Lattice Network Research Articles

Thalamocortical dysrhythmia underpin the log-dynamics in phantom sounds.

Abstract Electrophysiological tinnitus research, such as EEG studies, typically investigates the irregularities in separate frequency bands. These frequency bands are coupled, such that the higher oscillation frequencies are nested (phase–amplitude coupled) on the lower frequencies, resulting in a 1/f power spectrum. The changes in the 1/f slope of the power spectrum in tinnitus patients are unexplored. Deviations from the 1/f pattern also reflect a change toward a more lattice (steeper slope) or random network (flatter slope) and relate to the amount of information in a network. In this study, we investigate the 1/f slope in the resting-state EEGs of tinnitus patients and relate these findings to proposed tinnitus mechanisms. Our data show that tinnitus is characterized by a slope that is flattened in comparison to the control group and that the tinnitus loudness percept correlates the steepness of the slope of the power spectrum in resting-state EEG signals for the left auditory cortex and left parahippocampus. The steepness of the slope is predominantly related to an increase in theta activity and its minor increase in gamma activity, suggesting that the slope is deviating toward white noise. These results should motivate further research into this hitherto elusive form of brain activity that resides behind the mask of the universal 1/f power spectrum observed across nature.

Seismotectonics of Armenia: main problems

The article describes the main problems in the existing researches on the seismotectonics of the territory of Armenia. A review was conducted on certain issues related to the accuracy of the initial seismological data, the problem of identifying possible focal zones of strong earthquakes, and the probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard of the territory of Armenia. As the results of numerous studies show, the initial seismological data from catalogs and bulletins are characterized by their heterogeneity. Different observation systems and different methods of seismological data processing have led to the fact that when visualizing the spatial distribution of earthquake epicenters on the territory of Armenia, during the instrumental period of observations, an artificially lattice network of epicenters is obtained, which does not agree in any way with the fault tectonics of the territory. During the stud of distribution of earthquake hypocenters by depth, the discrete nature of their distribution was revealed. There is also a number of disadvantages in the area of allocation of focal zones of strong earthquakes. The main part of the conducted research was mainly based on data on previously recorded strong seismic events, as well as on data on historical earthquakes, as a result, for the most part of the studied territory, in fact, no research was conducted. In addition, there are relevant questions about the tectonic basis used in these studies. The last group of problems concerns the probabilistic assessment of the seismic hazard of the territory of Armenia. It is shown that in the existing works, there are quite a lot of unsubstantiated assumptions.Based on the analysis, it is concluded that in the field of seismotectonic studies of the territory of Armenia, there are a number of urgent tasks that require priority solutions.

Concurrent Ternary Galois-based Computation using Nano-apex Multiplexing Nibs of Regular Three-dimensional Networks, Part III: Layout Congestion-free Effectuation

Novel layout realizations for congestion-free three-dimensional lattice networks using the corresponding carbon-based field emission controlled switching is introduced in this article. The developed nano-based implementations are performed in three dimensions to perform the required concurrent computations for which two-dimensional implementations are a special case. The introduced realizations for congestion-free concurrent computations utilize the field-emission controlled switching devices that were presented in the first and second parts of the article for the solution of synthesis congestion and by utilizing field-emission from carbon nanotubes and nanotips. Since the concept of symmetry indices has been related to regular logic design, a more general method called Iterative Symmetry Indices Decomposition that produces regular three-dimensional lattice networks via carbon field-emission multiplexing is presented, where one obtains multi-stage decompositions whenever volume-specific layout constraints have to be satisfied. The introduced congestion-free nano-based lattice computations form new and important paths in regular lattice realizations, where applications include low-power IC design for the control of autonomous robots and for signal processing implementations.

Concurrent Ternary Galois-based Computation using Nano-apex Multiplexing Nibs of Regular Three-dimensional Networks, Part II: Formalistic Architecture Realization

Novel realizations of concurrent computations utilizing three-dimensional lattice networks and their corresponding carbon-based field emission controlled switching is introduced in this article. The formalistic ternary nano-based implementation utilizes recent findings in field emission and nano applications which include carbon-based nanotubes and nanotips for three-valued lattice computing via field-emission methods. The presented work implements multi-valued Galois functions by utilizing concurrent nano-based lattice systems, which use two-to-one controlled switching via carbon-based field emission devices by using nano-apex carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes that were presented in the first part of the article. The introduced computational extension utilizing many-to-one carbon field-emission devices will be further utilized in implementing congestion-free architectures within the third part of the article. The emerging nano-based technologies form important directions in low-power compact-size regular lattice realizations, in which carbon-based devices switch less-costly and more-reliably using much less power than silicon-based devices. Applications include low-power design of VLSI circuits for signal processing and control of autonomous robots.

Ambiguity and context learning in signalling games

Abstract Lexical ambiguity is present in many natural languages, but ambiguous words and phrases do not seem to be advantageous. Therefore, the presence of ambiguous words in natural language warrants explanation. We justify the existence of ambiguity from the perspective of context dependence. The main contribution of the paper is that we constructed a context learning process such that each interlocutor can infer their opponent’s private belief from the conversation. A sufficient condition for successful learning is provided. Furthermore, for cases in which learning fails, we investigate how the interlocutors choose among degrees of ambiguous expressions through an adaptive learning process. Lastly, we apply our model in the lattice network, demonstrating that structural evolution favours ambiguity as well.

Multiple multidimensional linguistic reasoning algorithm based on property-oriented linguistic concept lattice

Aiming at the difficult problems of dealing with mass linguistic information in uncertain environment, this paper mainly focuses on a linguistic reasoning algorithm based on property-oriented linguistic concept lattice by combining concept lattice and neural network. Specifically, we present a property-oriented linguistic concept lattice to express linguistic information between concepts based on linguistic term set. Furthermore, we are devoted to the study of rule extraction of fuzzy linguistic formal decision context by constructing property-oriented linguistic decision concepts. In order to obtain more decision knowledge from known linguistic rules, an extension method of linguistic decision rules is developed, which takes advantage of the dominance relation between similar rules on the premise of consistent property-oriented linguistic decision rules. In addition, we construct a multiple multidimensional linguistic reasoning model for predicting uncertain decision information. Moreover, we input a multiple multidimensional linguistic reasoning model with property-oriented linguistic decision information into neural network to obtain unknown decision results, which can not only improve the accuracy of inference results but also reduce the loss of linguistic information. Finally, some experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

Anti-phase relay synchronization of wave structures in a heterogeneous multiplex network of 2D lattices

We explore numerically relay synchronization of wave structures in a heterogeneous three-layer network of coupled two-dimensional (2D) lattices of continuous-time systems. Remote layers, which are not directly connected but interact via a relay layer, consist of coupled van der Pol oscillators, while the middle layer is described by a lattice of interacting FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons. We show for the first time that already for weak inter-layer coupling, anti-phase relay synchronization of target wave patterns occurs in the considered network. This is a novel effect which can be observed in multiplex networks of interacting 2D lattices of oscillatory systems. Our numerical studies indicate that strong inter-layer coupling leads to in-phase synchronization of spatio-coherent structures in the network layers. We also analyze the impact of inter-layer coupling ranges in the relay and the remote layers on the relay synchronization effect.

Concurrent Ternary Galois-based Computation using Nano-apex Multiplexing Nibs of Regular Three-dimensional Networks, Part I: Basics

New implementations within concurrent processing using three-dimensional lattice networks via nano carbon-based field emission controlled-switching is introduced in this article. The introduced nano-based three-dimensional networks utilize recent findings in nano-apex field emission to implement the concurrent functionality of lattice networks. The concurrent implementation of ternary Galois functions using nano threedimensional lattice networks is performed by using carbon field-emission switching devices via nano-apex carbon fibers and nanotubes. The presented work in this part of the article presents important basic background and fundamentals with regards to lattice computing and carbon field-emission that will be utilized within the follow-up works in the second and third parts of the article. The introduced nano-based three-dimensional lattice implementations form new and important directions within three-dimensional design in nanotechnologies that require optimal specifications of high regularity, predictable timing, high testability, fault localization, self-repair, minimum size, and minimum power consumption.

The Surface Characterisation of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Modified via the Direct Sputter Deposition of Calcium Phosphate Thin Films

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged as the material of choice for spinal fusion devices, replacing conventional materials such as titanium and its alloys due to its ability to easily overcome a lot of the limitations of traditional metallic biomaterials. However, one of the major drawbacks of this material is that it is not osteoinductive, nor osteoconductive, preventing direct bone apposition. One way to overcome this is through the modification of the PEEK with bioactive calcium phosphate (CaP) materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA–Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2). RF magnetron sputtering has been shown to be a particularly useful technique for the deposition of CaP coatings due to the ability of the technique to provide greater control of the coating’s properties. The work undertaken here involved the deposition of HA directly onto PEEK via RF magnetron at a range of deposition times between 10–600 min to provide more bioactive surfaces. The surfaces produced have been extensively characterised using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), stylus profilometry, and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToFSIMS). XPS results indicated that both Ca and P had successfully deposited onto the surface, albeit with low Ca/P ratios of around 0.85. ToFSIMS analysis indicated that Ca and P had been homogeneously deposited across all the surfaces. The SEM results showed that the CaP surfaces produced were a porous micro-/nano-structured lattice network and that the deposition rate influenced the pore area, pore diameter and number of pores. Depth profiling, using ToFSIMS, highlighted that Ca and P were embedded into the PEEK matrix up to a depth of around 1.21 µm and that the interface between the CaP surface and PEEK substrate was an intermixed layer. In summary, the results highlighted that RF magnetron sputtering can deliver homogenous CaP lattice-like surfaces onto PEEK in a direct, one-step process, without the need for any interlayers, and provides a basis for enhancing the potential bioactivity of PEEK.

Concurrent Ternary Galois-based Computation using Nano-apex Multiplexing Nibs of Regular Three-dimensional Networks, Part I: Basics

New implementations within concurrent processing using three-dimensional lattice networks via nano carbon-based field emission controlled-switching is introduced in this article. The introduced nano-based three-dimensional networks utilize recent findings in nano-apex field emission to implement the concurrent functionality of lattice networks. The concurrent implementation of ternary Galois functions using nano threedimensional lattice networks is performed by using carbon field-emission switching devices via nano-apex carbon fibers and nanotubes. The presented work in this part of the article presents important basic background and fundamentals with regards to lattice computing and carbon field-emission that will be utilized within the follow-up works in the second and third parts of the article. The introduced nano-based three-dimensional lattice implementations form new and important directions within three-dimensional design in nanotechnologies that require optimal specifications of high regularity, predictable timing, high testability, fault localization, self-repair, minimum size, and minimum power consumption.

Frequency simulation of viscoelastic multi-phase reinforced fully symmetric systems

Honeycomb structures have the geometry of the lattice network to allow the minimization of the amount of used material to reach minimal material cost and minimal weight. In this regard, this article deals with the frequency analysis of imperfect honeycomb core sandwich disk with multiscale hybrid nanocomposite (MHC) face sheets rested on an elastic foundation. The honeycomb core is made of aluminum due to its low weight and high stiffness. The rule of the mixture and modified Halpin–Tsai model are engaged to provide the effective material constant of the composite layers. By employing Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations of the structure are derived and solved with the aid of the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM). Afterward, a parametric study is done to present the effects of the orientation of fibers ( $$\theta_{{\text{f}}} /\pi$$ ) in the epoxy matrix, Winkler–Pasternak constants ( $$K_{{\text{w}}}$$ and $$K_{{\text{p}}}$$ ), thickness to length ratio of the honeycomb network ( $$t_{{\text{h}}} /l_{{\text{h}}}$$ ), the weight fraction of CNTs, value fraction of carbon fibers, angle of honeycomb networks, and inner to outer radius ratio on the frequency of the sandwich disk. The results show that it is true that the roles of $$K_{{\text{w}}}$$ and $$K_{{\text{p}}}$$ are the same as an enhancement, but the impact of $$K_{{\text{w}}}$$ could be much more considerable than the effect of $$K_{{\text{p}}}$$ on the stability of the structure. Additionally, when the angle of the fibers is close to the horizon, the frequency of the system improves.

Phase connectivity in pore-network models for capillary-driven flow

Pore-network representations of permeable media provide the framework for explicit simulation of capillary-driven immiscible displacement governed by invasion-percolation theory. The most demanding task of a pore-network flow simulation is the identification of trapped defending phase clusters at every displacement step, i.e. the phase connectivity problem. Instead of employing the conventional adjacency list we represent the connectivity of a phase cluster as a tree accompanied by a set of adjacent non-tree edges. In this graph representation, a decrease in phase connectivity due to a pore displacement event corresponds to deletion of either a tree or a non-tree edge. Deletion of a tree edge invokes a computationally intensive search for a possible reconnection of the resulting subtrees by an adjacent non-tree edge. The tree representation facilitates a highly efficient execution of the reconnection search. Invasion-percolation simulations of secondary water floods under different wetting conditions in pore-networks of different origin and size confirm the efficiency of the proposed phase connectivity algorithm. Moreover, a systematic simulation study of runtime growth with increasing model size on regular lattice networks demonstrates a consistent orders-of-magnitude speed-up compared to conventional simulations. Consequently, the proposed algorithm proves to be a powerful tool for invasion-percolation simulations on large multi-scale networks and for extensive stochastic analysis of typical single-scale pore-networks.

Optical constants and dispersion energy parameters of Zn-doped TiO2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique

The present work describes the deposition and investigation of structural and optical characteristics of bare and doped TiO2 thin films. The TiO2 products are obtained through simple and cost effective spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) using titanium (IV) butoxide as Ti precursor. The impact of Zn doping on the crystal structure and phase formation is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The formation of anatase phase relative to pure TiO2 along with preferred orientation along the [101] direction is confirmed with the help of XRD analysis. Zn doping into TiO2 lattice network leads to an identical diffraction pattern. A deterioration of crystallinity is obtained in crystallite size employing the numerous methods such as Scherrer method, Williamson–Hall, Halder–Wagner and Wagner–Agua analysis in accordance with Zn. In addition, absorbance results obtained from UV–vis spectroscopy has been exerted to examine the optical characteristics. It is noted that the dopant introduction has an impact on the optical properties and the direct band gap value obtained from Tauc relation exhibits a red shift with Zn content. The influence of the Zn doping elements on the optical constants of TiO2 product has been investigated. The dielectric constants, dispersion parameters, loss factor and distribution of volume and surface energy loss of the TiO2 products have been computed as well. The as-prepared nanostructured Zn-doped TiO2 thin films can be used as potential candidates for different optoelectronic devices

Syphilitic Balanitis of Follmann: Laboratory Pitfalls

We report a case of early syphilis, presenting as balanitis and papular syphilides in an HIV-infected patient, with a previous history of syphilis infection, which demonstrated a false negative VDRL testing due to a prozone phenomenon. This false negative response results from overwhelming antibody titers, which interfere with the proper formation of the antigen-antibody lattice network, necessary to visualize a positive flocculation test.

Complete Characterization of Resistance Distance for Linear Octagonal Networks

Computing the resistance distance of a network is a fundamental and classical topic. In the aspects of considering the resistances between any two points of the lattice networks, there are many studies associated with the ladder networks and ladderlike networks. But the resistances between any two points for more complex structures than ladder networks or ladderlike networks are still unknown. In this paper, a rather complicated structure which is named linear octagonal network is considered. Treelike octagonal systems are cata-condensed systems of octagons, which represent a class of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons. A linear octagonal network is a cata-condensed octagonal system with no branchings. Moreover, the resistances between any two points of a linear octagonal network are first determined. One finds that the effective resistances between new inserted points and others points of a linear octagonal network can be given by the effective resistances between two initial points which are inherited from the linear polyomino network.

The distances measurement problem for an underwater robotic swarm: a semi-experimental trial, using power LEDs, in unknown sea water conditions

In a preceding paper, we have showed as swarm robotics displacement can be related to the deformation of a continuum material, discretized by a lattice network representing the swarm. To reach this aim, it is fundamental to know the swarm configuration, i.e., its shape; this can be computed from the knowledge of the relative distances between its elements and it is studied as a geometry distances problem. Typically, ultrasonic devices are employed to measure the distances. We propose a method based on light signal exchanged between the machines and the computing of the unknown water adsorption coefficient and distance. Aim of this paper is, therefore, to measure distances between underwater elements of the swarm using cheap power LEDs as light source and photodiode as receiver. The receiving photodiode produces a current we can correlate with distance and water adsorption coefficient; we can be able to estimate the two unknown parameters by moving the robots and stressing the emission conditions of the LED diode. Actual work is based on a previous paper where we stressed work conditions of a power LED in shallow water to change its emission characteristics; now, using these results, we can now perform a set of measurements leading to the knowledge of distances d and adsorption coefficient a(lambda ). The method we propose here can be a possible support to traditional ultrasonic devices

How to evaluate one's behavior toward ‘bad’ individuals? Exploring good social norms in promoting cooperation in spatial public goods games

Cooperation in modern society is based on mutual trust and reputation information can well reflect people's social image. Good social norms encourage people to cooperate with high-reputation (or called ‘good’) individuals and severely punish those who defect ‘good’ individuals. However, the existing research lacks a unified criterion of how to evaluate the behavior when interacting with low-reputation (or called ‘bad’) people. Based on public goods games, we focus on exploring second-order social norms that can improve the evolution of cooperation in this study. Parameters to control the reward and punishment intensity through increasing or decreasing one’s reputation when interacting with ‘bad’ individuals are introduced. Simulation results show that this reward and punishment mechanism through reputation can effectively promote the evolution of cooperation in both well-mixed and latticed populations. Under certain high-reputation threshold environments, a well-mixed population structure can even promote cooperation more significantly than a lattice network. However, increasing reward intensity for cooperating with ‘bad’ individuals cannot further improve cooperation, but in a high-reputation threshold environment, increasing punishment intensity for defecting ‘bad’ individuals can further improve cooperation. This research extends the use of statistical physics to study the evolution of cooperation from the perspective of reputation-based dynamics.

Disrupted endothelial cell heterogeneity and network organization impair vascular function in prediabetic obesity

BackgroundObesity is a major risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. Impaired endothelial function occurs in the earliest stages of obesity and underlies vascular alterations that give rise to cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms that link weight gain to endothelial dysfunction are ill-defined. Increasing evidence suggests that endothelial cells are not a population of uniform cells but are highly heterogeneous and are organized as a communicating multicellular network that controls vascular function. PurposeTo investigate the hypothesis that disrupted endothelial heterogeneity and network-level organization contribute to impaired vascular reactivity in obesity. Methods and resultsTo study obesity-related vascular function without complications associated with diabetes, a state of prediabetic obesity was induced in rats. Small artery diameter recordings confirmed nitric-oxide mediated vasodilator responses were dependent on increases in endothelial calcium levels and were impaired in obese animals. Single-photon imaging revealed a linear relationship between blood vessel relaxation and population-wide calcium responses. Obesity did not alter the slope of this relationship, but impaired calcium responses in the endothelial cell network. The network comprised structural and functional components. The structural architecture, a hexagonal lattice network of connected cells, was unchanged in obesity. The functional network contained sub-populations of clustered specialized agonist-sensing cells from which signals were communicated through the network. In obesity there were fewer but larger clusters of sensory cells and communication path lengths between clusters increased. Communication between neighboring cells was unaltered in obesity. Altered network organization resulted in impaired, population-level calcium signaling and deficient endothelial control of vascular tone. ConclusionsThe distribution of cells in the endothelial network is critical in determining overall vascular response. Altered cell heterogeneity and arrangement in obesity decreases endothelial function and provides a novel framework for understanding compromised endothelial function in cardiovascular disease.

Solving the p-median problem on regular and lattice networks

The p-median problem is one of the true classic problems of location science and has been applied in many ways. It involves the location of p-facilities on a network where the objective is to minimize the weighted distance of serving all demand. This problem was originally proposed by Hakimi (1964, 1965) where the facilities were telephone switching centers and the connections represent wire stretched between each customer and their closest facility. It has since been viewed as the quintessential public facility location problem as it involves placing facilities as close to as possible on the average to each demand. This problem was originally formulated as an integer-programming problem by ReVelle and Swain (1970). Their formulation has withstood the test of time as most of the approaches to optimally solve the p-median problem involve a form of this model. There are several notable exceptions to the use of the classical formulation which take advantage of the underlying distance matrix defined by regular networks (Elloumi 2010; García et al., 2011), such as grid-defined networks. We demonstrate that inherent properties of the distance matrix defined for regular networks can be taken into account, resulting in a reduced, frugal form of the classic p-median model of ReVelle and Swain (1970). This new model called CARS is tested and compared to a form of the original model, recent computational experience presented by Daskin and Maass (2015) and to a form of the model used by García et al. (2011). This test demonstrates that this new, simple model is very competitive to other approaches in solving sizable p-median problems using off-the-shelf commercial software.

A transition-based neural framework for Chinese information extraction.

Chinese information extraction is traditionally performed in the process of word segmentation, entity recognition, relation extraction and event detection. This pipelined approach suffers from two limitations: 1) It is prone to introduce propagated errors from upstream tasks to subsequent applications; 2) Mutual benefits of cross-task dependencies are hard to be introduced in non-overlapping models. To address these two challenges, we propose a novel transition-based model that jointly performs entity recognition, relation extraction and event detection as a single task. In addition, we incorporate subword-level information into character sequence with the use of a hybrid lattice structure, removing the reliance of external word tokenizers. Results on standard ACE benchmarks show the benefits of the proposed joint model and lattice network, which gives the best result in the literature.