms and symbols) and a periphery (here we can include all other lexemes and substandard vocabulary ). Military vocabulary is an accumulation of language units that are united by a common meaning and reflect the substantive, conceptual and functional similarity of the nomen that they mean or denote.
 The unified nature of language norms postulates the situational use of nomination signs, the consistency of the rules of their discursive implementation. The spontaneity and logical surprise of the operative speech reaction that arises in the process of developing social interaction gives rise to rethinking, reinterpretation and formal restructuring of generally accepted, conventional linguistic units.

CASES OF SYNONYMY AND ANTONYMY IN THE LATIN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM

One of the most significant traits of terminology is its consistency. Each term may be perceived as an entity with bilateral nature: 1. A unity of meaning and form; 2. An entity from the natural language subject to the same phenomena and processes, which are valid for all language units. Synonymy and antonymy result from the ambiguous relation between the form and meaning of the term; unfortunately, they cannot be avoided – even in specialized terminological systems. Since scientific terminology is intended for specific purposes, it is based on the convention regarding the structuring and usage of linguistic forms and their meanings more than any other lexical subsystem. The research object of the present text is the cases of synonymy and antonymy found in the Latin medical terminology as well as the reasons for their appearance. Such lexical relations are observed between lexemes, between a lexeme and a phraseological unit, and between phraseological units.The examples provided are called absolute antonyms and absolute synonyms (or lexical doublets) and they can be part only of the specialized terminological system. Those relations between terms may cause a problem in communication because they obstruct the possibility of a specific and identical nomination in the field of science. On the other hand, they facilitate the appearance of new different variants, and these different forms may also express different opinions about the same phenomenon.

Особенности перевода неологизмов в экономическом дискурсе английского языка

The aim of the study is to identify the main difficulties in translating neologisms or new meanings of words, since they are often not available in dictionaries, including specialised ones. The paper examines the generally accepted methods of neologisms translation and analyses specific examples from economic articles of the English-language newspaper ‘The Guardian’. The author attempts to shed light on the possible ways to overcome the difficulties of translating new words or new meanings of existing words that have appeared in connection with the current socio-economic situation, using an interdisciplinary approach that combines linguistic and economic knowledge in a coherent and coordinated way. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in identifying the main characteristics of neologisms as the linguistic representatives of the realities of modern post-pandemic economics in lexicographic and discursive aspects and as a strategic communicative unit that enhances the role of economic discourse. The results of the study reflect the use of translation techniques (calque, transcription and transliteration, descriptive translation and search for words or phrases that have full correspondence in another language) when translating economic neologisms, including strategies for their translation based on economic knowledge and awareness in a specific economic environment, as well as the processes of development of the lexical subsystem of modern English.

THE OUTLINE OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN СOMPUTER SLANG LEXICON

This article addresses computer English and Ukrainian computer slang as a lexical subsystem evoked to provide the Internet community with effective communication means. Slang lexicon fulfills a number of functions depending on the contextual features, level of professionalism of language users and their interest. Although it is argued by some scholars that slang words rarely undergo semantic changes, it has been revealed that in the process of adaptation in the target language lexical and grammatical transformations typically occur in computer slang. In particular, English computer slang words are adapted to the Ukrainian reality through the process of clipping, blending, adding inflections, conceptual metaphor and other figurative transfers of meaning. Interestingly, it is common for new forms to acquire connotations which are not found in the original language. Ridiculous associations help users to quickly connect the form and denotative meaning of a slang lexeme in question. The sources of computer slang formation include calque, telescopy, phonetic mimicry and translation. The knowledge of language community can significantly simplify the identification of hidden senses and related connotations in other similar words. Stratification of slang is a difficult task as well as its software implementation in online dictionary developments. The limitations of this research are related to complexity of establishing concise etymology and trace all relevant contextual features of slang units in the process of quickly evolving computer mediated communication.

HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL CRITERIA FOR COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF YOUTH VOCABULARY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)

The article is devoted to the comparative description of youth vocabulary on the example of German and Ukrainian languages. At the first stage of the study, the key features of youth vocabulary have been singled out. It has been established that this linguistic phenomenon is a specific lexical subsystem of the national language, which is most actively used by socio-age group “youth”. Compared to standard language, it is characterized by informality, emotional connotation, and expressiveness. A high gedree of sensibivity to external influences is typical for young people. That affects the choice of the means of communication. Nominative processes in the given language subcode are determined by the search for new words and collocations that indicate the social status and social roles of their users, as well as intra-group relations and hierarchy. At the second stage of the study, criteria for comparative description of German and Ukrainian youth vocabulary have been developed: interrelationship with other vocabulary subsystems, the use of specific vocabulary as a means of self-identification, amount of lexical-semantic groups, regional heterogeneity, intra-group heterogeneity, conspiracy function, features of borrowing from foreign languages, emotional connotation, the share of rude words, dependence on the mass-media impact. As a result, common and distinctive features of the given language subcodes have been found out. Both German and in Ukrainian vocabulary subsystems verbalize young people’s worldview and feelings, reflecting their try to demonstrate protest, self-identification, intra-group heterogeneity. The most important lexical-semantic groups contain a wide choice of synonyms for satisfying the above-mentioned needs. Historical, social, and cultural factors determine some differences between two studied language subcodes, mainly in the regional heterogeneity and the share of rude words. At the same time, both studied vocabulary subsystems are constantly enriched by words and collocations taken from popular mass-media sources. The growing role of American subcultures has been pointed out as well.

Analiza korelacji pomiędzy nasileniem cech osobowości a strategiami uczenia się leksyki na przykładzie polskich uczących się języka niemieckiego na trzecim etapie edukacyjnym

Developing learners' lexical subsystem is one of the most important tasks of foreign language didactics. The observable turn towards vocabulary (,,Wortschatzwende’’) has contributed to an in-depth reflection on learners' lexical competence, including their strategic competence. The aim of this article is to present results of a correlational research concerning the influence of personality variables (understood according to the Five-Factor Model) on the range and frequency of strategies used by Polish high-school students to learn German vocabulary. The research project described in this article was conducted in April 2021. The polish adaptation of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory was applied to examine the learners’ personality traits. The Polish version of Schmitt's Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire (VLSQ) was used to investigate students’ preferred strategies for learning German vocabulary. Based on the conclusions from the research, an attempt was made to formulate practical guidelines for foreign language teachers concerning the possibilities of developing learners' lexical competence. The report is complemented by a list of open research questions and problems in this field.

Culturally relevant memory properties in English phraseology

The paper focuses on culturally relevant properties of personal memory and the potential of natural languages in codifying them. The study is based on one of the key postulates of anthropological linguistics stating that dynamic changes in human mentality, cultural developments and newly accumulated knowledge find their reflection in the lexical subsystem of the language. Relying on the concept of phraseology as a fragment of linguistic reality bearing an information-intensive map of the national world view and the type of linguistic identity, the paper examines phraseological units verbalizing fundamental memory processes of encoding, storing, remembering and forgetting and offers a linguacultural perspective on the specifics of representing individual memory processes in English phraseology. A combination of automatic processing methods applied to analyzing authentic lexicographic sources along with conventional data-collecting procedures yielded an empirical base of the research composed of phraseological units representing key stages of mnemonic processing. To analyze the obtained data, component, lexicographic, and content-analysis methods were employed. Findings allowed compiling an inventory of mnemonic phraseological units in English, developing their typology on the basis of structural, semantic and functional criteria, identifying the proportion of each structural, semantic and stylistic type in the data sample. A multi-parameter cognitive interpretation procedure yielded a stage-based typology of mnemonic phraseological units reflecting phases of mnemonic processing, its content and nature. The results suggest a possible correlation between cultural specifics of Anglo-Saxon world view and verbal representation of individual memory on the phraseological level.

СПЕЦИФИКА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И ОБОГАЩЕНИЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ПОДЪЯЗЫКА СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ТЕКСТА ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ЗАПИСКИ К ПРОЕКТУ)

Objective of the article is to consider the question of the origin, formation, and enrichment of the terminological system of the construction language for specific purposes. The article analyzes the ways of formation and development of the terminological system of the lexical subsystem, as well as the classification of lexical and semantic ways of term formation. The following tasks were defined: to consider the formation of a terminological system in the construction language for specific purposes, to determine the place of the term system in the language subsystem, to identify lexical and semantic ways of word formation in the construction term system. Applied methods . The article applies linguistic and structural methods and semantic analysis of authentic texts of the explanatory notes to the projects. The relevance of the presented research lies in the need to specify ways to form and enrich the ontological base of construction texts for their application in applied and theoretical linguistics. Results . The study analyzed and identified the main ways of developing the lexical subsystem of the construction ontology: terminologization of words in common language, metaphorization, metonymization, narrowing of meaning. Conclusions . The presented classification of semantic derivation of lexical units based on the analysis of authentic texts of explanatory notes can be used in the development of tools for analyzing the term systems of the construction language for specific purposes, creating dictionaries of terms, databases and information nodes of the virtual learning environment for both specialists and students in construction specialties.

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЕ СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ (К ВОПРОСУ О ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-КОММУНИКАТИВНОМ АСПЕКТЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЛЕКСИКИ ЯЗЫКА ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ ЦЕЛЕЙ)

The article analyses the features of professional communication in interaction with the specifics of the formation and functioning of the lexical subsystem of the language for special purposes. Lexical means within the framework of special communication are considered.

СЛОВОТВІРНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРАСЛОВ’ЯНСЬКИХ СОМАТИЗМІВ

The naming of body parts, acting as one of the most noticeable layers of vocabulary, which reflects the knowledge of native speakers about the world around them, and their idea of both their own body and the body of animals, is the subject of constant attention of linguists. In modern linguistics, as in the humanities in general, the anthropocentric approach to the separation of somatic vocabulary prevails, when only parts of the human body are included in body parts. However, such a view of the realm of the corporeal and, moreover, the understanding of the pair “somatic – mental” only as one that applies to a man, denies the corporeality (however, as well as the realm of the psyche) of other living organisms ‒ animals. Therefore, we consider it appropriate to include the names of body parts of animals as somatic names. The article found that the Proto-Slavic language had a fairly extensive system of names of body parts. Many somatisms called parts of the body of both humans and animals. The somatic lexical subsystem includes such large groups of nouns to denote parts of the human and animal body, as: sonymic, osteonymic, splanchnonymic, angionimic, myonymic, sensonymic, neoplasmonimic. The object of study is the vocabulary to denote parts of the human and animal body, including the name of the head and its parts, neck and torso, skeleton and bones, cardiovascular and circulatory system, internal organs, muscles, human and animal senses, and also the names of neoplasms recorded in monuments of different styles and genres and historical dictionaries that reflect the vocabulary of the Proto-Slavic period. The purpose of the article is to carry out word-formation analysis of somatic names in the history of the Ukrainian language of the Proto-Slavic era. The main research methods are descriptive, comparative-historical, structural (component) analysis. The description of somatic names is carried out according to a complex method that combines semantic-word-forming and etymological aspects of the study. The authors found that the derivation of somatic names in the Proto-Slavic language occurred in two ways: by morphological and semantic word formation. The most productive, among morphological, way of word formation of somatic names of the pre-written period was suffixation, much less active in derivation of new words was confixation, prefix and composite word formation was represented by single formations. The peculiarity of the derivational semantics of somatisms on the territory of ancient Slavia is that some formants already lost their diminutive meaning in pre-written times. Non-morphological methods were represented by semantic derivation, when somatisms were created by transferring meaning on the basis of similarity, which later laid the foundations for the formation of a significant layer of somatic vocabulary. Prospects for the study are a more detailed analysis of the development and formation of somatic names in the dialects of the Ukrainian language, as well as the creation of principles for concluding a terminological basis of natural, including medical, sphere based on specific Ukrainian lexical material.

DIFFUSENESS OF THE STATE REGISTER OF PENTAGON’S MILITARY LINGO (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE VIETNAM AND PERSIAN GULF WAR PROFESSIONAL JARGON)

The article presents a linguistic and cultural analysis of the lexical and semantic features of the state register of the professional sublanguage of the US Army servicemen. It is the military sub-language as a certain form of the existence of the national language that not only serves the communicative needs of the army subculture, but is also often used as a tool of linguistic manipulation. The state register is normative and has mainly a written form of implementation. The language of the Pentagon's military bureaucracy is marked by an abundance of acronyms and ponderous definitions. In addition, the official register of the military sublanguage is often characterized by diffuseness. In most cases, the deliberate use of euphemisms, synonymic series, professional jargon, semantically impenetrable acronyms and backronyms serves the communicative purpose of concealing the true subject of conversation and thought. The sublanguage of military service as an original lexical subsystem of the American version of the English language is chosen as the scope of scientific research. The object of the study is represented by diffuse lexical and phraseological units of the register of official communication of the US Defense Department. The work is addressed to linguists, translators, teachers and a wide audience. It is noted that the phenomenon of doublespeak, consisting of demagoguery, lengthy and ambiguous wording, in the military sublanguage was clearly manifested during the Vietnam War: the language of official messages hid the true state of affairs in the world, “lulling” the attention of the American public. It is demonstrated that when covering the war in the Persian Gulf, there emerged sayings designed to turn the tragedy of the war into something abstract and devoid of emotions.

Lexical Means of Verbalization of Uncertainty in the Arabic language on the example of Modern Best Sellers

The article studies the peculiarities of verbalizing the category of ambiguity on the material of English literary texts translated into Arabic. Seven texts of writers-postmodernist - J. Barnes, 1. McCarthy, I. McEwan, D. Lodge, D. Mitchell, were chosen to be analyzed. The subject of the category of ambiguity research is both logic and philosophical, and linguistic. Lexemes denoting ambiguity are described in terms of their belonging to semantic (thematic) fields, including their contrastive and stylistic properties. There are involved proper lexical units denoting ambiguity, and contextual, occasional means, while their dictionary definitions do not reveal the semes of ambiguity. The study deals with the role and functions of nominative units reflecting ambiguity and uncertainty of the world contemporary literary discourse through translation into Arabic. The methodology is based on the functional interaction of lexis and grammar as one of the systemic linguistics principles. The study conclusions proceed from the provision on the Arabic language to demonstrate the system of various lexical means to express the ambiguity category, and their determinant to be implied in paradigmatic relations of language system, and syntagmatic relations between textual semantic units which both explain grammar structure of language and the nature of semantic correlations in its lexical subsystem. The authors draw a conclusion that both English and Arabic languages possess universal extralinguistic meaning of nominative ambiguity, while the semantic field nucleus fulfils the crucial function to select and assort proper means and units to realize the ambiguity category in texts. Differentiation of ambiguity nominations according to their application is not homogeneous due to lexical nominations making up the main means to realize ambiguity principle as both semantic and grammatical category. In course of studying the topic issue it seems adequate to study the topic of ambiguity conceptualization in languages of different structure and arrange the means to verbalize the ambiguity concept using the method of systemic comparison.

Калькирование в современном русском языке

The article examines the neolexemes extensively transmitted into the Russian language system from English and displaying foreign-language semantic influence. The purpose of the paper is to identify mechanisms of semantic calquing, to reveal its functional significance for the modern Russian language system. Scientific novelty of the work lies in identifying different vectors in semantic dynamics inside the process of lexical calquing itself, as well as in the aspect of inter-level connections. As a result, it was found that a trend of intra-linguistic nature is actualised under contact influence of the languages since semantic calquing usually brings about qualitative transformations of the lexical subsystem.

ROLE OF ENGLISH AFFIXOIDS IN MODERN UKRAINIAN, RUSSIAN AND FRENCH

AbstractBackground. The article is devoted to the influence of borrowed affixoids on the wordbuildingsubsystems of the target languages.
 Purpose. The aim of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the influence of borrowingsfrom English on the word-building subsystem of the target languages and namely to define the roleof affixoids in productive ways of modern word-building. The aim preconditions the performing ofthe following tasks: analysis of the nature of affixoids; revealing peculiarities of borrowed affixoidsfunctioning in target languages.
 Methods. In the article the following methods are used: 1) for detecting the volume andmeaning of the term affixoid the method of the review of the existing literature has been used; 2) forrevealing the constituent parts of the lexical units the method of distributive has been used; 3) fordescribing the peculiarities of quasi-composites and existing word-patterns the methods ofonomasiological and formal analysis have been used.
 Results. If one analyses the appearance of the affixoid. -gate, it is necessary to take intoconsideration, that it is formed due to the so-called “intercalated” or “telescopic” formation ofnew words, when one word is “inserted” into another, as a result of which an unusual, occasionalformation appears. In modern Ukrainian and Russian we can reveal the development of newmeaning which is absolutely different from the primary meaning. Some people are even sure that -gate is the synonym of the word scandal.
 Borrowing word-forming models is another character feature of language that causes theappearance of quasi-composites. In French, for example, it is possible to observe the interestingphenomenon of borrowing not structural parts, but word-building samples. The presence of “falseEnglishisms” in the French language proves once again that very often not only separate words areborrowed, but also word-forming material.
 Discussion. Processes of borrowing influence the target languages in many different ways.The most common of them is direct borrowing, assimilation of concrete lexical units. But recentlythe facts of influence of the source language have become more and more common, so processes ofborrowing have an impact not only on the lexical subsystem of the target language, but also on theword-building level by assimilating productive affixes and affixoids, as well as common wordbuildingpatterns and models. The field of affixoids still requires new linguistic research, especiallyin connection with the processes of borrowing and the tendency of the modern languages tosimplification. It is very important to observe new ways of enriching vocabulary where assimilationof foreign affixoids is becoming more and more productive. The independent functioning ofaffixoids in target languages is also worth describing and analyzing.

The Ukrainian language: origin, developmentand present-day situation

The article highlights the milestones in the development of the Ukrainian language and discusses the current trends observed mainly in the lexical sub-system as one of the first to reflect social, economic, and political changes in the life of any society. We also present main distinctives features of Ukrainian as one of the Slavic languages and discuss selected aspects of the sociolinguistic situation in Ukraine, as well as the language problems of the Ukrainian diaspora that tries to find a balance between adaptation, blending in the environment and preserving one’s identity. The study of changes in the lexical sub-system of Ukrainian from the break of the Soviet Union to the present day gives an excellent opportunity to reveal the influence of extralinguistic factors, such as the emergence of new realities and certain looseness of speech caused by a sense of freedom in the new society on the enrichment of the general vocabulary with revived words, borrowings, and derivatives, significant changes in onomastics in connection with decommunization.

LINGUOSTYLISTIC FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING FRENCH YOUTH SLANG

The purpose of the article is to analyse and identify the linguistic and stylistic features of the origin and translation of French slang, taking into account the peculiarities of word formation. Research methods: comparison, classification, systematization, observation, analysis of the results of researchers on the problem of the study and expert evaluation. Results: the article is a study of phonetic–morphological and semantic–stylistic features of argotic vocabulary in contemporary French language. The author emphasized that the developed national language is not monolithic, but rather constitutes the set of forms in which it exists and is manifested in a hierarchically organized multi–stage system. The possibility of transformation method applying, translation combined method, as well as the techniques of variative, contextual, hyper– and hyponomic substitutions, calculations, descriptive translation, interpretation and compensation is characterized. The influence of modern computer technologies on modern youth slang trends is noted. Basic ways of formation of slang words and the phraseology of the youth speech are analyzed. The specific directions of future translation, contrast, lexicological, lexicographic, stylistic studies have been identified: the translation of the language of films with an argot component, modern youth argot, argotisms of national–territorial variants of the French language; bilingual dictionaries creation of argotic vocabulary; theory and practice of forming translation competence in the field of social dialectology. The importance of considering the content and quality content of youth slang under the influence of modern social processes is emphasized. Conclusions: The conducted research has shown that the argotic vocabulary can be considered as a special lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a steady tendency to penetrate into higher linguistic levels due to its phonetic–morphological and semantic features. The author separately considers the question of existence and functioning of the French youth language, the causes of such a concept and how it is used in the language of modern youth, as well as the conditions and means of creating a French youth language, which is relevant when translating from French. The relationship of cultural features of youth slang is revealed, which manifests itself in opposition to social patterns and norms.

Social Dialects in Modern French Language

The article is a study of phonetic-morphological and semantic-stylistic features of argotic vocabulary in contemporary French language. The work is devoted to questions of structural-semantic and phonetic-morphological peculiarities of the argotic vocabulary in printed mass media. The conducted research has shown that the argotic vocabulary can be considered as a special lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a steady tendency to penetrate into higher linguistic levels due to its phonetic-morphological and semantic features. The systematization of phonetic and semantic processes in the argotic dictionary is carried out. We have noticed that argot from a linguistic point of view is an expressive lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a large expressive potential and rapid changes in vocabulary and penetrates into higher levels of the French language. From the point of view of modern linguistics, the French language can be viewed in vertical and horizontal sections. Horizontal division is caused by the existence of the dialectal partition of the French language. The vertical division is explained by the existence of social groups that use one or another sociolect. Analyzing the evolution of the definition of argot, we can assume that in its development argot passed the long way from the language taboo to the special lexical subsystem of the literary-spoken language. We have noticed that it is important to distinguish argot and spoken language. In spite of the both scientific and practical interest in the spoken language problem and the emergence of numerous studies that led to the creation of colloquialism as a special section of linguistics, a number of aspects of spoken language (approaches to its identification, differentiation of spoken language and related phenomena) remain insufficiently highlighted. The spoken language (vernacular), according to modern linguistic assertions, occupies an intermediate position between the spoken-literary language, dialects and sociolects. We have noticed that the democratization of the norms of the literary language led to the emergence of a literary-colloquial form of spoken language. Such a combination of literary and spoken language is caused by the nature of social development. Key words: argot; slang; French language; dialect; argotheistic vocabulary; non-normative variant elements; semantics; phonetics; morphology; mass media.

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКАЯ ЭНАНТИОСЕМИЯ КАК ЯЗЫКОВОЙ АСПЕКТ КАТЕГОРИИ КОНТРАРНОСТИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ГЕРМАНСКИХ И СЛАВЯНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВЫХ ГРУПП)

The article is devoted to the study of the enantiosemy phenomenon at the lexical level of the linguistic system. The authors discuss the linguistic nature of enantio-lexemes and the factors generating intra-word antonymy. Some classification criteria for enantio-lexemes are clarified. Logic-semantic oppositions in the basis of contrasting types are identified and described. The features of enantiosemic vocabulary functioning in the language and speech are analysed. Conclusions are made that linguistic enantiosemy is manifested under heterogeneous factors’ influence at the level of the lexical subsystem.