SGPT Levels Research Articles

Antioxidant activity and Hepatoprotective potential of Ethanolic leaf extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus against various Hepatotoxins induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino wister Rats

The objective of this research was to see whether the ethanolic extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus leaves had antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties against paracetamol (PCT), ethanol (ETN), and isoniazid and rifampicin (IR)-induced hepatotoxicity in Albino Wister rats. The materials were dried in the shade, pulverised, and extracted using ethanol. Phytochemical experiments were carried out as a first step. The ethanol extract's hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in Albino Wister rats. PCT (3 g/kg), ETN (5 g/kg), and IR (100 mg/kg) reduced the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin, which are all biochemical indicators of liver injury. Both hepatotoxin-treated and untreated group of animals determined for their antioxidant levels. Aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alanine transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, an antioxidant function of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydroxyl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation methods, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide were among the biochemical and histopathological tests performed. The altered levels of biochemical markers were restored to near-normal levels in a dose-dependent fashion after treatment with A. hexapetalus ethanolic leaf extract (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight). The findings of the current research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of A. hexapetalus had potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.

Clinical Manifestations of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh: A 14-day Observational Study.

ObjectivesSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a significant public health concern and causing a pandemic in the world. Despite immense attention to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), very little attention has been given to the kinetics of disease progression in infected patients. Therefore, in this study, we present a 14-day clinical observation of hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients.MethodsAfter recording the demography of 42 COVID-19 patients on day 1, we observed the clinical progression for 14 days by investigating the hematological and biochemical responses of patients’ blood and serum, respectively.ResultsApproximately, 62% of the hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients presented cough, followed by fever (∼52%). The top comorbidities of these patients were hypertension (30%) and diabetes mellitus (19%). The average blood hemoglobin (Hb) level was slightly low among the patients in the early days of infection and went up to the normal level on the later days. A substantial increase in the level of ALT or SGPT [up to 106 IU/L; standard error of the mean (SEM): 12.64] and AST or SGOT (up to 64.35 IU/L; SEM: 5.013) in COVID-19 patients was observed, which may suggest that infection with coronavirus is associated with the functionality of other organs of COVID-19 patients.ConclusionThis 14-day observational study may help clinicians to decide the choice of treatment for COVID-19 patients.How to cite this articleShaha M, Islam MA, Huq F, et al. Clinical Manifestations of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh: A 14-day Observational Study. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2021;11(1):14–20.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular dynamics studies of oxadiazine derivatives as potential anti-hepatotoxic agents

Generally, herbal medicines having remarkable popularity for treating liver ailments, but they are still unacceptable because of the deprivation of herbal drug standardization. Therefore, there is a need for promising synthetic drugs to overcome the critical liver problem. We introduce 1, 3, 4-oxadiazine ring in this study to identify better anti-hepatotoxic agents via a suitable synthetic route. These oxadiazine-based derivatives were structurally confirmed by analytical and spectral data and evaluated for their anti-hepatotoxic potential. Further, in vitro hepatotoxicity studies have been done to check the toxicity level in the synthesized compound. Compounds 5a, 5b, 5c and 9d were selected for further biological evaluation according to in vitro results. After that, CCl4-induced animal model was used to evaluate in vivo anti-hepatotoxicity activity. Compound 5a with 52.99%, 59.3%, 79.34% and 5b with 52.16%, 57.65%, 75.10% revealed to be most promising for reduction in level of SGPT, SGOT and ALKP, respectively. Moreover, it was also observed that the compound 5a with 411.01%, 53.39% and 5b with 378.63%, 48.9% level of albumin and total protein were respectively. The induced-fit docking results of the compounds 5a and 5b reveal some essential binding information and exhibited desirable ADME properties, and obeyed Lipinski's rule of five. In addition, molecular dynamics studies for 100 ns further confirm the protein-ligand complex's stability, supporting the in vitro and in vivo data, and help in establishing the SAR of synthesized compounds. Two compounds, 5a and 5 b, exhibited higher anti-hepatotoxic activity than the standard drug silymarin.

Effect of Kembang Bulan Leaf (Tithonia diversifolia) Ethanolic Extract to SGOT and SGPT Levels in Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Introduction: Kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia) is one of Indonesian traditional medicine that contains saponins, flavonoids, and, tannins and is predicted has a lowering effect on blood-glucose. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by insufficient insulin secretory by the pancreas or ineffective usage of insulin that produced by the body thus cause a hyperglycemia condition. Hyperglycemia can cause an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species which can cause free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to liver cells. Method: This was an experiment with posttest control group design. Samples were 40 rats, divided into five different groups (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5). Each group were induced by multiple low doses STZ. P1 (give the extract of Tithonia diversifolia at a dose 50 mg/100 gr BB), P2 (give the extract of Tithonia diversifolia at a dose 150 mg/100 gr BB), and P3 (give the extract of Tithonia diversifolia at a dose 450 mg/100 gr BB), P4 was treated with metformin, P5 was not treated. After STZ induction and give the extract to diabetic rat model, the resulting liver cell damage will be measured using the SGOT and SGPT measurement methods. Result: On the average results of SGOT levels in the five treatments, using the ANOVA test p value was 0.877 (p> 0.05) which means there were no significant differences. Furthermore, on the average results of SGPT levels in all five treatments, using the ANOVA test p value was 0.822 (p> 0.05) which means there were no significant differences. But from all results obtained P4 (given metformin) with the results closest to normal levels (SGOT: 197.5 ± 37.25; SGPT: 90.33 ± 29.36). From the treatment given Tithonia diversifolia extract obtained P1 (with a dose of 50 mg / 200gr BB) with the results closest to normal levels compared to P2 and P3. Conclusion: The Extract of kembang Bulan Leaf (Tithonia diversifolia) obtained less significant results compared to the untreated group. However, there is no significant difference. And giving ethanol extract of the leaves of kembang Bulan (Tithonia diversifolia) at a dose of 50 mg / 100gr BB is the most effective way to reduce levels of SGOT and SGPT.

Acute, Sub-Acute and Genotoxicity Assessment of <i>Cocculus hirsutus</i> Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats

Acute (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) and 28-day (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) toxicity assessments of Cocculus hirsutus hydroalcoholic leaf extract (CH-Ex) were performed in Wistar rats consistent with OECD guidelines 423 and 407 respectively. Average body weights were recorded, blood and biochemical parameters were analyzed and histopathological studies were performed. At doses (12.5–100 μg/ml), genotoxicity assessments were conducted on pUC 19 plasmid by evaluating DNA damage protection. Acute toxicity assessment categorized CH-Ex as safe and non-toxic (category 5). The 28-day toxicity assessments showed no significant (p>0.05) changes in body weights, hematology and histopathology. At 400 mg/kg females exhibited a slight decline in SGPT, creatinine and BUN levels, while male rats exhibited a slight enhancement of SGOT and ALP levels (p<0.05). CH-Ex exhibited strong ability to protect DNA damage from oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner.

Clinical, Virological, Immunological and Genomic Characterization of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Cases With SARS-CoV-2 Infection, India

Background: The current global pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 led to the investigation with clinical, biochemical, immunological and genomic characterization from the patients to understand the pathophysiology of viral infection.Methods: Samples were collected from six asymptomatic and six symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 confirmed hospitalized patients in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Clinical details, biochemical parameters, treatment regime were collected from hospital, viral load was determined by RT-PCR, levels of cytokines and circulating antibodies in plasma were assessed by Bioplex and isotyping respectively. In addition, the whole genome sequencing of viral strains and mutational analysis were carried out.Findings Analysis of the biochemical parameters highlighted the increased levels of C-Reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum SGPT, serum SGOT and ferritin in symptomatic patients. Symptomatic patients were mostly with one or more comorbidities, especially diabetes (66.6%). The virological estimation revealed that there was no significant difference in viral load of oropharyngeal (OP) samples between the two groups. Whereas, viral load was higher in plasma and serum samples of symptomatic patients and they develop sufficient amounts of antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgA). The levels of 7 cytokines (IL-6, IL-.1α, IP-10, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-α2, IL-15) were found to be highly elevated in symptomatic patients, while three cytokines (soluble CD40L, GRO and MDC) were remarkably higher in asymptomatic patients. The whole genome sequence analysis revealed that the current isolates were clustered with 19B, 20A and 20B clades, however acquired 11 additional changes in Orf1ab, spike, Orf3a, Orf8 and nucleocapsid proteins. The D614G mutation in spike protein is linked with higher virus replication efficiency and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection as three patients had higher viral load and among them two patients with this mutation passed away.Interpretation This is the first comprehensive study of SARS CoV-2 patients from India. This will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and advance in the implementation of effective disease control strategies.Funding Information: This study was supported by the core funding of Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Dept of Biotechnology, India.Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.Ethics Approval Statement: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee, Institute of Life Sciences. Written consent informed to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.

HUBUNGAN PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI (APD) DENGAN KADAR SGOT DAN SGPT DALAM DARAH PADA PETANI PADI

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when spraying pesticides is a must in agricultural activities. It greatly affects the long-term health conditions of farmers. This study aimed to see the relationship between the use of PPE with SGOT and SGPT levels in the blood of rice farmers. This study used quantitative research with an analytic observational research design using a cross-sectional approach. Blood samples were taken for farmers and carried out the process of filling out questionnaires and observation sheets. The results of the questionnaire were processed with SPSS 16.0, with Fisher's exact test. The sample of the study was 40 rice farmers taken purposively. The results showed that the levels of SGOT and SGPT were more in the normal category. The analysis showed that there was no relationship between AST and ALT levels with the use of PPE. It can be seen from the significance value of more than 0.05. As many as 38.5% complained about recurring complaints. After spraying, dizziness, dizziness, watery eyes, frequent spitting, namely vision, coughing, and ergonomic complaints in the form of back pain and lumbago. The conclusion in this study is that there is no relationship between the use of PPE with AST and ALT levels in the blood.

Total SGOT, SGPT and Bilirubin Levels in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Tuberculosis is an infectious infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Anti Tuberculosis drug therapy given has side effects, one of which is hepatotoxicity.. The purpose of this study was to describe the levels of SGOT, SGPT, and total bilirubin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients based on the characteristics of gender and age. This type of research is descriptive observational with a case study approach. Data retrieval using purposive sampling of 120 patients was carried out by analyzing data on medical records. The results of the study in the intensive stage of treatment showed an increase in SGOT for 12 males and females an average of 71 U/L and 93 U/L. The SGPT of 12 men and 14 women averaged 86 U/L and 92 U/L. Total bilirubin in 10 men and 12 women averaged 1.58 mg/dl and 1.68 mg/dl, respectively. The increase in SGOT in 15 patients 26-45 years, 8 patients 46-65 years, and 2 patients 65 years averaged 79 U/L, 70 U/L, and 97 U/L. SGPT occurred in 15 patients 26-45 years, 8 patients 46-65 years, and 3 patients 65 years with mean levels of 82 U/L, 97 U/L, and 96 U/L. Total bilirubin occurred in 15 patients 26-45 years, 5 patients 46-65 years, and 2 patients 65 years with mean levels of 1.72 mg/dl, 1.38 mg/dl, and 1.57 mg/dl. , whereas in the advanced stage of treatment, all patients had normal levels of SGOT, SGPT, and total bilirubin with an average of 27 U/L, 29 U/L, and 0.41 mg/dl.

The Hepatoprotective Effects of Basil Leaf (Ocimum sanctum L.) Extract on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Male Rat

Basil leaf have antioxidants such as flavonoids, so it is thought to have a hepatoprotective effect. This study aims to investigate the effect of basil leaf extract on SGOT and SGPT levels in male rats induced by paracetamol. Basil leaf extract was carried out by the percolation method using ethyl acetate solvent, Some 20 male sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Basil leaf extract (400 mg/kgBB and 600 mg/kgBB) and sylimarin (100 mg/kgBB) were carried out every day for 28 days, paracetamol was induced 24 hours after giving the last day of basil leaf extract. The parameters measured were SGOT and SGPT level to assess the effect of basil leaf extract on liver damage caused by paracetamol. The results showed that basil leaf extract (400 mg/kgBB dan 600 mg/kgBB) showed that the activities of SGOT and SGPT levels were statistically significant (p<0,05) to negative control. Basil leaf extract shows the effect of hepatoprotector on liver induced by paracetamol, however the effect given was not able to equate with positive control.

Efek Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Petai (Parkia speciosa) Terhadap Fungsi Hepar Rattus norvegicus yang Terpapar Minyak Goreng Bekas

Penggunaan minyak goreng secara berulang merupakan salah satu pemicu terjadinya kerusakan heparyang seringkali ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar SGPT dan SGOT dalam darah. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui efek pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit petai (P. speciosa) pada R. norvegicus yang terpaparminyak goreng bekas dengan indikator kadar SGPT dan SGOT. Penelitian dimulai dengan ekstraksi kulit petaiuntuk kemudian digunakan sebagai sumber antioksidan dalam melawan paparan radikal bebas akibat minyak jelantah secara in vivo. Rattus norvegicus dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok I kontrol negatif, Kelompok II dengan 1 ml minyak jelantah 118 mek/kg dan ekstrak etanol kulit petai dosis 100 mg/l, Kelompok III dengan 1 ml minyak jelantah 118 mek/kg dan ekstrak etanol kulit petai dosis 200 mg/l, serta Kelompok IV sebagai kontrol positif yang diberi 1 ml minyak jelantah 118 mek/kg. Pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit petai dengan dosis 200 mg/kgBB mampu mencegah kerusakan hepar yang ditandai dengan kadar SGPT dan SGOT serum yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol kulit petai memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan dalam menangkal radikal bebas akibat paparan minyak goreng bekas.

Effect of Katakakhadiradi kashayam on liver metabolism in streptozotocin and nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

Plants have the ability to impart therapeutic action on chronic diseases such as diabetes and its comorbidities. The current study was done to find the effectiveness of Katakakhadiradi kashayam on liver metabolism in streptozotocin and nicotinamide administered diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were treated with katakakhadiradi kashayam for 28 days and compared with glibenclamide. The antidiabetic action of Katakakhadiradi kashayam was measured by the serum levels of urea, bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT activity. In the current study, the level of urea, SGPT and SGOT activity was significantly higher and reduced total bilirubin observed in diabetic rats. The protection given by Katakakhadiradi kashayam against diabetic complication was confirmed by a histology study. Most of the plants present in Kadakakhadiradi kashayam are effective in regulating the enzymes in diabetes mellitus. The obtained data imply the antidiabetic effects of katakakhadiradi kashayam, which is practically a safe herbal formulation and can be used as a good alternative for managing DM.

Phytochemical Screening and Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, and Antioxidant Effects of Leptopus Cordifolius Decne. In Diabetic Mice.

Plants are well known in traditional herbal medicines for their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities and are often used due to their accessibility, affordability, and corollary effects. Leptopus cordifolius has been reported to control diabetes in folkloric medicine, but no known scientific research has been conducted to assess the plausibility of this assertion. Therefore, the current study is aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Leptopus cordifolius leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic evaluation was conducted in Swiss albino mice at doses of 150–250°mg/kg for 15°days. The blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, creatinine, ALP, SGPT, and SGOT levels were estimated according to standard procedures. Phytochemicals of leaves were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. Enzymatic antioxidant activity of the plant was investigated spectrophotometrically by carrying out superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase assays. The membrane stabilization potential of L. cordifolius leaf extracts was carried out using an in vitro haemolytic assay. The results revealed a dose response effect with the methanolic extract of L. cordifolius which had significant antihyperglycemic effects at 150–250°mg/kg in alloxan treated mice, although less than the positive control (glibenclamide). Hyperlipidemic activity was significant at 250 mg/kg. The biochemical parameters, such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, creatinine, ALP, SGPT, and SGOT, were significantly improved (p < 0.01) by the methanolic extract of 250 mg/kg compared to the diabetic group. Treatment for 15 days showed significant elevation (p < 0.01) of antioxidant enzymes. GC-MS analysis provided tentative identifications of 52 compounds in the methanolic extract of L. cordifolius, of which 12 compounds have reported antidiabetic activity. In conclusion, methanolic extract of L. cordifolius of 150 and 250°mg/kg body weight showed significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan-induced diabetic mice and, with further work, has the potential to be used to manage blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

The ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L peel reduces the isoniazid-induced liver damage in rats

Background: The long-term use of Isoniazid (INH) as the Tuberculosis (TB) treatment increases the risk of possible liver damage. The peel from Garcinia Mangostana L. has been shown to reduce hepatotoxicity in the rat model. However, the molecular mechanism of this effect is not well-understoodObjective: This study aims to investigate the effect of the ethanol extract of the peel of Garcinia Mangostana L or mangosteen in preventing INH-induced liver damage at the cellular and molecular levels.Methods: A total of 32 male Wistar rats (Rattus Norvegicus) three to four months old with bodyweight between 170 and 200 grams are randomly enrolled into the negative control (NC), Positive control (PC), Treatment 1, and treatment 2 groups. The rats in the positive control (PC) and the treatment groups (T1, T2) were injected with 80 mg INH per kilogram body weight to induce liver fibrosis at the beginning of the study. The rats in the negative control group (NC) are injected with normal saline. The T1 and T2 groups are given 250 mg and 500 mg per kilogram body weight of mangosteen peel ethanol extract, respectively. After 35-days of treatment, blood samples were drawn from the rats, and the SGPT level was measured. Following the sacrifice, the liver tissues were prepared into slides and immunohistochemically stained and the TGF-β1 expression and fibrosis level were examined.Results: The expression of TGF-β1 is significantly higher in the PC and T1 groups than in the NC group (p-value &lt;0.05). Compared with the NC groups, the SGPT level is significantly higher in the PC, T1, and T2 groups with a p-value less than 0.05. The fibrosis scoring in the T2 group is statistically lower than the PC group. (p-value &lt;0.05)Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L peel at a dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight shows a significant difference in the fibrosis score between the treatment group and the positive control group.

DIFFERENCES IN BIOMARKERS AMONG HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT HYPERTENSION

Objective: Although hypertension is a well-established risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF) and several biomarkers have a major role in risk stratification of HF patients, it is largely unknown if biomarkers differ among hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients with HF. Design and method: HF patients were evaluated in a cross sectional study. Office systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured, and previous history of hypertension or uncontrolled hypertension were recorded as well. Hemoglobin, serum creatinine, urea, glucose, electrolytes (K+, Na+), NT-proBNP, troponin, SGOT, SGPT, clearance of creatinine (Cockcroft-Gault Equation) and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) using MDRD and EPI equations were used. Results: 306 consecutive patients with HF (men and women) were recruited. Of them, 239 (78.1%) had a history of hypertension and 207 (90.8%) reported adequate blood pressure (BP) control. No statistically significant differences were noticed regarding previous history of hypertension and NT-proBNP, troponin, SGOT, and SGPT levels. Non-hypertensive patients had lower levels of Hb and Hct (p = 0.002 and p = 0.005, respectively), but serum urea and creatinine were higher in hypertensive patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively), and clearance of Creatinine and eGFR values were higher in patients with hypertension as well (p &lt; 0.0001 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: Our study provides some new insights about the relationship between HF and biomarkers in hypertensive patients. The results might have important implications, regarding the prognostic role of biomarkers in hypertensive patients with HF.

Pathophysiological response and IL-1β gene expression of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings fed with Oxytetracycline based pharmaceutical diet against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

The present study was conducted to explicate the effect of oxytetracycline (OTC) based pharmaceutical diets on hematology and immuno-pathophysiological response and IL-1β gene expression in Labeo rohita fingerlings against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The experiment was conducted in five groups (T1 to T5) for 40 days in circular 300 l tanks. T1, T2 and T3 group fishes were infected with A. hydrophila and fed with OTC based diet 55, 70 and 83 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively for 10 days (as per FDA standards) followed by normal diet for rest 30 days. T4 (NC-Negative Control) and T5 (PC- Positive Control) containing normal and infected fishes respectively, were fed with normal diet throughout the experimental period. The sampling was done on 0th, 10th, 20th, 30th, and 40th day of the feeding and various immunological, haematological, biochemical parameters and IL-1β gene expression were analysed. The best response was observed in the fish, fed with diet T3 within 20 days. The result showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in haemoglobin, haematocrit, total RBC & WBC count, NBT, lysozyme activity and total protein whereas significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glucose, ALP, SGPT and SGOT level compared to NC. The T3 fishes showed significantly higher immune gene (IL-1β) expression in kidney and spleen. Hence, the study concludes that inclusion of OTC @ 83 mg/kg BW/day for 10 days in diet enhances the immune response and reduces the effect of A. hydrophila infection in L. rohita fingerlings.

The effect of black cumin extract (Nigella sativa) on the liver SGPT level of Piroxicam-induced rat liver (Rattus norvegicus)

Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can cause side effects on the liver. If the liver is affected by side effects from using Piroxicam, it can cause cell damage so that the hepatic organs' function and work are disturbed. The biomarker of liver damage is the SGPT level. An increase in the SGPT ratio indicates serious liver damage. One way to minimize liver damage is by giving antioxidants. One of the many herbal plants used to prevent or treat various diseases is black cumin (Nigella sativa). This study aimed to analyze the effect of black cumin extract on the liver SGPT levels of Piroxicam-induced rats. Eighty male mice were used in this study and were divided into three groups, namely the negative control group (K-), Piroxicam non-extract (P-), and Piroxicam plus extract (P +). Black cumin extract is given orally at a dose of 2 gr / kgBW; 3 gr / kgBB; 4 gr / kgBB; 5 gr / kg body weight and 6 g / kg body weight, while the Piroxicam dosage given is 1 g / kg and 3 g / kg body weight. The results showed that the more Piroxicam doses were given, the higher the SGPT level. Along with the increase in the dose of black cumin extract, the SGPT level is reduced.

Decreasing SGPT level and macrophage activity through CD68 expression in the Balb/c mice (Mus musculus) liver infected with Salmonella typhi after treating with atung seeds (Parinarium glaberimmun Hassk)

Normally macrophages are always in the body and spread in various body tissues such as liver tissue (Kupffer cells). Macrophages in tissue can be identified by the expression of several markers, in humans the marker is CD68. The increase and decrease in macrophage activity in the liver can also be indicated by an increase in SGPT levels so that atung seeds have the ability to inhibit the growth of S. tyhpi bacteria which contain tannin compounds which can damage microbial cell walls and form bonds with microbial functional proteins so that bacterial growth is inhibited. The purpose of this study was to determine the SGPT levels and macrophage activity. The method used is laboratory experiment. The results showed an increase in SGPT levels in the positive control (87.00 ± 2,915) and a concentration of 25% (84.20 ± 3,962) and a decrease in SGPT levels in the negative control (50.80 ± 2.168 *), 50% concentration (78.20 ± 3.114 *) and concentrations. 75% (58.20 ± 3,834), decreased macrophage activity in the liver also occurred at a concentration of 50% and at a concentration of 75%, the liver was normal, which was indicated by the resulting brown expression

Thiolated polymer nanocarrier reinforced with glycyrrhetinic acid for targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma.

The present work investigates the targeting efficacy of a novel thiolated polymer-based nanocomposite reinforced with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and loaded with 5-fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The thiolated polymers were synthesized by EDAC-mediated conjugation reactions and lyophilization. The nanoparticles were prepared by solvent diffusion and high-pressure homogenization method. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) radiation, x-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Pharmacological evaluation of the formulation was carried out on a rat model of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced HCC and MTT assay was carried out with HEP-G2 cell line. In silico studies were conducted to investigate the probable mechanistic pathway of the nanocomposite. FTIR and XRD analysis indicated the successful thiolation of the polymers and confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite without any incompatibilities. DLS, SEM/EDX and AFM characterization confirmed that the nanoparticles were within the nano-size range. MTT assay implied the cytotoxic nature of the nanocomposite against hepatic carcinoma cells. The in vivo study revealed that serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT and total bilirubin levels were significantly reduced, in comparison with disease control and the result was confirmed by histopathology studies. The results of the HPLC analysis of liver homogenate confirmed the liver targeting ability of the nanocomposite. In silico studies exhibited significant binding affinity of GA and thiolated Eudragit towards liver homolog receptor-1 (LRH-1) suggesting that the developed nanocomposite could be a potential material for the treatment of HCC.

The effects of smoking Haschich on blood parameters in young people from the Beni Mellal region Morocco

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Objective&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of smoking hashish on some blood parameters (Red blood cells, Hemoglobins, Hematocrits, MCV, MCH, MCHC, White blood cells, Urea, Creatinine, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Liver Aminotransferases) among young people from the Beni Mellal region, Morocco.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Methods&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Blood samples are collected from 30 male, fasting, voluntary and anonymous individuals in three groups; 10 non-smokers (controls), 10 moderate chronic smokers (5 joints/day (5 j/d) or less for a period not exceeding 3 years) and 10 intense chronic smokers (15 joints/day or more for a period equal to or greater than 5 years).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Results&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The results obtained show that with the duration and number of joints consumed, a decrease in the level of HB, RBCs, HT, platelets, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, SGOT and SGPT while there is an increase in MCH, MCHC, eosinophils and creatinine.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Conclusion&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;These results could be explained by the impact of the active ingredients in the joints, including THC in cannabis and the components of smoked cigarettes in conjunction with cannabis resin on consumer nutrition.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Evaluation of Medicinal Effects of Gynura Procumbens Leave Extracts On Oxidative, Glycemic, Lipidomics, and Enzymatic Profiles in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

To evaluate the medicinal impact of G. procumbens, this study designed to explore the anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-lipidemic, and enzyme activities of G. procumbens leaves extract. Alloxan induced diabetic mice used for anti-diabetic activity. Blood was collected and analyzed glucose level, lipid profile, hepatic performance, renal activity, and oxidative stress emblem with different hours (1-5 hours) and days (7th -28th days) interval using standards protocol. Bioactive compounds like alkaloid, tannin, phenol, flavonoid, and terpenoid were present in the extracts. Anti-oxidant activities were evaluated at concentration of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 μg/mL but aqueous extracts showed very significant free radical scavenging activity at concentration 40 and 45 μg/mL, (**p>0.001). Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts (GPLAE-200 and GPLEE-200) exhibited a remarkable lowering of blood glucose level, compared to the control mice. Anti-diabetic results reveal that GPLEE-200 could be applicable for acute but GPLAE-200 for chronic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Aqueous extracts of G. procumbens have significant effects on cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), HDL and LDL level but GPLEE-200 have prominent effects on lowering LDL level. GPLAE-200 exhibit significant lowering effects of SGPT, SGOT, ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) and creatinine level. whereas; GPLEE-200 has prominent lowering effects on SGOT and creatininelevel. This study may suggest that treatment of the extracts was dose-dependent, and aqueous extract of G. procumbens could be a promising resource for better treatment of diabetes.