Labor Market In Ukraine Research Articles

ЖІНКИ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ: СТАТИСТИЧНА ОЦІНКА ТА МОЖЛИВОСТІ

Gender equality, restriction of women's rights, protection from violence, financial independence of women are reflected in many programs for the development of society, territories, election and campaign materials. Labor potential is the most dynamic element in the assessment and analysis of economic development in the country. Gender differentiation is a qualitative characteristic of labor potential. The main goal of the article is to assess the labor potential of women in the economy of Ukraine. The tasks of the work are the calculation of gender parity according to a number of analytical indicators, the determination of gender characteristics inherent in the labor market of Ukraine, the study of opportunities and threats to the labor market in terms of equal opportunities for women and men. 7451.4 thousand women had the status of employed in Ukraine in 2021. They provided 42.9% of the employment rate. The employment rate of men was 56.9%. The unemployment rate for women in 2021 was 10.1%, for men – 9.5%. We observe negative trends in the reduction of employment along with the growth of the unemployment rate, which has had a greater impact on the female workforce in recent years. There are a certain number of stereotypes regarding gender professional distribution, in particular, the so-called "male and female professions" "approved" by society. There is a significant quantitative advantage of women in the following professional groups: "Legislators, senior civil servants, leaders, managers (managers)", "Professionals" and "Specialists", "Technical employees" and "Employees of trade and services". Men predominate among the workers. The dynamics of the average wage in the economy of Ukraine by gender for the period 2012–2021 is characterized by a gap in favor of men. This suggests that at the lower levels of grouping of occupations according to the classifier there is a significant advantage of men and, accordingly, a higher level of their remuneration, and requires a detailed separate social study at the level of enterprises and organizations.

Сфера праці та зайнятості України в умовах війни: стан, проблеми, динаміка змін у контексті повоєнного відновлення

The article provides an assessment of the status, dynamics of changes in the Ukrainian domestic labor market and employment under conditions of the full-scale war. The situation in the domestic labor market is investigated on the basis of the synthesis of socio-logical, statistical information, analytics of personnel agencies, the NBU report – in the context of the need to stabilize the state of labor sphere for the long-term post-war restoration of the Ukrainian economy. The main personnel and regional disproportions, problems and losses that have arisen in the labor sphere during the period of full-scale invasion and it’s devastating consequences are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the sociological analysis of the main attitudes of the able-bodied Ukrainian population in terms of employment and behavior in the domestic labor market, which should be taken into account when developing and implementing the socio-economic policy of stabilizing the state of the labor sphere and further post-war restoration of the Ukrainian economy. The impact on the labor market which was provided with losses and damage to production assets as a result of hostilities, has been considered. The means of stabilizing the state and further post-war restoration of the labor sphere and the national economy through the involvement of digitalization resources are proposed. It was revealed that distance work is a trend that continues its growth in the labor market of Ukraine even in war. Therefore, special attention is paid to the spread and further possibilities of using distance employment as a way of stabilizing the labor market under critical and force majeure conditions. The need to introduce a ICT-based system of monitoring the state and dynamics of labor sphere and the changes in the labor market under the conditions of war is substantiated, sn order to ensure comprehensive diagnosis and adoption of reasonable management decisions for stabilization and post-war restoration of the labor sphere. This is a prerequisite for the implementation of the proposed by the MOT “build back better” principle, that means to ensure a more stable, inclusive, environmental and smart development with the widespread use of smart technologies (based on the formation of an expanded digital infrastructure).

ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

Building a system of economic security in the conditions of every Ukrainian enterprise is a mandatory step for preserving business as a result of the high dynamism of external and internal processes. Along with COVID-19 and military aggression from the Russian Federation, the digitalization of the labor market and the digital transformation of the enterprise itself, which is a consequence of the increasingly active use of digital technologies, have an equally significant impact on security activities. The above determines the need to take these aspects into account when developing methodological principles for the formation of the enterprise's economic security system. The purpose of the study was to clarify the parameters of the formation of the economic security system of the enterprise based on the digitalization processes taking place in the labor market. To form the conceptual foundations of the creation of the economic security system of the enterprise, the following methods were applied: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization – when considering the content of the main components of the economic security system of the enterprise; synthesis and analysis – to specify the parameters of the enterprise's economic security system in conditions of digitalization of the labor market; morphological analysis – to determine the stages of formation of the economic security system of the enterprise; graphic – for visual presentation of theoretical and methodical material; abstract-logical – for theoretical generalizations and research conclusions. Digital transformation creates new opportunities for improving the company's competitive position, in particular in terms of online employment, attracting freelancers and transferring certain business processes to digital outsourcing. At the same time, such changes should be taken into account in the process of forming the economic security system of the enterprise, because they are accompanied by the emergence of new threats. It was determined that the main components of the enterprise's economic security system should be: target orientations; task; subjects and objects of security, functions, policy, strategy, principles and mechanism of provision. The content of the main components of the enterprise's economic security system is substantiated based on the nature of digitalization of the labor market in Ukraine.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНІ ЗАСАДИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ІНКЛЮЗІЇ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to consideration of organizational principles of realization of social inclusion. The purpose of the study is to analyze the peculiarities of the implementation of social inclusion in the labor market of Ukraine. The relevance of the study is due to the constant transformation of the modern labor market in Ukraine, which is due to the needs of consumers, foreign economic ties, intellectualization of production, the ratio of supply and demand, the quality of the personnel of enterprises, institutions and organizations, etc. These factors affect the change in industrial relations, the range of subjects of which is constantly changing. Accordingly, there is a mutual reorientation of the needs of consumers of the labor market and offers of commodity producers and service providers. The features of the implementation of social inclusion were determined by studying the scientific literature and analyzing the legal acts that made it possible to generalize on the specified problem. In the course of scientific research, it is determined that the state regulatory documents of Ukraine are based on international regulatory legal acts and establish requirements and principles relating to the functioning of state structures and relations on social inclusion, regulate and establish the equality of rights and opportunities of all citizens. In addition, the availability of the necessary logistics and the creation of unhindered and safe working conditions serve as determining factors in the labor choice in the labor market. Potential employers should focus on ensuring barrier-free for their employees or consumers of the services offered, as this affects labor productivity, economic results of enterprises. It is proved that social inclusion excludes any discrimination on health grounds and implies a tolerant attitude towards all people who have special needs. The materials of the article have scientific value for scientists, applicants for education and specialists who focus on inclusive processes in society.

Cross-cultural competence as a component of integration into the european scientific and educational space

The educational environment of higher education institutions acquires universally inclusive characteristics, which allows it to reflect and respond to the needs and demands of all participants in society without exception. In this aspect we have to research cross-cultural competence as a component of integration into the european scientific and educational space. For achievement the aim with tasks, the set of complementary methods was applied: theoretical methods: (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) were used to find out the state of the problem; empirical (direct and indirect observation, standardized questionnaire survey, semi-standardized individual interviews), psychodiagnostic methods and research techniques; statistical analysis. Thus, according to research it is obvious that modern social, political, and economic realities, transformational processes in the state education system, also significantly change established views regarding the professional level and personal qualities of specialists. There is no doubt that thier level of preparation must meet international standards that formulate the requirements of competitiveness not only in the labor market of Ukraine, but also in other foreign countries. Modern university graduates have to demonstrate not only the variability of knowledge, show interpersonal empathy and tolerance for any diversity, but also have developed prognostic and reflective skills, possess cross- and multicultural competences, demonstrate professional mobility.

Сertain problems of implementing the right to work under martial law

The article examines certain problems of implementing the right to work under martial law. The doctrinal approaches to the understanding of the right to work, the systems of labor rights are analyzed, and the peculiarities of the regulation of labor relations introduced under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine are clarified. It is justified that the constitutional right to work can be and is limited in wartime conditions.
 It has been proven that in Ukraine there was a timely response to the need for changes in the regulation of labor relations, which was done by adopting a special law "On the organization of labor relations under martial law". The provisions of the specified law allow more flexible regulation of labor relations, new norms have been introduced (for example, suspension of the employment contract), a number of guarantees are provided for the employee (the possibility of terminating the contract within the period specified in the application, etc.) and the employer (the possibility of dismissing the employee even during his temporary disability, etc.). Considering the fact that the war continues, amendments and additions were already made to this law in July, and obviously its provisions need to be improved, including for the proper protection of the rights of workers in the conditions of martial law.
 Losses to the economy and the labor market in Ukraine, approaches and forecasts of experts to the prospects of restoring the level of employment in Ukraine after the war were also analyzed. Empirical data on the issues of appeals for legal assistance of employees have been studied. It has been established that the loss of jobs and employment guarantees are key problems for millions of Ukrainians.
 Particular attention within the framework of the study is devoted to the analysis of the issue of freedom of labor in the conditions of martial law, when forced involvement in certain types of work is possible. In addition, the institution of suspension of the employment contract, under which a forced temporary termination of the employment contract takes place, has been carefully analyzed. The need to amend the labor legislation to guarantee employees the right to cancel the suspension of the employment contract is substantiated.

Contextual learning in the practical training of bachelors of social work

Modernizing the content of technologies for training a modern specialist in higher school requires updating them to meet the expectations of the labour market in Ukraine and abroad, the requirements of the future applicants’ professional activities, its challenges, demands and risks. At the same time, while students are still studying at a higher education institution, their early professionalization should be fully implemented, and they should purposefully form an individual style of professional activity, their own “portfolio” of professional tools and technologies, etc. For this purpose the author of the article proposes to actively use the potential of the contextual learning paradigm, which focuses professional training on taking into account a number of contexts (institutional, teaching, technological, pedagogical, educational, personal). Contextual learning is of particular importance in the process of practical training of students at all stages - educational, quasi-professional and educational-professional. The author considers innovative forms and methods of work: gamification, design, professional portfolio, etc. to be a powerful component of optimizing the students’ practical training on the basis of contextual learning (ensuring consistency and interdisciplinarity; creating a scenario plan for the applicants’ practical activities; familiarization with future job functions and responsibilities; professional roles, taking into account the future specialists’ professional and personal interests, the spatial and temporal context, etc.). The publication outlines the general features of a reflective and contextual educational environment, which involves the analysis and correlation of students’ needs and the capabilities of the educational and practical environment, eliminates contradictions between them, becomes a means of overcoming the crisis of personal professionalization; ensuring a stable position of a future social work specialist, etc.

System analysis of the impact of digital competences on the labor market of Ukraine

System analysis of the impact of digital competences on the labor market of Ukraine

UKRAINIAN LABOR MARKET IN THE TRANSITION TO DIGITALIZATION

The purpose of the article is to study the transformations, consequences of automation, new vectors of development of state policy in the field of labor, etc. in the labor market of Ukraine. Methodology. The work uses such research methods as systematization and classification of theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the concept of "digital transformation", analysis and synthesis of the positive and negative impact of digital transformation on employment and the labor market, systematization of the main waves of the automation process and its impact on the labor market in the context of digitalization. The survey results showed that the formation of the digital economy is a leading trend in the modern world and a key factor in economic growth. Digitalization of society entails the following social consequences: 1) an increase in the number of people employed in the information sphere (producers, processors, distributors of information); 2) intellectualization of many types of work and, as a result, increased requirements for general education and vocational training; the emergence of completely new professions that require qualifications in the digital economy; 3) the extinction of existing professions (especially in connection with the robotization of many working professions and the introduction of artificial intelligence systems). Information technology and robotics have contributed to a radical change in the labor market. Young people are already facing the risk of losing their jobs due to automation. The redistribution of current tasks between people and machines is already happening in companies. Business and government should work together to help people learn how to use new technologies and reduce the negative impact of automation. Practical implications. The impact of digital technologies on various sectors of the economy will have a positive impact only if the state is actively involved in preventing the growth of problems in the labor market caused by digitalization. Thus, information systems will contribute to the transformation of educational and cultural institutions into serious information centers. Value/originality. The paper provides a justification for the strategic priorities of labor market regulation in terms of strengthening the country's competitive position in the transition to a digital economy.

Analysis of the impact of digitalization on demand and supply on the Ukrainian labor market

The article indicates the impact of digitalization and automation of manufacturing processes on demand and supply on the Ukrainian labor market. The analysis showed the positive effects of digitization, which stabilize the situation in the domestic labor market. In particular, in the extreme conditions of the pandemic and war, these are the emergence of new digital professions, the possibility of remote work, the individualization of forms of employment and conditions of cooperation for the personal needs of labor market entities. The concept of digital professions has been introduced as a creative labor activity, since it is associated with the promotion, security of functioning and the expanded practice of digital technologies in manufacturing processes in any sphere of economic activity. The trend of increasing the number of digital practitioners in the wake of the worldwide trend of inducing a global information society has been grounded. The consequences of digitalization are shown that hinder the effective functioning of the labor market and manifest themselves in the increase in unemployment due to the emergence of unnecessary workers whose skills are impractical in digitized reality, the outflow of personnel to foreign labor markets, and the increase in inequality of the population in labor opportunities. The necessity of interaction between educational institutions, business and the state in achieving a balance of supply and demand in the labor market of Ukraine in the context of digitalization is emphasized.

THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL DIGITALIZATION ON THE UKRAINIAN LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The article examines the labor market of Ukraine (LMU) as a systemic formation. The features of its development in the conditions of its global distribution and intensive use of digital technologies in the world economy are determined. It was substantiated the expediency of taking into account such modern trends in the development of the world, regional and domestic labor market as: a) the digitalization transformation of regional labor markets takes place, especially the European Union, b) on the global, regional and national labor markets level is the untimely legal, institutional and financial response to the adoption of appropriate measures, aimed at supporting and accelering at the implementation of innovative changes in the working conditions of highly qualified specialists, c) in Ukraine there is a decrease in the education costs effectiveness, which is concretely manifested in the training of a significant mass of insufficiently qualified specialists who cannot meet the existing demand on the national labor market, and especially their level of training does not meet world standards, d) the domestic market mechanism inability to promptly respond to the needs to improve the workforce quality in the context of new digital and technical skills of employees, e) in the conditions of the Russian Federation aggression against Ukraine, an essential feature of the domestic labor market development is a significant outflow of qualified specialists outside the borders of our country.The proposed economic-mathematical model for calculating the synthetic index of digitalization of the LMU. The calculation of the segmental index of digitalization of the LMU in its industry sector was carried out. The innovative component of LMU digitalization is analyzed, in particular, the employment and activity of technology parks, enterprises in the innovative and technical IT sphere, and IT clusters. Conclusions are presented regarding the state and prospects of optimal use of the global digitalization influence on the development of LMU.

Managerial competencies in the training of specialists in public and corporate management in Ukraine

The pandemic and war in Ukraine have significantly transformed management processes. This has led to increased requirements for managers’ professional and general competencies. Hence, the higher education system should be reoriented, considering new challenges and needs of the labor market. This study aims to identify the demand for current management competencies in the labor market for the positions of state and corporate management specialists and develop a theoretical and methodological basis for updating the standards of higher education in Ukraine. This paper employed statistical analysis and grouping to identify the demand for management skills in the labor market of Ukraine by processing 4,500 job advertisements at job websites. In addition, sociological and expert methods were used to confirm their demand among Ukrainian employers with an expert pool of 101 experts with more than 3 years of management experience. As a result, current management competencies are highlighted. The demand for them is confirmed by the high frequency in job advertisements (expertise in professional activities – 100%, leadership skills – 71%, digital skills – 65%, organizational and communication skills – 59% each, strategic skills – 52%) and by the expert survey. This made it possible to develop a model of management competencies, which is a theoretical and methodological basis for updating the standards. Furthermore, this comparative analysis revealed that there are no specific skills in the standards for master’s training.

Peculiarities of the application of labor legislation on the material responsibility of employees

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the application of material liability to the employee in the labor legislation of Ukraine. It is noted that the material responsibility of the employee is a type of legal responsibility. The evolution of the category "material liability" is studied in order to form a kind of generalized concept of the development of the studied legal relations in Ukraine, to eliminate conflicts and fill gaps in legal regulation, to improve it, in general, with the aim of maximum compliance with the current stage of development of the labor market in Ukraine. In the scientific article, the author considered in detail the issue of legal responsibility, which in the process of writing the scientific work allowed to consider in more detail the understanding of the material responsibility of the employee. The article examines the approaches of labor law theorists of Ukraine: P.E. Nedbayla, B.L. Nazarova, P.S. Lutsyuka, O.V. Zaichuka, N.V. Vasylchenko, N.M. Khutoryan, M.I. Inshina and others. regarding the definition of the essence and content of the concept of material responsibility, the author's vision regarding the content of this legal institution was formed. The author states that norms should be included that take into account both positive and negative aspects of legal responsibility. Also, the article examines in detail the contract on material responsibility as one of the main grounds for full material responsibility of the employee. The article considers judicial practice in cases of compensation for damage caused to enterprises, institutions, organizations by their employees, where clarification was made on the issue of determining the amount of material damage caused by employees' arbitrary use for personal purposes of technical equipment (cars, tractors, cranes, etc. .p.), belonging to enterprises, institutions, organizations with which they are in labor relations. In the course of the study, it is concluded that the labor legislation of Ukraine foresees different approaches to material responsibility depending on a wide range of circumstances: different forms of guilt, labor situations, etc., because quite a variety of legal relationships arise in a complex labor process. Liability also depends on the type of property that was damaged, the purpose of finding this property from the employee, the method and circumstances under which the damage was caused.

Comprehensive Psychological Analysis of The Features of Emotional Burnout Among IT Specialists: The Ukrainian Labor Market

The article includes an analysis of the symptoms (occurred at the stages of formation) of emotional burnout of IT workers in the labor market of Ukraine in accordance with experience in the profession, type of programming - BackEnd, FrontEnd and kind of work organization involving absence and presence of communication with the client within the project. The use of the method of Victor Boyko determined the symptoms of emotional burnout. The study involved 75 programmers, divided into three groups based on the duration of professional experience including up to 5 and 10 years, and more than 10 years. The study revealed the opposite trend between work experience and the main symptoms of emotional burnout occurring at the already formed stage and the phases of “resistance” and “exhaustion” marked by the decrease in the percentage of formed symptoms and increase in the percentage of symptoms at the stage of formation. The FrontEnd group demonstrated the most pronounced symptoms of emotional burnout as a manifestation of the simplification of emotional emphasis in the profession. The BackEnd showed the symptoms of emotional burnout as a manifestation of the simplification of professional responsibilities. The severity of symptoms of psychosomatic and psych vegetative disorders and self-dissatisfaction occurred in the FrontEnd group at the stage of symptoms formation of emotional burnout. The research did not show the already formed symptoms in this group. The project revealed a higher percentage of symptoms of emotional burnout in the phases of "resistance «and "exhaustion" in the group having no communication with the client, than in the group with communication with the client.

HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN UKRAINE: VALUES OF EDUCATION IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DIMENSIONS

The authors conducted an analytical review of trends in the development of higher education in the perspective of integration into the European scientific and educational space. The trends in the development of modern higher education in Ukraine are determined by the desire of our state to integrate into the globalized European space. Understanding them in the national and global dimensions, we note two dominant positions, which can be presented both as a result and as a mechanism of this development: digitalization of education, the unconditional values of which are the development of the social capital of the students of education, their technical and technological competence, mastering the IT educational environment; internationalization of education. Its axiological component is extrapolated through the system of higher education of Ukraine that is understandable for the international community, which is achieved through integration with the European space of higher education and research space, ensuring competitiveness and strengthening the potential of higher education. In addition, it is obvious that modern social, political, and economic realities, transformational processes in the state education system, also significantly change established views regarding the professional level and personal qualities of a graduate of an educational institution. There is no doubt that thier level of preparation must meet international standards that formulate the requirements of competitiveness not only in the labor market of Ukraine, but also in other foreign countries. A modern university graduate must demonstrate not only the variability of knowledge, show interpersonal empathy and tolerance for any diversity, but also have developed prognostic and reflective skills, possess multicultural and inclusive competences, demonstrate professional mobility. The specialist must also be a part of the era of digitalization, which will enable competitiveness at the global level.

Analysis of supply and demand in the labor market of Ukraine: regional aspect

Analysis of supply and demand in the labor market of Ukraine: regional aspect

PRECARIZATION AS A PROPERTY OF THE MODERN LABOR MARKET IN UKRAINE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT SYSTEM DEFORMATION

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of precarization as the property of the modern labor market in Ukraine that is spreading under the conditions of imbalance of the country’s employment system; to examine the positive and negative aspects of the impact of precarious employment on the domestic labor market and its regulation in order to preserve the labor potential of the country. The study uses the methods of generalization, comparison, analysis and synthesis — to understand the essence of precarization and the peculiarities of the precariat formation as a special class; secondary analysis of statistical and sociological data — to identify the prerequisites for precarization, positive and negative consequences of precarization for Ukraine; graphical method — for clarity of data and a schematic presentation of the main provisions of the study. This paper considers the essence of the concept of «precarization» and defines the main attributes of precarious employment, among which the most significant are the absence or restriction of the rights of the employee in the workplace, access to social protection mechanisms, guarantees in obtaining a stable, permanent, legal workplace and income, ensuring decent work. It has been proven that in Ukraine the negative consequences of precarization prevail because Ukrainians are mostly forced to become precarians. Indicators of labor precarization in Ukraine have been determined and systematically analyzed. The scientific novelty is the systematization of precarious employment descriptors in the conditions of the labor market deformation in Ukraine. The results of the study can be used in the development of strategic plans for employment of the population, scientifically based monitoring of the implementation of the European Employment Strategy in terms of precarization of the labor market, and also form the basis for further research in this area. Keywords: precarization, precariat labor market precariat, migration policy. JEL Classіfіcatіon J45, J61, J69 Formulas: 0; fig.: 7; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 22.

НЕГАТИВНІ НАСЛІДКИ НЕОФІЦІЙНОГО ПРАЦЕВЛАШТУВАННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ, ЗВІЛЬНЕНИХ У ЗАПАС НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the negative consequences of informal employment in the labor market of Ukraine, and how it negatively affects the competitiveness of the workforce. Proposals were given on how to reduce the percentage of unofficial employment in the labor market of Ukraine, i.e. reducing taxes and providing benefits to employers who hire servicemen who have been discharged from the reserve and who have visited hot spots. As well as conducting seminars with employers and the unemployed, and joint seminars of employers and the unemployed, at which to talk about the negative consequences for employers and the unemployed, that is, at these seminars, in specific cases, to show how the shadow economy negatively affects their health and life, as well as how much money society does not receive from tax evasion. And explain at these seminars that budget structures do not receive money due to tax evasion, and because of this, pensions are small for pensioners and salaries for teachers, social workers, communal structures, and other. The tax cuts will allow employers to hire more workers, and providing incentives to employers who hire ex-servicemen who have been to hot spots will allow employers to hire ex-servicemen who have been to hot spots without risk, reducing unemployment rate and society receives more taxes. At the same time, it should be taken into account that since 2020 there was a quarantine of "COVID-19" in Ukraine and at this time martial law is in effect throughout Ukraine, that is, many businessmen and private enterprises were closed and their employees were left without work, thus reducing taxes will allow businessmen and private enterprises to continue their work, and for those businessmen and private enterprises that were closed to start their work again, it will be a "breath of fresh air" for them, and will provide new working cities in the labor market of Ukraine. All these measures will make it possible to positively contribute to the economy of Ukraine, and significantly reduce unemployment, and reduce shadow (informal) employment of the population by a certain percentage.

Labor Market in Ukraine: Current Situation and Development Prospect

The labor market is one of the main and most complex elements of a market economy. It is a system of organization of wage labor based on market laws, which includes employers who demand labor, employees who form the supply of labor in this market, as well as mechanisms and institutions to reconcile the interests of workers and employers. The purpose of the article is a statistical and expert analysis of the labor market in Ukraine and the formation of promising areas of its development in terms of postwar expectations and the impact of global processes. Statistical analysis of the main indicators of the labor market showed that the share of employees and the wage fund by type of economic activity are approximately the same. While the level of average wages in Ukraine differs significantly from them by type of economic activity. This is the reason for the formation of demand for the relevant professions. Based on expert analysis, it is established that the most popular in Ukraine are specialties in the field of services. There are significant differences in the expectations of employers and the wishes of job seekers. There is a shortage of staff and a gradual alleviation of the problem of ageism. Globalization processes have shifted the importance of the profession towards the acquired skills. On the one hand, the acceleration of automation and the growth of cyber risks have increased the interest of employers in such new specialties related to artificial intelligence. On the other hand, skills such as critical thinking, the ability to analyze, the ability to solve problems, the ability to learn, endurance, resilience to stress, flexibility become more relevant. Russia's military aggression has changed the list of professions that will be most in demand in the postwar period. The main professional directions for the reconstruction of the country's economy are analyzed. These include both highly intelligent (engineers, architects, doctors, lawyers, psychologists, programmers, managers and marketers) and working professions.

Labor market in Ukraine: current challenges and risks

The article analyzes the situation on the labor market in Ukraine, starting before COVID-19 pandemic and up to present. It is noted that in recent years Ukrainian labor market is characterized by transformation stage, accompanied by specific negative consequences, including reduced productivity, deteriorated employment conditions, non-standard employment segment expansion and more. Professional occupation imbalance of supply and demand is significant on the national labor market. It increasingly loads regional labor markets, rasing the level of unemployment and social tension in the country. All these negative consequences rised up with COVID-19 pandemic and invasion of Ukraine by Russian Federation troops. It is noted that the main domestic labor market changes caused by COVID-19 pandemic during 2019–2021 are: decreasing employment; increasing unemployment rate; decreasing number of labor migrants; decreasing population incomes in labor force sale and self-employment because of job loss, decreasing salaries and entrepreneurs’ income. New trends in labor market caused by war in Ukraine are analyzed. As a result of war, the salaries of Ukrainians decreased, some specialists lost their jobs, and some professions lost their demand on the market. Companies were forced to relocate their businesses to safer regions, so the labor market structure changed depending on the region. Demand for work exceeds its supply, unemployment is high. It is defined that after having overcome the crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic and war, there will be a need to attract more labor and expand employment opportunities on the Ukrainian labor market. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the state now is to create a clear system of priorities for employment. Among them: saving and developing human capital, creating incentives for employment and service export, deregulation and transparency of rules.