Labor Market In Ukraine Research Articles

PACULARITIES OF TRANSFERS OF EMPLOYEES: IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The potential for migration for development is closely linked to remittances, savings and investment intentions of migrant workers. However, the question of how the human, social and financial capital of migrant workers can be better used for the development of Ukraine is becoming increasingly important. What can the authorities do at the national, regional and local levels to increase the positive impact and remittances of migrant workers on Ukraine’s future development? Based on the analysis results the following conclusions were drawn. Situation on the labor market of Ukraine, low level real wages, a decrease in the number of enterprises, rising unemployment, leads to the fact that Ukrainians are looking for work abroad. As a result, remittances from migrants are growing. The study is devoted to the analysis of remittances and migration processes in Ukraine. The data on the volume of private remittances of migrants are analyzed, the data on the distribution of the volume of remittances from abroad by channels of receipt are considered. The shares of private remittances to Ukraine by main countries were determined. The systems of transfers that are the most popular in Ukraine are compared. The structure of the volume of remittances from abroad by sources of formation is analyzed. An assessment of the impact of remittances and savings on the socio-economic development of Ukraine was made, as well as the provision of relevant data to support evidence-based recommendations to promote stability and sustainable socio-economic development in Ukraine. The consequences of migration processes are ambiguous, but their impact on the socio-economic and political development of Ukraine is growing. The degree of this influence largely depends on the effectiveness of the state’s migration policy.

РИНОК ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

Basic aspects of functioning of labour-market in the conditions of war are reflected in the article. Basic factors that always influenced on forming of labour-market are examined, namely: amount of population, level of GDP, unemployment and employment rate, the level of wages and incomes of the population, as well as indicators of population poverty, the index of business activity, the number of jobs, etc. A lot of attention is paid to the analysis of the demographic factor, as it affects the formation and functioning of the labor market. After all, as a result of the war with Russia, Ukrainians will already be reduced by millions, since the war entails an increase in the death rate, a decrease in the birth rate, a deterioration in health, in particular due to stress, untimely treatment and the unavailability of quality medical care, and of course population migration. In addition, the demographic impact of the war is significant not only during the war, but also during the following decades. The history of the development of the Ukrainian labor market is analyzed separately, because even before the start of hostilities and the pandemic, a high supply of labor was formed in Ukraine with low payment for its services, which was also accompanied by the actual degradation of the workforce. A detailed analysis of supply and demand in the labor market was also carried out. Thus, the analysis showed that the offer on the labor market in Ukraine already in April 2022 entered the stage of adaptation, and therefore the market began to resume its activity. The article also examines various studies of the level of unemployment in Ukraine, which made it possible to form the main trends in the labor market of Ukraine during the war. The payment of labor services, namely the wages of employees, as an integral component of the labor market, is also analyzed. It was determined that in some regions the drop in wages reaches more than 50%, therefore a detailed analysis of wages by month and by region was carried out. The question of the state's reaction to a shock on the labor market is also considered. That is, help for the unemployed, jobs and affairs during the war.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ОЦІНКИ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article describes the methodology of the assessment of social security in the labor market. It provides a totality of goals, objectives, principles, procedures, algorithms, methods of analysis of social security indicators in the context of studying its components, including employment and salary security. The assessment algorithm involves: formulating the goal and tasks, choosing the methodology at the beginning of the work; the process of collecting the necessary information; conducting an assessment of indicators related to both employment security and wage security, which as a result makes it possible to identify problem areas and threats. In the case of threats (dangers), it is necessary to justify directions for solving the problem in the field of social security in the labor market; otherwise, if there are no threats (dangers), it is appropriate to continue appropriate measures in the context of the state employment policy and the mechanism for the formation of social and labor relations. The author's approach to conducting a comprehensive rating assessment of the level of social security in the labor market, which provides for the assessment of employment security indicators and salary security indicators with the separation of indicators of stimulating and disincentive effects and grouping on this basis (categorical and zonal) the objects of assessment is proposed.This approach allows to evaluate the level of social security in the labor market in the regional dimension, to determine the region's affiliation to a specific category and zone of threat and to justify a totality of management measures differentiated by categories of regions. The methodology of a comprehensive rating assessment of the level of social security in the labor market of Ukraine in a regional section is characterized by universality and flexibility, which makes it possible to vary the indicators depending on the target orientation of the assessment process, as well as the ability to determine threats and dangers in the labor market that have an impact on social security. The results of the assessment can be used to determine problematic aspects and threats that hinder the development of the labor market, as well as for further justification of strategic directions for ensuring social security in the labor market.

Economic activity of youth in conditions of national challenges: economic stagnation, pandemic, martial law

Introduction. Employment for a person is a key issue of life. For young people, it acquires a much more important aspect, because it is young people who form new features of the future labor market. In the process of employment in the labor market, young workers can become a new drop of ideas, changes, they demonstrate their mobility quite easily, at the same time, they often cause concern among employers due to lack of experience or its complete absence or lack of patience, which reduces their competitiveness in front of more experienced competitors. Theoretical and applied problems related to changing the model of youth employment for the sake of economic growth and development in Ukraine need scientific attention. Goal. Determination of youth employment trends, their value orientations and prioritization of modern skills and abilities in the conditions of stagnation of the national economy, pandemic and martial law in Ukraine. Method. The theoretical-methodological toolkit and surveying methods are applied – interviewing young people about their employment experience; statistical – processing and analysis of questionnaire data, as well as employment center materials; graphic and tabular – strengthening the visual presentation of the material and data obtained in the research process; generalization and abstract-logical when formulating conclusions and recommendations. Results. The article examines the problematic issues of the youth labor market, which require priority solutions in the context of modern challenges. A comparison was made in the temporal dimension and the most important personal values, life priorities and goals of young people were singled out, which, together with the priority of modern skills and abilities, are the most in demand on the labor market in the conditions of a pandemic and martial law. The trends of young people's demand for the choice of a profession, which they consider promising and highly paid and which they would like to master in order to achieve success and material well-being, are considered. The importance of the reasons that can prevent youth from getting a job in Ukraine in the received profession in today's conditions has been analyzed and determined. The main sources of job search, which are the most effective for young people, have been established, including Internet resources and personal contacts. The key tasks that need to be solved in the labor market of Ukraine in the medium term in order to form a national model of youth policy are outlined.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЧИННИКІВ ВПЛИВУ НА ТРУДОВУ МІГРАЦІЮ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ БАГАТОРІВНЕВОГО ПІДХОДУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ВІДНОСИН УКРАЇНА – ПОЛЬЩА)

The article researches the problems of labor migration in the context of the Sustainable Development Goal 8 "Decent Work and Economic Growth". It has been established that labor migration is more effective and can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal 8 if it is considered a temporary phenomenon and is followed by the return of migrant workers to their homeland. Factors of labor migration are investigated. To analyze the factors influencing labor migration, a three-level approach is applied, which corresponds to the concept of Sustainable Development State-Human-Business (on the example of Ukraine-Poland relations). At the macro level, the factors of state influence based on the Push and Pull theory of migration are studied. According to Push and Pull theory, population migration is influenced by factors that displace people from their country of residence and factors that attract them to another country. These two groups of factors are considered on the example of the phenomenon of labor migration from Ukraine to Poland. As a result, it was concluded that the labor market of Ukraine has powerful economic, political, labor and social push factors that push the population to earn money abroad. These are low wages, lack of jobs, military conflict, high levels of corruption in government, low living standards, social protection and health care. At the meso level, the difference in wages in Ukraine and Poland by economic sectors is analyzed. It is established that despite the fact that salaries in Poland are much higher than in Ukraine, there is a list of jobs for which wages are close to Polish wages and allow representatives of these professions to work in the homeland without economic losses. At the nano level, a comparison of the costs of Ukrainian migrants in Poland and Ukraine was calculated and compared. From the calculations it was concluded that the cost of living in Poland exceeds the cost of living in Ukraine, which should be taken into account by migrant workers when deciding on migration. The application of a three-tier approach can serve as a basis for decision-making at each of these levels separately and in the State-Human-Business system as a whole.

STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY AND ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The article identifies current problems of the globalized labor market of Ukraine, the main of which are a significant decline in the economically active population, reduced employment in all regions of the country, rising unemployment and labor migration, aging society, economic restructuring, falling economic growth, informatization of society. The defining approach to solving these problems is the integration of workers into the digitalized labor market, which is developing dynamically in recent years compared to the traditional market. The article presents the results of research on the current state of the labor market in Ukraine and personnel management processes in it in terms of comprehensive digitalization, taking into account the output of the new “digital generation”. in 2014-2021 and especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the level of unemployment and migration, transformational processes in society and the economy and their impact on the formation and development of the labor market are analyzed. The main characteristics of the new “digital generation” are studied. Due to the fact that the labor market is significantly transformed and there is a need to restructure all components of the personnel management system of economic entities, the article considers the latest trends in labor and which they must have to meet the modern requirements of employers. Scientific and practical recommendations for the effective integration of the Ukrainian labor market into the process of digitalization of the global economy have been developed. The main tendencies that will form the sphere of future labor relations in the new digital labor market are systematized.

СОЦІАЛЬНІ РИЗИКИ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНІ

The war in Ukraine sustained a significant impact on the labor market. A third of Ukrainian enterprises suspended their activities in the first month of martial law. The situation forced a loss of income for most of the country's population and a growth in salary arrears. The number of vacancies decreased rapidly, which significantly complicated the job search. Despite the gradual recovery of the labor market, rising unemployment, social exclusion, gender inequality, workplace discrimination, and widespread poverty are among the negative social consequences of the war. The social risks of war affect the subjects of the labor market, which makes it necessary to study the specifics of their impact. The research purpose was analysis and determination the risk impact on the labor market of Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s unprovoked invasion. The article is devoted to studying regional disproportions in the manifestation of social risk in the Ukrainian labor market and identifying regions with the lowest risk level. For this purpose, the migration volumes were analyzed, and the distribution of internally displaced persons by regions of Ukraine and the predominant migration directions to European countries were determined. Demand and supply in the labor market were studied by analyzing a load of job seekers for one open vacancy in a regional section to characterize the risks of unemployment by region. Comparing wages in the pre-war period and during martial law in Ukraine is also feasible. Challenges and potential social risks of the labor market in Ukraine are identified. In the regions most affected by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, the number of jobs decreased, and competition increased, the imbalance between the demand and supply of the labor force became significant, and a decrease in wages was observed. The study of migration, the level of unemployment, and wages in Ukraine made it possible to assess the challenges and potential risks of the labor market and to rank the regions of Ukraine in terms of regional advantages of the labor market, in which the most elementary level of social risks is observed. These are Lviv, Zakarpattia, Volyn, Khmelnytskyi, and Ternopil regions. The direction of further research should represent the development of recommendations for minimizing social risks throughout the country.

Russian aggression as a factor of the migratory crisis and transformation of labour market in Ukraine

Russian aggression as a factor of the migratory crisis and transformation of labour market in Ukraine

Вплив пандемії COVID-19 на стан ринку праці в Україні

The purpose of the article is to examine the peculiarities of establishing equilibrium in the labor market and to outline the prospects of labor market regulation using equilibrium models. The state of the labor market illustrates the level of social development of the State and the current balance of interests between market participants, namely: the State, employers, workers, unions and intermediaries. The situation on the labor market in 2019-2021 was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the closure of many businesses and rising unemployment and declining employment in Ukraine. The main provisions of the models of reaching equilibrium in the market are considered and the tools of influencing the equilibrium are singled out. The dynamics of the level of employment and unemployment in Ukraine for 2018–2020 are analyzed and the main factors that led to the imbalance in the labor market are identified. It is established that the labor market in Ukraine is characterized by a lack of balance, caused by exacerbation of socioeconomic problems in the country, lack of stability of economic development, low level of remuneration of labor. To ensure the well-being of the population of Ukraine, it is necessary to ensure balance in the labor market to create productive employment and reduce unemployment. The level of employment reflects the state of the macroeconomic environment in the country, the structure of the national economy, the level of development of market forms of management, institutional support of social and labor relations, the level of entrepreneurial activity of the population. The directions of the State policy for establishment of balance in the labor market are formed.

Providing a New Quality of Working Life in Ukraine in the Conditions of Digitalization of the Economy: Conceptualization of Research

The article identifies and substantiates the components of the system concept of scientific research “Formation of a new quality of working life in the context of digital transformations”, which is carried out within the target program of scientific research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “Formation of a new quality of life”. The urgency to develop this concept is due to the rapid transformation of the social and labor fields, labor market in Ukraine under the influence of the development of the digital economy and the need for a achieving new quality of working life in Ukraine in this context. The key problem is the lack of a systemic and balanced conceptual, strategic and tactical vision of the development of socio-economic and labor fields in these conditions. The concept developed by the authors contains a description of the problem field, tasks and content of the study. This concept is the basis of an expert survey on the quality of working life in the context of digital transformations. The results of the research, conducted on the basis of the author’s concept, will improve the scientific and analytical basis for the development and implementation of state socio-economic policy in Ukraine. It will also allow to determine the priority of the formation of regulatory, organizational, managerial, information and communication and other support for the formation of a new quality of working life in the context of digital transformations. The expediency of further use of this concept is revealed, which will allow to specify and substantiate research priorities and to create preconditions for initiating and conducting on a permanent basis comprehensive monitoring of the social and labor fields in the context of digitalization of the economy.

Demand of HR-competency in Ukraine: changes and challenges at the labor market under pandemic COVID-19

The experience of the last year of business operation has highlighted the need to find new ways and approaches to managing people, through the crisis caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. New socio-economic reality, digitalization and socialization are transforming the people management processes of, which, in turn, changes the modern requirements for HR competencies. The article’s purpose is to form a model of personnel manager competencies by clusters of general and professional competencies based on the implementation of best international experience in forming and developing HR competencies models and considering demand trends in the Ukrainian labor market in the segment «HR Management» in modern realities. To produce results, the following methods were used: abstract-logical to generalize the scientific literature; monographic and analogies to summarize the international experience of forming HR-competencies models; empirical for the analysis of trends in the formation of demand for HR-competencies in the Ukrainian labor market; modeling to develop a modern HR competencies model for Ukraine; generalizations to draw conclusions. The generalization of the current state of scientific research and international experience in modeling HR-competencies allowed to structure the current HR-competencies of SHRM, HRCI, CIPD and to develop proposals for their implementation in Ukrainian HR-practice. The analysis of the demand for HR-competence in Ukraine allowed to select the most popular of them by general, managerial, and special clusters; to identify the frequency of demand for HR-competences and calculate their weight level. On this basis, the structure of demand in the labor market of Ukraine in the segment of «HR-Management» was generalized. The influence of changes and challenges of the organization’s activity during the pandemic COVID-19 on the transformation of the roles of people management and the current HR competencies model in Ukraine is substantiated. Prospective directions of using the model for professional standard development, educational services improvement, and development of the national system of HR-certification for making better the quality and performance of the human resource management function in Ukraine are proposed.

Логістична компетентність як складова ефективності логістики

Abstract. Introduction. This work is a continuation of a series of articles highlighting the results of research on the functioning of the system of training highly qualified professionals that are able to ensure effective logistics activities of Ukrainian enterprises, substantiation of directions and development of practical mechanisms for its improvement. The research has been conducted by a group of lecturers of Vinnytsia Institute of Trade and Economic of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, who train future specialists in logistics who are mastering higher education programs “Logistics” (bachelor’s degree), “Commodity and Commercial Logistics” (bachelor’s degree), “Marketing” (junior bachelor’s degree, bachelor’s, master’s degree) and “Management” (bachelor’s degree). Purpose. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main results of the study on the formation of logistics competence as a component of the efficiency of the country’s logistics. Results. Methodological and methodical approaches to the study as well as the results obtained have been discussed and positively assessed by the stakeholders in these educational programs and leading employers in Podillia region. The article studies the dynamics of changes in the rating positions of Ukraine in the global ranking of the logistics efficiency index and in its individual components. The essence and correlation of the concepts “logistics competence” and “logistic competences” are determined. Educational components in the general problems of development of the logistics sphere in Ukraine are specified. Vacancies for employment in the segment of transport and logistics in the labor market of Ukraine have been monitored. The requirements of employers for the competencies of specialists in the field of transport and logistics have been identified. Emphasis is made on the need to improve the training of logistics specialists in higher educational institutions of Ukraine, harmonize the standards of professional competencies of logistics specialists with European standards of logistics competencies and supply chain management. Conclusions. In order to maintain logistics competitive advantages and ensure high logistics competence of enterprises, employers increase the requirements for qualifications and personal characteristics of administrative and managerial staff in the field of logistics, which requires training of highly qualified logistics specialists who will have the competences to ensure the increase in the reliability and sustainability of supply chains, effective application of innovative technologies of logistics integration, making and adoption of optimal logistics management decisions under conditions of uncertainty of the market environment and increased risks.

Problems of youth in the labor market in modern conditions

The article investigates a modern state of youth employment in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to consider of youth segment in the labor market, to study the dynamics of youth employment in recent years and to develop proposals for improving the state of youth employment in Ukraine. Current trends in youth employment and unemployment in the labor market are analyzed. In the process of analysis, such methods of scientific research as analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization were used, which made it possible to ensure the validity of the study. Based on the results of youth employment issues analysis, the main problems faced by young people in finding a job (specific problems in the youth segment of the labor market) are determined, namely: imperfection of the legal framework that regulates labor relations; young people after graduation cannot put their skills and abilities into practice; imbalance in the professional and qualification structure of the labor supply, which does not correspond to the demand in the labor market; lack of professional experience among young people; gender inequality by sex and age; labor migration due to the non-competitiveness of wages in Ukraine compared to wages in Europe. For a systematic solution to the problems of youth labor market, it is necessary to improve the existing mechanism for increasing the level of youth employment, thereby a new impetus will appear for the development of the Ukrainian economy. The main directions of improving the state regulation of the youth segment of the labor market in Ukraine are proposed, namely: the creation of effective interaction between public employment agencies, business and education. An improvement and systemic implementation of the mechanism for increasing youth employment will reduce the outflow of labor force abroad and ensure the competitiveness of the national economy in the long term.

Occupational inequality and gender features in the labor market

The subject of the research is the gender characteristics of the world and Ukrainian labor markets. The purpose of the work is to study gender problems in the labor market, describe the causes of women's unemployment and occupational inequality, take into account gender, conduct a structured assessment of the current state of the Ukrainian labor market, take into account the experience of women's segregation in the world. The methodological basis of the article was both general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The article used scientific research methods: abstract-logical - to assess the world and Ukrainian labor market; system-structural analysis and synthesis - to identify the causes of gender inequality; analytical and computational; statistical and economic; settlement and constructive. Results of work.The article analyzes gender issues in the labor market. The causes of women's unemployment and occupational inequality are described. Taking into account gender features, the current state of the Ukrainian labor market was assessed, and the direction of solving the problem of gender inequality in Ukraine was determined. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be used in the regulation of unemployment in the labor market of Ukraine, the educational process in the teaching of the discipline "Labor Economics and socio-economic relations". Conclusions. Gender discrimination is a big problem all over the world. And this is one of the main causes of inequality in general. Nowhere in the world do women have equal opportunities in the labor market with men.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EXTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION OF UKRAINIANS

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are about 164 million migrant workers in the world. This shows that the main motive for the migration movement is job search. About three-quarters of all migrant labor flows come from high-income countries, where one in six workers is an immigrant. Conversely, the highest level of emigration is from those areas that have a high level of poverty and virtually no social protection. The spread of the coronavirus has led to the rapid closure of national borders, and the vast majority of migrant workers have found themselves without income and in difficulty, prompting the ILO to call the situation a “crisis within a crisis.” The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on migrant workers, regardless of their job status and qualifications. While workers in the hotel and restaurant and retail sectors lost their jobs, those employed in health care and agriculture, on the contrary, were in demand and at risk of infection. Thus, the pandemic has sharply exacerbated the scale, degree of risk and uncertainty inherent in migrant workers, leading to even greater vulnerability. The article examines the impact of COVID-19 on the scale of external labor migration of Ukrainians and its economic and social consequences for the country. The peculiarities of international labor migration in the conditions of COVID-19 are clarified and probable prospects of transformation of migration tendencies are determined. Most migrants are currently in a state of uncertainty. On the one hand, they are temporarily cut off from foreign earnings, on the other hand, even in conditions of impossibility of migration, they are not interested in vacancies offered on the labor market of Ukraine. Based on the above study, we can conclude that most likely in the near future the volume of emigration will remain at the current level, and if the economic downturn continues, the number of emigration flows from Ukraine will increase.

Подвiйнi дипломи як iнвестицiйний проект вищого навчального закладу

The article describes a way to improve the efficiency of higher education through cooperation with other universities and enterprises of the hotel complex. The creation of an investment project, the effective development of such teaching methods as double diplomas, refresher courses, etc. is substantiated. The role of the university unit responsible for the development of the commercial component in the formation of the above project is determined in order to improve the professional suitability of graduates and meet the needs of the labor market in Ukraine and some former countries of the USSR. The demand for double diplomas in relation to the modern conditions of the labor market has been substantiated. A brief review of the experience of some developed countries in the studied direction is carried out, the most significant and promising examples of successful practical application and experience are given. The article formulates the main steps to organize the issuance of a bonded loan for the development of a training project. Methods and tools for attracting investments through the financial market, including by placing an issue of securities on an open public market, have been substantiated and proposed. Effective and low-cost ways of increasing the capitalization of an enterprise or organization are proposed. The materials can be used for the development of programs of universities, hospitality enterprises, stock exchanges and professional participants in the financial market.

LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF SYSTEM CRISIS

Abstract. The study deals with identifying trends in the labor market in Ukraine, which is significantly influenced by threatening external and internal factors. The authors prove in the article that the incentives to reform this market today are significantly weakened by the negative effects of the crisis, which covers all spheres of life — from the economy to health care. It was found that the negative trends of the world and national markets contribute to the decline in the quality of human capital of labor resources, worsen the structure of the national labor market. The multi-vector nature of the crisis leads to the formation of a multiplicative effect — its various aspects increase the influence of each other. As a result, the negative pressure of the crisis factors on the national labor market is increasing with growing pace. The authors prove that the old extensive approach of managers to the use of labor resources of Ukraine has outlived itself. The existing model and approaches to its reform given the current scale of threatening trends do not meet the criteria of effectiveness. Ukraine needs a new labor market model. The efforts of government officials and the influence of the business community should be aimed at forming a model whose goals will be: stabilizing the economic, social and political situation in Ukraine, reducing the risk of uncontrolled growth of social tensions, forming a flexible response to neutralize the effects of the crisis. It is pointed out that the lack or even slowdown of the reaction to the existing negative tendencies inherent in the labor market in Ukraine can cause significant and drastic social and political changes. The originality of the article is stipulated by the need to identify labor market trends under the influence of the crisis and the situation on the world labor market, identify factors that lead to the consolidation of an extensive labor market model in a permanent crisis, identify factors that contribute to this and negative consequences for the economy. Keywords: labor market, impact of the crisis, labor migration, quality of human capital, employment dynamics. Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 22.

МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНІ ДИСБАЛАНСИ В УКРАЇНІ: МОНІТОРИНГ НА ОСНОВІ MIP SCOREBOARD ТА МОДЕЛЬНІ ОЦІНКИ ЇХНЬОГО ВПЛИВУ НА ЗРОСТАННЯ І СТАБІЛЬНІСТЬ

Серед гострих проблем розвитку світової економіки розглянуто проблему ідентифікації та моніторингу макроекономічних дисбалансів, що упродовж останніх десятиліть особливо актуальні для країн, різних за розміром, географічним положенням та роллю в геополітиці. Для України, що обрала європейський шлях розвитку, апробація європейської методики визначення дисбалансів є одним із домашніх завдань, яке передбачає розбудову системи заходів мікро- та макропруденційної політик, що можуть ослабити негативний вплив наявних дисбалансів і попередити появу нових.
 У контексті необхідності вчасного виявлення макродисбалансів, які гальмують економічну динаміку і призводять до розгортання фінансово-економічних криз в Україні, наукова новизна дослідження полягає у здійсненні аналітичної та кількісної оцінки масштабів нагромаджених у вітчизняній економіці зовнішніх і внутрішніх дисбалансів та емпіричній перевірці гіпотез щодо їхнього негативного впливу на темпи економічного зростання та стабільність.
 На основі європейської процедури макроекономічного дисбалансу «Тhe Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure» (MIP Scoreboard) проведено аналіз динаміки основних індикаторів, які засвідчили наявність дисбалансів у зовнішній і внутрішній сферах, на ринку праці України. Зокрема, на тривалий характер дисбалансів вказує моніторинг показників: сальдо поточного рахунку, чистої інвестиційної позиції, ринкової частки експорту країни, реального ефективного курсу гривні, боргу сектору державного управління, безробіття серед молоді.
 Проведено регресійний аналіз і на часовому проміжку 2001—2018 рр. побудовано ряд моделей, які підтвердили наявність статистичного впливу динаміки показників, що є основними індикаторами дисбалансів у MIP Scoreboard, на темпи економічного зростання в Україні. Реалізація та прогнозні оцінки пробіт-моделі підтвердили високу ймовірність настання кризи у короткостроковій перспективі внаслідок нагромаджених і формування нових дисбалансів у різних сферах економіки України, що є загрозливим, оскільки це може призвести до зниження конкурентоспроможності країни та фінансової нестабільності.
 Наголошено на необхідності розроблення і впровадження в українську практику моніторингу MIP Scoreboard з урахуванням національної специфіки для раннього виявлення загроз стабільності та своєчасного попередження кризових ситуацій, оскільки накопичені проблеми, окрім негативного впливу на економічну динаміку, можуть також мати й негативні соціально-політичні наслідки.

THE GENDER LEADERSHIP AS AN ASPECT OF MANAGING EFFICIENCY IN MEDIA COMPANIES

The article deals with the theory of gender performativity by J. Butler in respect to gender leadership. The interpretation of this phenomenon offered by Guy Debord shows the results and stereotypes aimed at undermining the female potential of leadership. Gender inequality is particularly striking in the areas of business, management, and security and militarily services. Despite the fact that many media workers are women, most of them are against the ideas of equality, cooperation and integration. These and other problems are expressed by different viewpoints by both academics and prominent politicians. They stress that women’s access to key positions in companies, the management hierarchy, and the government of the country should be changed. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered, like «who is the ‘real’ democratic leader?»; «what characteristics do women leaders distinguish?»; «why is neither the neoliberal capitalist nor liberal social ideal adequate but functioning nowhere?» During the time of Ukrainian independence, these issues have not been resolved yet.
 At the same time, the comparison of the share of women in the total share of employers in different countries of the world shows that their share is increasing (for example, in Ukraine, this share is 31—40%). We conducted a study on the effectiveness of women’s labor in different countries. The figures are based on the share of female workers in the total structure of workers and the income generated by one woman on average. In the context of, for example, the Ukrainian economy, these indicators have declined substantially in 2008—2018, against the backdrop of a global upward trend in these indicators. Compared to Singapore, the gap between the revenue index increased by 33.4% in 2008—2018. Of all the countries cited, the worst income growth results are only in Ukraine. At the same time, the labor market of Ukraine has the following characteristics: employment of women in managerial positions in 2017 is 41.1%; the employment rate of middle and upper management women is 42.4% in 2016; the share of women in the total number of employers in 1991 was 33.1%, and in 2018 — 36.92%. Thus, gender leadership in the media sphere in Ukraine shows discrimination against women and demonstrates the impossibility of productive and effective work as a manager. However, gradually these issues will, in the context of the proposed solution, be comprehensive and will change the relationships within such companies for the better.

АНАЛІЗ ОСНОВНИХ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ, ЩО СПРИЧИНЯЮТЬ ДИСПРОПОРЦІЇ НА РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

This article is devoted to the analysis of the main trends that cause disproportions in the labor market of Ukraine. To do this, the authors consider the conceptual and categorical tools of the field of labor market research based on existing researches his field. In particular, it was determined the essence of such concepts as employment, employed and unemployed, job vacancies in the labor market and registered unemployed, and others. Additionally, it was theoretically investigated the term "conjuncture" of the market, which is mostly affected by external, accidental, or other, uncharacteristic fluctuations, which lead to certain structural changes. The concepts described above allowed forming an understanding of supply and demand in the labor market and their relationship in the establishment of the situation. Specifically, to consignee the demand, authors used the data of job vacancies and to consignee the supply used a number of unemployed and a number of registered unemployed. The next step is to analyze the main trends in the labor market, which is possible based on official statistics of the State Employment Center and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2006-2020. Such analysis was made for finding trends, which led to an imbalance in the labor market during the researches period. In general, there are negative trends in the labor market of Ukraine, manifested in rising unemployment and declining employment, the mismatch between the number of vacancies in the labor market (demand) and the number of registered unemployed (supply). For a more systematic analysis, the authors examined the presence of disparities in certain types of economic activities, identified in accordance with NACE-2010, which allows identifying key areas of mismatch. The key areas for demand and supply by economic activities were presented by graphic method in four figures. The analysis years were 2006, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The analysis of these trends, which leads to labor market imbalances, provides an opportunity to identify measures in advance to balance the situation in the labor market and identify areas of economic activity in which there is the greatest imbalance.