Labor Resources Research Articles

Economic rationale for the development of small vertically diversified pork production enterprises in Ukraine

Implementing the vertical diversification strategy for pig-breeding enterprises in Ukraine is one of the factors in increasing their economic efficiency and competitiveness. Mastering the following interrelated links of production and sale in animal husbandry increases enterprises' financial stability and economic security. The article economically substantiates the expediency of capital investments in developing vertically diversified pork production enterprises in Ukraine. The need for investments for the formation of fixed and working capital for the implementation of the project has been determined. The main operating costs for the organization of pig breeding, slaughter, and the sale of meat through the direct sales channel in the amount of 200 tons per year have been calculated. Planning of workforce needs for project implementation has been carried out. The leading indicators of the economic efficiency of capital investments for the production and sale of pork in the newly established enterprise have been determined. According to the study results, the relatively high investment attractiveness of developing small vertically diversified pork production enterprises in Ukraine with an orientation to local markets is substantiated. It has been established that for the implementation of the proposed project, about 1.1 million euros of advanced capital is needed, which is expected to pay off in 3.5 years. The project's five-year net present value has been determined to reach 690,000 euros at a discount rate of 2%. Accordingly, the projected internal rate of return will exceed 26%. The average annual net profit during the project implementation period will be 268 thousand euros, with an average operating cost of 457 thousand euros, allowing us to achieve 65% profitability of production and 32% profitability of pork sales. The projected average net return on capital for the project implementation period is expected to be 35%. The development of vertical diversification in small pork production enterprises in Ukraine will increase the added value and productivity of the involved financial, labor, material, and technical resources.

A Hard-Boiled Hero in an Atomized World: Manuel Vázquez Montalbán’s El hombre de mi vida and Milenio Carvalho Lament Neoliberal Alienation

Manuel Vázquez Montalbán’s Pepe Carvalho detective novels comprise a seminal series, spanning eighteen novels from 1972 to 2004, that consolidated the novela negra as a popular, denunciatory genre in Spain. While much has been written about the early entries in the series, the latter novels, namely El hombre de mi vida (2000), Milenio I: Rumbo a Kabul, and Milenio II: En las antípodas (2004), have not received similar attention. Critics like Colmeiro, Balibrea, and Nichols have accurately read these novels as a denunciation of the most evident negative consequences of globalization at the turn of the new millennium, principally gentrification, displacement, and the exploitation of both labor and natural resources. Here, I expand this analysis to consider another of the deleterious effects of free-market rationality: The increasing personal alienation that has come to characterize modern neoliberal societies, a phenomenon recently analyzed by political philosophers like Brown (2015) and May (2012), and psychologists such as Verhaeghe (2014). I argue that, as the Carvalho character evolves throughout the series and neoliberalism achieves cultural hegemony, the depiction of the solitary protagonist in the final three novels denounces the growing isolation of the individual in a transnational society. This is reflected in the trope of the voyage, Carvalho’s nostalgic melancholia, and the progressively alienated condition of the marginalized detective as his relationships with others, tenuous in the best circumstances, begin to fully disintegrate.

Population aging, artificial intelligence and mismatch of labor resources: evidence from China

ABSTRACT In the future, population ageing will represent the basic national condition of China in the long term. Therefore, it is essential to explore the changes in the supply of the working population and its impact influence on the effective allocation of labour resources in the context of population ageing, while evaluating the governance efficacy of AI. The study findings indicate that population ageing significantly exacerbates the mismatch of labour resources, whereas the application of AI mitigates the adverse impacts of population ageing on labour resource allocation. Additionally, the distortionary effects of population ageing on the allocation of labour resources are greater in regions with high average education levels and regions with more extensively segmented markets, while the moderating effects of AI are reported to be more effective. Thus, the proposed findings extend a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of labour resource allocation from the perspective of population ageing.

Research on the Evaluation and Influencing Factors of China’s Provincial Employment Quality Based on Principal Tensor Analysis

The research on the quality of employment in China holds immense significance for attaining high-quality employment development. Firstly, enhancing the quality of employment facilitates the optimization of labor resource allocation and enhances economic efficiency. Secondly, high-quality employment serves as a fundamental pillar for social equity and stability. Lastly, continual enhancement of employment quality caters to the requirements of social development and plays a crucial role in promoting economic transformation and achieving sustainable development. However, what is the current situation of employment quality in China? How can we scientifically measure employment quality? What are the key factors for the development of employment quality? This study aimed to use spatiotemporal tensor data to measure the level of employment quality in China’s provinces and analyzed the magnitude and direction of its influencing factors in the spatiotemporal dimension. Taking thirty provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government in China from 2011 to 2020 as the research objects, the employment quality evaluation system was constructed from six dimensions: employment environment, employment status, employability, labor remuneration, social security, and labor relations. The employment quality index data were expressed in the form of three-order, high-dimensional tensor spatiotemporal data, and the employment quality of China’s provinces was measured from the spatiotemporal perspective by using principal tensor analysis. Then, the visual analysis of the development and change process of employment quality was carried out. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of employment quality was carried out, and the time–space dual-fixed-effect model of the spatial Durbin model was selected to analyze the direction and magnitude of the influence factors of employment quality on the selected and neighboring provinces. The research showed that: (1) The overall level of employment quality in China was not high, the employment quality varied greatly among provinces, and the employment quality development gap among provinces showed a trend of widening. (2) The development of employment quality in western China was relatively fast, while the development of employment quality in central China showed insufficient stamina. (3) Sichuan Province had a strong radiation effect on the development of employment quality in neighboring provinces, and Beijing and Tianjin had a strong siphon effect on the development of employment quality in neighboring provinces. (4) The level of industrialization and informatization promoted the development of employment quality in China’s provinces, while the industrial structure had a significant negative effect on the development of employment quality. According to the research findings, the following policy recommendations are proposed: (1) strengthen inter-provincial cooperation and exchange, (2) emphasize support for the central and western regions, (3) fully leverage the radiation effect of Sichuan while optimizing the siphon effect of Beijing and Tianjin, and (4) enhance industrialization and information technology levels, as well as adjust the industrial structure.

Beyond prometheanism: Modern technologies as strategies for redistributing time and space

Technologies developed since the late eighteenth century differ from earlier forms of technology by being as dependent on world market prices of labour, land and other biophysical resources as on human inventiveness. Yet, whether their outlook is mainstream or heterodox, modern people tend to view technology simply as ingenuity applied to nature, while oblivious of the extent to which it is contingent on the asymmetric exchange of resources in global society. Although inextricably entwined in the real world, the phenomena studied by economics and engineering are kept conceptually separate. This is achieved by disregarding the materiality of world trade. Modern technologies are not just instruments for solving problems but social strategies for redistributing time and space in world society, displacing work and environmental loads to sectors of the world system where wages are lower and environmental legislation less rigorous. Technology should not remain extraneous to social theory. A sociometabolic reconceptualisation of technology is particularly essential for critics of global capitalism.

Domestic and foreign experience of the reproduction process of labor resources in agricultural industry, using the example of Asian countries

The relevance of this article determined by the need for closer cooperation between the Russian Federation and Asia. For us, the most interesting is the experience of labor resources reproduction in agriculture of the Chinese national Republic. Agriculture occupies a significant place in the Chinese economy. China is the leader in agricultural producers, at the same time, most of it is accounted for by domestic consumption. The purpose of our work is to study the experience of labor resources reproduction in Asia, as well as to consider the possibility of its application in modern Russian reality. As a result of the research, general trends in the development of the reproductive process of labor resources in agriculture in Asia have been identified. In particular, the individual processes of the labor resources replenishing of the Chinese agricultural sector were compared with similar processes taking place in Russia. Generally accepted methods of scientific research were used in this work. Scientific works, publications in the periodical press of both domestic and foreign authors, conducting research on the considered topic served as the theoretical basis of the study. The information base of the study was made up of the World Development Indicators, as well as other electronic resources. It is concluded, that the experience of the development of labor resources reproductive process in China and Russia has similarities in certain priorities of their implementation, such as, investments in human capital through education, culture and healthcare, and the creation of appropriate infrastructure. Along with this, the consideration of labor market problems in the agricultural sector and the search for ways to overcome them, also play an important role.

Characteristics of the reproduction process of labor resources in agriculture of the Russian Federation

Characteristics of the reproduction process of labor resources in agriculture of the Russian Federation

Food security in Ukraine: opportunities and reality

The article substantiates the relevance of the study of the current state of ensuring food security under martial law and its problems and prospects. It is determined that an adequate food security system in the country should provide the population with the necessary food based on the national agro-industrial complex. The state's food security is an essential component of the overall economic security, which is also part of the country's public security. The indicators by which it is possible to assess the state's food security degree are allocated. The authors found that modern research on food security is limited to the problems of its provision in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, the current situation requires further scientific development. The conditions and measures to ensure the food security of our state are determined. During the study, it was noted that modern national and global food security systems are very vulnerable to the impact of crises: armed conflicts, deliberate blocking of the supply of agricultural products to foreign markets by the aggressor country, rising world prices, and crop failures. In addition, it was noted that food can also become the basis for blackmail of the world community by the aggressor. The paper analyzes the losses caused to the agricultural sector as a result of the full-scale Russian invasion and their consequences for Ukraine and the countries of the world. It was found that the Government of Ukraine, to ensure national food security, has prepared an action plan to ensure food security under martial law and created a National Food Security Platform. The study gives grounds to assert that despite the military aggression of the Russian Federation and significant losses of material, economic, and labor resources, Ukraine can ensure its food security and remains an essential exporter of the food security of many countries. The need for joint concerted efforts of the world community to counter the aggressor to ensure national and global food security is also determined. Keywords: food security, economy, production system, agricultural products, exports, imports, risks, martial law.

Business management technologies in the management system

The study considered approaches to defining "management system" and "management technology," characterized their classification, and established the relationship between them. It was determined that the main elements of management are systems, processes, management decisions, and labor resources, and the organizational management system is one of the main concepts of organizational theory and is closely related to goals, functions, management processes, and the work of managers. It is proven that the entire management process takes place within the framework of this system, in which managers of all levels, categories, and fields of knowledge participate. It was determined that the basis of the management system is technology, which is precisely the tool by which the transformation process of systems takes place. Technologies, through the subject of management, influence the object. It is proven that management technologies have a clearly defined goal of ensuring the transformation of the management object from the initial state to a new target competitive state or quality or to ensure its guaranteed effective functioning. The improvement of the social development system of the team, which leads to an increase in the social activity of the staff, an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise, and an increase in the material well-being of the staff, is considered. It has been studied that the most common method in our country is the thematic and sectoral grouping of technologies according to the relevant sections of management, management functions, and the main perspectives of management. Given the global tendency of the role of human resources to prevail over factors of a material and technical nature and the problems of the social sphere of management, the use of grading and sociometric technologies is proposed as the most effective among those considered to solve the problems existing at domestic enterprises. Keywords: management technology, management system, sociometry, grading, enterprise management.

FORMATION OF THE COST SYSTEM BASED ON THEIR OPTIMAL STRUCTURE

The functioning of business entities of the machine-building industry is closely related to the consumption in the process of manufacturing and selling products (goods, services) of a wide range of material, energy, labor, financial, and intellectual resources. Accordingly, the amounts incurred by the enterprise constitute a generalized monetary estimate of the cost of consumed production resources, and also reflect the optimal use of resources, the consumption of which is important for providing all the needs of the enterprise at the stage of production processes. Effective management influence at the stage of formation and implementation of expenses requires ensuring an equally significant degree of differentiation of the defined management system, as well as the justified application of norms and methods of solving management problems related to the optimal regulation of consumption norms. The basis of the integrated cost management system is a hierarchical system of performance indicators of the enterprise, which provides an opportunity to implement the principle of decentralization in the implementation of management decisions. The budgeting system creates prerequisites for attracting additional financial resources, finding channels for their mobilization, adequate centralization of cash flows, and regulates their rational use. The proposed algorithm for implementing an integrated cost management system is shown in Fig. 3.6. determines the procedure for implementing a set of systematized measures regarding the implementation of management technology, the system of intra-firm cost planning, which prescribes key regulations and management procedures.

Edukasi K3L kepada Tenaga Kerja Proyek Peningkatan Jalan Pulokulon-Tuko R.55 Kecamatan Pulokulon Kabupaten Grobogan

<p><em><span lang="EN-GB">Occupational safety, health, and environment (OSH) is inseparable from the labor and human resources system. Not only are safety, health and the work environment very important for employees, but safety, health, and the work environment also determine workplace productivity. According to Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment, what is meant by employment for workers is the obligation to provide protection, including the welfare of body and soul, safety, and health of workers. Companies take various steps to protect their employees from the dangers of work accidents. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is an effort to protect part or all of the body from the potential hazards of work accidents and occupational diseases. This activity aims to foster a sense of responsibility among workers regarding the importance of implementing OSH so that they can minimize the number of work accidents. The method used in socialization is lectures. The results obtained are an increase in workers' understanding and discipline regarding the importance of OSH in the field.</span></em></p>

PARTICIPATION OF UKRAINE IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The acceleration of migration processes in the modern globalized world is taking place against the background of population growth, aggravation of climatic and economic crises and geopolitical conflicts, which forces the international community to take decisive steps in the direction of overcoming the consequences of using refugees for the purpose of political pressure on countries, providing assistance to forced migrants. The beginning of the large-scale invasion radically changed the structure and directions of movement of emigrants from Ukraine, deepened the problem of the outflow of highly qualified personnel, in particular to the EU. Therefore, overcoming the largest migration crisis in the world since the Second World War and the return of labor resources to the country depends on the improvement of the national migration policy, which will take into account international standards in the field of migration, international protection, employment and integration, as well as provide an opportunity to specify the directions of support for Ukrainians according to the border. The article defines the place of Ukraine in modern global migration processes, which take place in the conditions of financial crises bursts, political and military conflicts. Changes in the characteristic features of immigration and emigration of Ukraine since independence, in particular during the pre-war period and the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, are outlined. Absolute and relative indicators of international population migration in 2002–2021 were analyzed. The peculiarities of the forced migration crisis in connection with the large-scale invasion of the russian federation, in particular the change in the geographical structure of migration flows from Ukraine, the aggravation of the problem of the labor resources outflow, have been studied. Ukraine's strategic partners among the EU and OECD countries in the field of wartime migration have been identified, taking into account the number of admitted forced emigrants, the amount of financial assistance provided to them, and the implementation of migration policy adaptation measures.

Penjadwalan Kapasitas Produksi Roti menggunakan Metode Rough Cut Capacity Planning di UMKM Cita Rasa Gorontalo

MSME Cita Rasa is a manufacturing industry in Gorontalo City. Fulfillment of consumer demand for the quantity and time of orders is closely related to the availability of raw materials, labor, machines, working time and other resources that support bread-making production. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the scheduling of capacity requirements for bread products to see available capacity and actual capacity. The aim of this research is to create a bread production plan and determine the feasibility of bread production capacity at MSME Cita Rasa using the Rough Cut Capacity Planning method. RCCP is a method used to measure work station capacity so that it can be seen whether a production schedule requires overtime work hours or subcontracts. Based on the results obtained, from the production capacity feasibility test using RCCP, it can be seen that all work stations in the MSME Cita Rasa have a positive value, which means the capacity is feasible

Managing Technical Staff in a Modern Organization for Successful Business

An obstacle to the introduction of advanced technologies is the shortage of technology specialists. At this time, it is possible to slow down the economic growth of enterprises, as well as to reduce the competitiveness of companies. The reasons for the shortage of qualified personnel are: 1. High rate of introduction of advanced information technologies 2. Rapid growth of e-business 3. Lack of training programs The issue of increasing the effectiveness of personnel management in order to rationally use existing labor resources is very relevant. By stopping the hiring of new employees, managers try to retain technical staff. Issues of labor resource management are still insufficiently studied despite the existence of a serious theoretical and experimental basis. One of the objective reasons that hinders the development of research in this field is the lack of appropriate tools. Modern information technology is the basis that allows a person to expand the researcher's abilities when analyzing the problem under consideration. Managers' requirements for technical staff are determined by: a. Knowledge and experience of working in the existing specialty b. Knowledge of the sales market c. Clarification in the production technologies of a foreign country d. Using them at work There are many categories and within each category there are many different areas, both technical and creative. Engineering and technical personnel can be trained in various directions, such as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical technology, biotechnology, automation, construction, architecture, electrical and radio engineering, food technology, consumer goods research, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, automation, energy, assistance in the adoption of transport process technologies, Thermal energy and heating engineering, personnel training for radio-electronic systems, aircraft engine designers, future fashion designers and other fields. Today young people believe that technical professions are not as prestigious as, for example, a web designer or a photographer. Keywords: technical staff, personnel management, successful business, modern organization.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТы ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛьЗОВАНИЯ ТРУДОВых РЕСУРСОВ И АДАПТАЦИИ ПЕРСОНАЛА

The effectiveness of human resource management is a fundamental factor in improving the efficiency of the organization. Personnel management and the use of human resources is characterized by a purposeful impact on the personnel of the organization, which is an open system. Improving the efficiency of human resource management and personnel adaptation is directly related to the development of abilities and skills for making managerial decisions at different stages of the company’s activities. Analyzing labor resources, it is possible to identify reserves of personnel efficiency due to labor productivity, rational use of work time and the organization of the management system. The article reflects the factors influencing the organizational structure, the main characteristics of the types of competencies, methods of effective use of labor resources, as well as practical application in PJSC “NK Rosneft” and PJSC “Lukoil”.

Virtual water flows and drivers in the international trade of agricultural products of the regional comprehensive economic partnership.

The regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) is today the largest free trade area in the world. This paper examines agricultural trade in the RCEP from 2010 to 2019 through the perspective of virtual water. And the drivers of the virtual water flow between China and the RCEP are also explored. The results are as follows: the virtual water flow during the study period was 2,576.51 billion m3. From a temporal perspective, the annual virtual water flow over the study period is characterized by a slow rise-significant fall-slow rise. It has the characteristics of concentration in spatial distribution and water resources and product structure. However, the concentration degree showed a downward trend during the study period. Then, we have divided the major trading into four categories based on whether there is a shortage of water on both sides of the trade. In terms of the drivers of virtual water flows between China and the RCEP, we have used the gravity model to arrive at the following findings: crop yields, bilateral economic scale, and agricultural labor resources are the main drivers. Our research results have reference values for adjusting bilateral agricultural trade and water conservation.

Do High-Speed Rail Networks Promote Coupling Coordination between Employment and Industry Output? A Study Based on Evidence from China

The sustainable development of China’s economy requires better allocation of labor across regions and sectors in the face of the vanishing of demographic dividends. Based on the panel data of 276 cities from 2007 to 2019, this study explores the influence of China’s high-speed rail network on the coupling coordination level between employment and output in different industries. This paper has also tested the dynamics of this effect with four different time periods. The heterogeneity of levels of city clusters is also investigated by dividing all the city samples into four groups according to the levels of city clusters, namely first tier, second tier, third tier, and non-cluster. The following conclusions are drawn. First, a high-speed rail network only positively influences the employment–output coupling coordination level of the tertiary industry while having a negative effect on the other two. Second, the higher the level of city cluster that one city has, the greater the impact of the high-speed rail. Third, the high-speed rail network’s positive effect on the secondary industry tends to become negative in the longer term, while the positive impact on the tertiary industry lasts. This study provides a reference for making full use of transport infrastructures to promote the reasonable distribution of labor resources.

The Impact of ‘Migration Potential’ on the Economic and Demographic Development of Donor and Recipient Countries

The phenomenon of global migration exerts a substantial impact on nations, organizations, and individuals, yet the focus of scholarly discourse on the potential of migrants has historically not paralleled the magnitude of this phenomenon. This study brings into focus the often-neglected dual nature of immigrant potential, impacting both countries that receive migrants (recipient countries) and those from which migrants originate (donor countries). Prior research within the Russian context predominantly examined the potential of compatriots in post-independence neighboring countries or the potential related to internal migration and the redistribution of human and labor resources regionally. Prevailing perspectives have largely been confined to examining the migration potential of specific socio-demographic groups within defined territories, often characterized by distinct ethnic features. This research illuminates the dual aspect of external migrant potential. It elucidates how migrants contribute significantly to the development of host countries, while donor countries also reap considerable benefits from the migratory capabilities and engagements of their citizens in foreign employment.The objective of this article is to augment theoretical paradigms in the study of "migration potential," conceptualizing it as an integrative system that combines quantitative and qualitative attributes of a highly mobile and motivated populace. The paper seeks to delineate the conceptual framework of migration potential, establish its structural composition, and elucidate the mechanisms and factors through which migrant potential influences the economic and demographic progress of both recipient and donor nations.Findings: The study delineates the constituent components of the functional sub-potentials (subcomponents) within the broader construct of "migration potential," synthesizing these through a meticulous examination of extant Russian and international academic literature. Migration potential is approached as a variable that is both fluid and subject to modification. The research critically analyzes the multifaceted impacts – both advantageous and adverse – of migration on diverse sectors of life in donor and recipient countries. A case in point is the correlation between the educational potential and the intellectual prowess of highly skilled migrants, which significantly contributes to innovation within the host regions. Conversely, a deficiency in the integration potential of external migrants may precipitate xenophobic tendencies among native populations. From the perspective of donor countries, the influx of remittances stands out as a pivotal and transformative element within the broader context of global migration.

Identification of Criteria for Enabling the Adoption of Sustainable Maintenance Practice: An Umbrella Review

The evolution from traditional industrial maintenance to sustainable maintenance (SM) is pivotal within an existing industrial ecosystem. This study, utilising an umbrella review (UR), critically examines this transition, highlighting its increased importance in maintenance decision-making (MDM). Using a sample (n = 20) of reviews, we synthesised meta-, methodological-, and content-based evidence and performed bibliometric, thematic and statistical analyses. For the bibliometric and thematic/conceptual analyses, we used the R bibliometrix package. The results show that the early research focuses mainly on theoretical aspects, while recent studies examine the practical implications. Also, comprehensive studies evaluating the benefits of implementing environmental and social aspects within MDM are still lacking. For that reason, we switched the attention to content-based data, from which we identified 43 distinct criteria discussed. For the analysis of criteria, the Bayesian Network Analysis with Gaussian Copula Graphical Model (BNA-GCGM) method was used. Although the evidence shows that environmental pollution, energy consumption and health and safety of workers are the most discussed criteria, the BNA-GCGM suggests that labour costs, resource consumption, employee satisfaction and energy consumption, among others, are the most influential criteria in the network analysis. Interestingly, after distinguishing studies into pre- and post-2021 research, the results show that pre-2021 research is primarily focused on economic and technical factors, reflecting a profit-oriented approach. The post-2021 analysis suggests a discernible shift towards more balanced considerations by incorporating social and environmental factors, suggesting a more socially responsible approach. Finally, while SM is gaining momentum, further empirical and practical research are required to demonstrate the advantages that SM offers in the light of the upcoming Industry 5.0.

Соціально-економічні процеси в Івано-Франківській області Україн ської РСР в радянській історіографії

The purpose of the research is to analyze the scientific works of Soviet economists, state officials, and historians and formulate relevant recommendations for the post-war reconstruction of the economy and infrastructure of independent Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, objectivity, and historicism. Problem-chronological, exploratory, and analytical methods have been employed, along with the generalization and systematization of materials. The scientific novelty lies in the awareness of both negative and positive trends in the socio-economic life of the Ivano-Frankivsk region, as a component of the western region of Ukraine and the republic. This allows for the development of a program for economic reconstruction and some theoretical and practical guidelines. The main focus should be on the legal framework and provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine. Successful reconstruction of the country is possible with the involvement of qualified specialists and managers, as well as a modern educational-information network. An important component of the state's social policy is the management of labor resources and the implementation of an active employment policy. Addressing fundamental household issues will have a positive impact on the reconstruction and development of the economy. Conclusions. There are all reasons to agree with Soviet scholars that the development of the economy and household infrastructure of the region was closely linked to the improvement of the educational and cultural level of the local population. Factors influencing the improvement of well-being and life expectancy included the level of medical services, social guarantees, pension provision, and receiving payments and benefits from the state budget. These generalizations apply to all works and publications. In the early 1970s, an economic concept was being implemented in practice – as the state's economy strengthens, the well-being of the people grows. Its essence lay in the idea that the state should allocate appropriate funds to meet the social needs of people: education, medicine, culture, and improvement. The Ukrainian people, in difficult conditions of totalitarianism, managed to preserve its language, culture, and timeless spiritual values thanks to the active efforts of the intelligentsia.