Layout Techniques Research Articles

Water Productivity, Irrigation Management and Systematization for Rice Farming Systems in North Region of Uruguay

Rice farming systems in the North Region of Uruguay are mainly irrigated from water stored in dams. Increases in Water productivity would contribute to augment annually rice planted area, allows the allocation of water to irrigate other crops in a rotation and could contribute to reduce pumping irrigation costs. The aim of the experiments is to determine irrigation management practices and field layout techniques that increase water productivity contemplating economic and environmental sustainability of rice farming systems in Uruguay. In this paper the results of the joint analysis of three seasons experiments conducted in the Experimental Unit Paso Farías, Artigas (30.30S, 57.06W) are presented (2012-2013-2014) .Treatments (split plot experimental design) included two types of systematization with different vertical interval between levees (big plots): I. Conventional (VI-8cm) and II. Alternative (VI-4cm), and three irrigation management practices (small plots): 1.Continuous (C), 2.Intermittent until panicle initiation (IP), and 3.Intermittent during all crop cycle (I). In C a water layer of 10cm is maintained after flooding throughout all the crop cycle. In IP and I the water layer is allowed to decrease and is re-established when the soil is still saturated. Crop was direct drilled on 21st October (average) with 160 kg seed/ha with cultivar INIA Olimar (Indica). Basal fertilization was 100 kg ha-1 of 18-46-0 (NPK), and urea was 100 kg ha-1 fractionated at tillering and panicle initiation. Rainfall was on average 733 mm year-1 from October to March. Intermittent irrigation led to a significant savings in water inputs (38 % or 5567 m3 water ha-1) and a significant increase in water productivity, affecting negatively industrial quality and grain yield (950 kg rice ha-1 less)(P< 0.05). Water productivity considering only irrigated water were: 0.57(c), 0.73(b) and 0.88(a) (kg grain m3 water-1) for C, IP and I respectively (P< 0.05). Regarding Systematization, there was no significant differences in any of the parameters evaluated between treatments (P <0.05).

Water Productivity, Irrigation Management and Systematization for Rice Farming Systems in Central Region of Uruguay

A high proportion of rice farming irrigation in the Central Region of Uruguay is done with water stored in dams. Maximizing water productivity is important as savings in water inputs would reduce pumping irrigation costs, increase rice area planted and allows to allocate water to irrigate other crops in a rotation. The aim of the experiment is to determine irrigation management practices and systematization field layout techniques that increase Water Productivity, contemplating the economic and environmental sustainability of rice farming systems in Uruguay. A split plot experimental design trial was conducted in the Experimental Unit located in Tacuarembó (32.11S, 55.10W). tThis paper includes results of the joint analysis of three seasons (2012-2013-2014). Treatments included two types of systematization with different vertical interval between levees (big plots): I. Conventional (VI-8 cm) and II. Alternative (VI-4 cm), and three irrigation management practices (small plots): 1.Continuous (C), 2.Intermittent until panicle initiation (IP), and 3.Intermittent during all crop cycle (I). In C a water layer of 10 cm is maintained after flooding throughout all the crop cycle. In IP and I the water layer is re-established when the soil is still saturated. Rainfall was above the historical average throughout the crop cycle, 738 mm. Crop was direct drilled on 10th October with 160 kg seed/ha with cultivar INIA Olimar (Indica). Basal fertilization was 160 kg ha-1 of 19-19-19 (NPK) and Urea was 100 kg ha-1 fractionated at tillering and panicle initiation. Intermittent irrigation (IP and I) in low-infiltration rate soils (planosols) allowed for significant water savings input (35% or 2798 m3 water ha-1) without reducing rice grain yield (average = 7713 kg rice ha-1) but affecting negatively industrial quality compared to Continuous irrigation (C) (P<0.05). Water productivity considering only irrigated water were: 0.99(c), 1.31(b), 2.00(a) kg grain m3 water-1 for C, IP and I respectively (P< 0.05). There was no significant effect of systematization in any of the parameters evaluated (P< 0.05).

Elimination of the effect of bottom-plate capacitors in C-2C DAC using a layout technique

An efficient layout technique is proposed to eliminate the effect of the bottom-plate capacitors in a C-2C Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). Using this technique, the bottom-plate capacitors of 2C capacitors in the C-2C structure are placed in parallel with 1C capacitors. Then, the effect of the bottom plate capacitors is nulled by modifying the size of the main 1C capacitors. Hence, avoiding the complexity of calibration, this technique can preclude the effect of the bottom-plate to ground capacitance. Statistical simulations prove that the proposed technique is robust to non-ideal effects such as mismatch or parasitic capacitors. A 10-bit C-2C DAC is modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics using the TSMC 90nm technology parameters to demonstrate the proposed method. Simulation results prove that the peak of INL and DNL are improved by factors of 66 and 116 compared to the conventional C-2C DAC. Moreover, using this technique multi-layer capacitors can be used along with MIM capacitors to increase the capacitance density. In a 90nm CMOS technology, the area of the capacitors in a 10-bit C-2C DAC is reduced by more than 63%.

ALDO: A radiation-tolerant, low-noise, adjustable low drop-out linear regulator in 0.35 μm CMOS technology

In this work we present ALDO, an adjustable low drop-out linear regulator designed in AMS 0.35μm CMOS technology. It is specifically tailored for use in the upgraded LHCb RICH detector in order to improve the power supply noise for the front end readout chip (CLARO). ALDO is designed with radiation-tolerant solutions such as an all-MOS band-gap voltage reference and layout techniques aiming to make it able to operate in harsh environments like High Energy Physics accelerators. It is capable of driving up to 200mA while keeping an adequate power supply filtering capability in a very wide frequency range from 10Hz up to 100MHz. This property allows us to suppress the noise and high frequency spikes that could be generated by a DC/DC regulator, for example. ALDO also shows a very low noise of 11.6μV RMS in the same frequency range. Its output is protected with over-current and short detection circuits for a safe integration in tightly packed environments. Design solutions and measurements of the first prototype are presented.

Characterization of Single-Event Transient Pulse Quenching among Dummy Gate Isolated Logic Nodes in 65 nm Twin-Well and Triple-Well CMOS Technologies

As chip technologies scale down in size, a single high-energy ion strike often affects multiple adjacent logic nodes. The so-called pulse quenching effect, induced by single-event charge sharing collection, has been widely explored in efforts to find mitigation techniques for single-event transients (SETs) or single-event upsets (SEUs), and the dummy gate isolation has been proven to be an efficient layout technique for pulse quenching enhancement. In this paper, the characterization of SET pulse quenching among dummy gate isolated logic nodes is performed in 65 nm twin-well and triple-well CMOS technologies. Four groups of heavy ion experiments are explored for the characterization, and the pulse quenching effect is quantitatively analyzed in detail. The pulse quenching effects show different characteristics in twin-well and triple-well CMOS technologies.

Layout Technique for Double-Gate Silicon Nanowire FETs With an Efficient Sea-of-Tiles Architecture

As we advance into the era of nanotechnology, semiconductor devices are scaled down to their physical limits, thereby opening up venues for new transistor channel materials based on nanowires and nanotubes. Transistors based on nanowires and nanotubes inherently exhibit ambipolar behavior. While technologists aim to suppress ambipolar behavior of these transistors, new design methodologies are proposed by exploiting the phenomenon of controllable polarity. In this paper, we propose regular layout fabrics, with an emphasis on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) as the candidate technology. A double-gate ambipolar SiNW field-effect transistor operates as p-type or n-type by electrically controlling the polarity of the second gate. We propose layout techniques to address gate-level routing congestion, as every transistor has two gates to route. Novel symbolic layouts, which are technology independent, are proposed for ambipolar circuits. In the second part of this paper, we present an approach for designing an efficient regular layout called sea-of-tiles (SoTs). A logic tile is essentially an array of prefabricated transistor-pairs grouped together. We design four logic tiles, which form the basic building block of the SoT fabric. We run extensive comparisons of mapping standard benchmarks onto the SoT fabric to find the optimum tile. This paper shows that SoT with $\mathrm{Tile}_{\mathit {G2}}$ and $\mathrm{Tile}_{\mathit {G1h2}}$ , on an average, outperforms the one with $\mathrm{Tile}_{\mathit {G1}}$ by 16% and 14% in area utilization, respectively.

Fully-Additive Printed Electronics: Transistor model, process variation and fundamental circuit designs

Printed Electronics (PE) on flexible substrates (e.g. plastic-film) is an emerging technology that potentially complements silicon-based electronics. To facilitate the design and realization of PE analog and digital circuits for the augmentation of signal processing thereto, we present in this paper, a novel and comprehensive printed transistor model that is simple, accurate and compatible with industry-standard IC (integrated circuit) electronic design automation tools. Unlike reported models, the proposed comprehensive model accommodates and accurately models the effect of the channel length on carrier mobility, leakage current and parasitic capacitances, and is valid for all transistor operating regions, from cut-off to supra-threshold regions. The proposed comprehensive model further embodies process variations (statistical data) and matching based on various layout techniques. These comprehensive modelings are imperative for the practical design and simulation of PE circuits, including manufacturability and implications with respect to the challenges of PE circuits.On the basis of the proposed comprehensive model, several fundamental analog and digital PE circuits, based on conventional and novel methods, are designed and realized on plastic-films. Their measured parameters agree well with that obtained from simulations (using the model derived herein), depicting the efficacy of the comprehensive model. This model is particularly useful as it provides invaluable insights to PE circuit and system designers.

Editorial

Editorial

Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Arenga Pinnata Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Effects of Alkaline Treatment

In present investigations, dynamic mechanical thermal behaviours of Arenga Pinnata fibres prior and after alkaline treatment were studied. The alkaline treatments were applied on the Arenga Pinnata fibres by immersed in the alkaline solution, 6% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Using hand lay-out technique, composites were fabricated at 20% and 40% by Arenga Pinnatafibres weight contents. The thermal behaviours of both untreated and treated composites were determined by employing Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMTA). The results shows that the treated fibres owned better results of Storage Modulus (E’), Loss Modulus (E”) and Tan Delta temperatures ranges from 0°C to 80°C

Fatigue Life of Arenga Pinnata/Epoxy Composites

In this study, fatigue properties of unidirectional Arenga Pinnata fibre reinforced epoxy composites have been investigated under tension-tension fatigue loading. Composites were made at 25% by Arenga Pinnata fibre weight contents using hand lay-out technique. Tensile test was performed prior fatigue loading evaluation. The composites where then were cycled between 90%, 80%, 70% measured from ultimate tensile stress (UTS), with 10 Hz of frequency and stress ratio of R at 0.1. Tensile results indicated that the composites resist to deformation and this reaction denotes that the composites are a brittle material. Fatigue life of composite was improving as the cycled stress decreases. The fatigue resistance were calculated by employing analytical expression and compared with relevant fatigue data.

English

Plant layout planning includes decisions regarding the physical allocation of the economic activity centers in a facility. An economic activity center is any entity occupying space. The objective of plant layout planning is a more effective work flow at the facility, allowing workers and equipment being more productive. Facilities layout is a systematic and functional arrangement of different departments, machines, equipments and services in a manufacturing industry. It is essential to have a well developed plant layout for all the available resources in an optimum manner and get the maximum out of the capacity of the facilities. Facility layout techniques apply to the case where several physical means have to be located in a certain area, either industrial processes or services. The objective of the paper is not only Plant layout but re-layout also. To carry out an appropriate plant layout, it’s important to take into account the business strategic and tactical objectives.

Behavioural observation of laminated polymer composite under uniaxial quasi-static and cyclic loads

In this study, we investigate the mechanical performance of woven glass fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates subjected to quasi-static and cyclic loading at room temperatures using the unnotched and open hole specimens. The mechanical behaviour and damage in composite laminates are greatly affected by the existence of notches with different parameters such as the size of the holes, number of layers and stacking sequences. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the mechanical behavior of composite lamination structures using unnotched and notched specimens by experimentally and numerically. The materials selected for the studies were chopped strand mat (CSM)/woven roving fabric (WR) as the reinforcement and epoxy resin as the matrix. The hand lay-out technique was used to fabricate these composites. Fractured surfaces were comprehensively examined in a optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the microscopic fracture mode and to characterise the microscopic mechanism governing fracture. A numerical procedure based on the finite element method was then applied to evaluate the overall fatigue behaviour of the unnotched and open hole polymer laminate composites using the experimentally applied load. The predicted results based on the FEM analysis were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.

Perspectives

Perspectives aims to widen the horizons of Business Information Review readers and to remind them that relevant information is to be found in many journals outside those dealing with the practice of information services and information and knowledge management. This first column of 2015 ranges far and wide. It begins with articles dealing with the application of visual analytics (including explanations of story boarding and also two-dimensional graph layout techniques for information visualization). An article on communication audits provides a reminder on the value of social network analysis – another area where visualization can yield surprises. When information is not indexed, it becomes invisible. The performance of information extraction and indexing tools is therefore critical, and this selection of articles includes research examining tools for the extraction of content from PDFs and thesaurus tools for the Semantic Web. Transnational knowledge transfer and organizational ambidexterity complete the collection.

High-Gain and Low-Power Power Amplifier for 24-GHz Automotive Radars

This paper presents a high gain and low power 24-GHz power amplifier (PA) for the short range automotive radar. The proposed circuit is implemented using TSMC 0.13-µm RF CMOS (fT/fmax=120/140 GHz) technology, and it is powered by a 1.5-V supply. To improve power gain of the amplifier, it has a 2-stage cascode scheme. This circuit uses transmission lines to reduce total chip size instead of real bulky inductors for input and output impedance matching. The layout techniques for RF (radio frequency) are used to reduce parasitic capacitances at the band of 24 GHz. The proposed RF amplifier has low cost and low power dissipation since it is realized using all CMOS processes. The proposed circuit showed the smallest chip size of 0.12 mm 2 , the lowest power dissipation of 44.3 mW and the highest power gain of 24.04 dB as compared to recently reported research results.

불도제의 신화를 이용한 유아용 텍스타일 디자인

This research aims to develop textile patterns using mythical motives based on Buldoje in the Jeju myth. this textile design is not only decoration effect by filling the space, but also plays the original role of a pattern by expressing its symbolic meaning. The research methods are as follows: 1) Using integral analysis on materials related to the myth of Jeju and Gime used in Buldoje Gut, where Halmangbonpuli story is performed to set formative elements for textile design and their meanings; 2) Designing motive by composing formative elements; 3) Coloring properly; and 4) Layout motives. Adobe CS5 (Photoshop, Illustrator) and TexPro, a design CAD program, were used for textile design. Motives were combined in a various ways. Two-directional, four-directional, set, rotating, toss layout techniques, which are frequently used in apparel design and able to reduce cloth use, were used in developing patterns. Coloring methods including tone-in-tone and Faux camaieu were used to deliver coherence and soft effects. Developed textile design symbolizes the desire for the conception of a child, birth, and health, so it is made on baby clothes. In doing so, the plan for development of a fashion-cultural product applying Jeju myth symbol is suggested.

A Split Island Layout Style of Butting/Inserted Substrate Pickups for NMOSFET ESD Reliability

Butting/inserted pickup layout style could result in severe ESD degradation of NMOS devices beyond deep submicron technology. A split island layout style of butting/inserted substrate pickups is designed for a multifinger NMOS structure to enhance its ESD reliability. This layout style divides the substrate pickup diffusion bands along the whole polygate finger direction into segmented diffusion islands in the source area. This layout technique could improve the TLP second breakdown current of the 1.8 V butting pickup structure by 58~66% and 1.8 V/3.3 V inserted pickup case by 2.8 times. This style also shows excellent enhancement for the ESD/HBM levels of the 1.8 V and 3.3 V butting pickup case by 2.1~2.3 times and 18%~6 times, respectively, and the 1.8 V and 3.3 V inserted pickup case by 2.4~2.9 times and 13%~6 times, respectively. This simple technique could restore the ESD threshold level of the butting/inserted pickup layout style back to that of the normal GGNMOS without any further area consumption or fabrication cost.

Comparison between different protective devices for agricultural wheeled narrow track tractors and a risk index in orchard work

Since occupational accidents often occur in farm tractor drivers, it is extremely important to focus the attention on specific devices in order to avoid risks from tractor overturning. This phenomenon is actually considered as the leading cause of deaths or injuries related to agricultural work. The system adopted to reduce the above-mentioned risk consists of passive protection devices aimed at preventing the hazardous event which may affect workers’ health. More precisely, the tractor chassis (i.e. ROPS) and the proper seat belt define a “safety volume” around the worker. The aim of the present research is to carry out tests on narrow-track wheeled tractors with fixed roll over protective structures in those areas – such as hazel and olive groves and vineyards - where problems related to under–tree activities occur. This is to implement planting layout and/or cultivation techniques which can be considered suitable for tractors with roll over protective structures. According to that, their project parameters – i.e. safety volume, seat position and typology, test methods - can be successfully modified and improved. The results show that nowadays only a few agricultural vehicles are provided with specific fixed devices able to work under tree without damaging orchards.

Retranslating Ibykos and Li Bai: Experimental, Rhizomatic, Multi-Media Transformations

Retranslating Ibykos and Li Bai:Experimental, Rhizomatic, Multi-Media Transformations Adrienne K.H. Rose (bio) Anne Carson’s “A Fragment of Ibykos Translated Six Ways” and the 85 project’s “Common Autumn Song” raise important questions about the retranslation of ancient Classical texts, specifically lyric poetry. Both works are retranslations that challenge the conventionally singular, linear and unidirectional movement of an original “source” towards a translation “target.” Multiple retranslations—translations of a single original text over and over again—offer unique and complementary facets of the original, and highlight the fact that a text is not a closed unit with a single, identifiable, retrievable meaning. Retranslations also reflect the ideological and poetological currents of the time in which they are made. If nineteenth-century English-language translations of Latin poetry rhyme, even though the Latin does not, then what ideological and poetological currents are motivating Carson’s six ways of Ibykos and the 85 project’s versions of Li Bai? Carson retains the structure and rhetorical gestures of the original poem while breaking with the historically conventional poetic diction used in traditional translations of ancient Classical texts. The 85 project relies on unconventional visual layout and deferral techniques that attempt to mimic for the Western reader the experience of reading Classical Chinese poetry. Carson’s Ibykos and the 85’s Li Bai offer challenges to existing translation and retranslation theories. In this paper I examine a contemporary literary phenomenon in which rhizomatic retranslations metabolize the ancient Classical canon through modern poetic experiments. The rhizome (ῥίζωμα) is a “mass of roots,” or a “stem” or “race.” The botanical rhizome is a subterranean root system that grows new auxiliary shoots from its nodes and is capable of generating new plants from its separated parts, like aspen trees or gingerroots. In the hands of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari (D&G), the rhizome is an “image of thought” which challenges the arborescent metaphors that pervade Western culture, a culture in which the mind organizes its knowledge of the world in terms of the tree image, where centralized, hierarchical principles—branches—are grounded in foundations—roots (D&G 1980). A retranslation is a second or later translation of a single source text into the same target language (Koskinen & Paloposki 2010b: 294). It is not the first translation of a work in the translating language. Since my paper addresses ancient Greek as well as Classical Chinese literary texts, I include the national designations. When “Classical texts,” “ancient texts,” and “Classical canon” appear without any cardinal or national specification, I mean to refer to both Western and Chinese literary texts traditionally accepted as most representative and influential in shaping later literature and culture. Responding to the “open concept” and “open field” [End Page 83] descriptions of translation and Translation Studies (Tymozcko 1085), I use Deleuze and Guattari’s open system rhizome, a model that challenges the arborescent metaphors that inform western language and thought, as a scheme for reimaging the discourse of Translation Studies with regard to multiple retranslations of Classical texts. I will outline relevant models of Deleuze and Guattari’s project as they apply to Translation Studies and retranslation, show how the rhizome is an appropriate image for retranslation of Classical texts, and propose a rhizomatic model for multiple retranslations illustrated by Anne Carson’s “A Fragment of Ibykos Translated Six Ways” (LRB 2012; Sylph 2013) and Claire Huot and Robert Majzel’s multi-media distillations of Li Bai’s “Common Autumn Song” in the 85 project (www.85bawu.com; Les Figues/Moveable 2013). Existing Translation Studies discourse is rich with dualist models, like source/target, foreign/domestic, alienating/naturalizing, even original/translation, and I will use some of this language, too. These models describe the process of conveying a literary work in one language unidirectionally into another language for the first time, which is the case with much contemporary literature. As other papers in this volume attest, Classical texts thrive on retranslation—that is, translations that are not first translations but second or third, or more likely hundredth—and Classical retranslations flourish on those translations that precede them. In the case of experimental rhizomatic translations, they sometimes even depend on readers’ knowledge of...

Water Productivity, Irrigation Management and Systematization for Rice Farming Systems in Central Region of Uruguay

A high proportion of rice farming irrigation in the Central Region of Uruguay is done with water stored in dams. Maximizing water productivity is important as savings in water inputs would reduce pumping irrigation costs, increase rice area planted and allows to allocate water to irrigate other crops in a rotation. The aim of the experiment is to determine irrigation management practices and systematization field layout techniques that increase Water Productivity, contemplating the economic and environmental sustainability of rice farming systems in Uruguay. A split plot experimental design trial was conducted in the Experimental Unit located in Tacuarembo (32.11S, 55.10W). tThis paper includes results of the joint analysis of three seasons (2012-2013-2014). Treatments included two types of systematization with different vertical interval between levees (big plots): I. Conventional (VI-8 cm) and II. Alternative (VI-4 cm), and three irrigation management practices (small plots): 1.Continuous (C), 2.Intermittent until panicle initiation (IP), and 3.Intermittent during all crop cycle (I). In C a water layer of 10 cm is maintained after flooding throughout all the crop cycle. In IP and I the water layer is re-established when the soil is still saturated. Rainfall was above the historical average throughout the crop cycle, 738 mm. Crop was direct drilled on 10th October with 160 kg seed/ha with cultivar INIA Olimar (Indica). Basal fertilization was 160 kg ha-1 of 19-19-19 (NPK) and Urea was 100 kg ha-1 fractionated at tillering and panicle initiation. Intermittent irrigation (IP and I) in low-infiltration rate soils (planosols) allowed for significant water savings input (35% or 2798 m3 water ha-1) without reducing rice grain yield (average = 7713 kg rice ha-1) but affecting negatively industrial quality compared to Continuous irrigation (C) (P<0.05). Water productivity considering only irrigated water were: 0.99(c), 1.31(b), 2.00(a) kg grain m3 water-1 for C, IP and I respectively (P< 0.05). There was no significant effect of systematization in any of the parameters evaluated (P< 0.05).

Effects of drain-wall in mitigating N-hit single event transient via 45 nm CMOS process

A three-dimensional (3D) technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation in a novel layout technique for N-hit single event transient (SET) mitigation based on drain-wall layout technique is proposed. Numerical simulations of both single-device and mixed-mode show that the proposed layout technique designed with 45 nm CMOS process can efficiently reduce not only charge collection but also SET pulse widths (WSET). What is more, simulations show that impacts caused by part of ion-incidents can be shielded with this novel layout technique. When compared with conventional layout technique and guard drain layout technique, we find that the proposed novel layout technique can provide the best benefit of SET mitigation with a small sacrifice in effective area.