Kinds Of Films Research Articles

Two-Layer Nano-Oxide Composite Films on Fe-18Cr Alloys

A two-layer film composed of a reactive element (RE) oxide (ZrO2, Y2O3, CeO2, or La2O3) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was prepared on the surface of Fe-18Cr alloys by an electrochemical process combined with sintering. High-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to characterize the two-layer film, which showed nanostructure. SEM, EDS and mass gain measurement were used to study the oxidation resistance of the film on Fe-18Cr alloy. It is proved that this kind of film is effective in protecting the substrate from oxidation. The results also indicated that the two-layer film possesses superior oxidation resistance than a single Al2O3 film. The mechanisms accounting for such effects have been discussed.

Lithium Diffusion into Nb2O5 and Nb2O5:Li+ Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel Method

Aiming to study the solid-state diffusion of lithium into pure and lithium doped niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) thin sol-gel films were investigated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained values of the diffusion coefficient were 2.5 × 10−11 at x = 0.83 and 7.4 × 10−13 at x = 1.65 for pure and doped Nb2O5 films respectively. The impedance results of both kinds of films adjusted by equivalent circuits showed very good agreement between experimental and theoretical data.

Molecular Dynamics Studies on the Growth and Structural Properties of Hydrogenated DLC Films

The novel frictional properties of hydrogenated DLC (Diamond-like Carbon) films have been reported for nearly ten years. But up to now, researchers still haven’t known the exact mechanism resulting in the super-low frictional performance of hydrogenated DLC films. Especially they have little knowledge on the molecular configuration and structural properties of these kinds of films. In this paper, CH3 radicals with different impact energies are selected as source species to deposit DLC films on diamond (100) by molecular dynamics simulation. Results show hydrogenated DLC films can be successfully obtained when impact energy is in an appropriate scope that is no less than 20eV. The depositing processes involve impinging diamond surface and bonding procedure. Some atoms, instead of bonding with substrate atoms, fly away from the diamond surface. Only suitable impact energy can improve the growth of the film. Within 30eV to 60eV, the maximum deposition ratio is attained. In addition, when carbon atoms act as the deposition sources, the deposition ratio is relatively higher. Furthermore, the authors find that species with higher concentration of carbon atoms in deposition sources lead to a better deposition rate. Carbon atoms are more reactive than hydrogen atoms. Then the relative densities of DLC films are calculated. The density curves indicate that the structures of the films vary obviously as the impact energy augments. The average relative density is generally monotone increase with the increment of impact energy. The hybridization of carbon atoms greatly affects the properties of hydrogenated DLC films. The transition between sp2 and sp3 will result in the graphitization and reduce the frictional coefficient when DLC films are used as tribo-pair in friction.

The vague nouvelle and the Nouvelle Vague: The Critical Construction of le jeune cinéma français

One of the commonplaces in critical writing on the 1990s movement known as le jeune cinéma français is the idea that it constituted a new ‘New Wave’. At the same time, the critical reception of the 1990s and 1960s ‘new waves’ could not be more different, with le jeune cinéma français being seen invariably as aesthetically inferior to its 1960s ‘antecedent’. This article examines the two key discursive mechanisms used to link le jeune cinéma français to the Nouvelle Vague, those of political commitment and ‘auteur’ cinema. It is argued that the mechanisms used to construct le jeune cinéma français as a distinct cinematic category become increasingly divorced from the kinds of films actually being made and that it is this discursive disjuncture which is, in part, responsible for its negative critical reception.

DIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BST/BZT/BST MULTILAYER

Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 (BST) and Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3/ Ba ( Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8) O 3/ Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 (BST/BZT/BST) multilayer (ML) films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition on the LaNiO 3-coated LaAlO 3 substrate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the two kinds of films could be epitaxially grown in pure single-oriented perovskite phases and atomic force microscopy showed that the grain size of ML films was similar to BST films in size. The dielectric properties of the BST and ML thin films were measured at 10 kHz and 300 K with a parallel-plate capacitor configuration. The results revealed that the dielectric tunability for ML films slightly decreased, while the loss decreased synchronously. The figure-of-merit factor value increases from 17.32 for BST films to 42.14 for ML films under an applied electric field of 300 kV/cm. The leakage current density of the BST thin films at a positive bias field of 300 kV/cm decreases from 3.76 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-7 A/cm2 for ML films. This work clearly reveals the highly promising potential of BST/BZT/BST multilayer films compared with BST films for application in tunable microwave devices.

Filmes de ficção científica como mediadores de conceitos relativos ao meio ambiente

Muito se fala sobre o meio ambiente nos meios de comunicação e nas escolas, mas pouco se sabe sobre toda sua gama e envergadura. Confundem-se princípios ecológicos com o ensino generalizado do meio ambiente que cobre uma gama muito maior de conceitos e uma complexidade de relações urgentes e esquece-se que o estudo do meio ambiente deve tratar do todo envolvido pelo homem, do todo ao redor. Visões utópicas e distópicas a respeito desse tema estão presentes em alguns filmes de ficção científica feitos para cinema e televisão. Este texto analisa relações entre esses filmes e conceitos científicos relativos ao meio ambiente e aponta possibilidades de uso dos mesmos no ensino de ciência.

"Shown in 16mm on a Giant Screen": Adventures in Alternative Exhibition with The Secret Cinema—An Interview with Jay Schwartz

"Shown in 16mm on a Giant Screen":Adventures in Alternative Exhibition with The Secret Cinema—An Interview with Jay Schwartz Elena Gorfinkel (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Jay Schwartz. (Photo by Silvia Hortelano-Pelaez, courtesy Jay Schwartz) [End Page 114] Jay Schwartz's Philadelphia-based micro-cinema, The Secret Cinema, named after the 1968 Paul Bartel short film of the same name, has for sixteen years been devoted to the screening of a wide spectrum of 16mm films. Culling from his vast collection of educational, industrial, amateur, and no-budget films, cartoons, lost classics, and cult oddities, Schwartz's programming exemplifies the historical labor of cinephilia in an era of digital reproduction. In a cultural moment in which DVDs and online "clip culture" rule, and small gauge film formats have become historical curiosities, Schwartz tracks and lovingly re-circulates the traces of the popular—and unpopular—film culture of previous eras. The Secret Cinema gained its underground reputation as a floating repertory space, setting up shop in unexpected, nontraditional spaces, such as nightclubs and coffee shops, transformed into film venues for an evening by Schwartz's creative programming. His early efforts were part of a larger trend of emerging alternative exhibition spaces in the United States in the 1990s, as art houses and repertory theaters began to suffer—the flourishing of indie film notwithstanding—with the advent of home video and the hegemony of the multi-and megaplex. What distinguishes The Secret Cinema from other ongoing series such as Other Cinema in San Francisco, which focuses on experimental film, or micro-cinemas that feature work by contemporary filmmakers, is Schwartz's attentiveness to the ephemera of film history—from Scopitones1 to home movies to travel shorts to "exotica" music films and vintage stags. In bridging his film collecting and public exhibition, Schwartz's long-running project sustains an atmosphere of perennial [End Page 115] discovery and cultural archeology, in which the traces of the past are unearthed afresh, for both the devoted cineaste and the curious viewer. As a mobile space of film exhibition that champions the collective pleasures of filmgoing, The Secret Cinema continues to thrive in Philadelphia despite the economic and cultural challenges of running an ongoing film series. I met with Jay Schwartz in March 2008 to learn about the genesis and meandering itinerary of the Secret Cinema from its beginnings to its current location at the Moore College of Art & Design. Elena Gorfinkel: When did you start collecting, and what kinds of films did you collect? Jay Schwartz: I started collecting films very randomly. My parents had an 8mm Kodak Brownie projector that I liked to watch get used, and later use myself. I began reading about silent movies and watching them on TV, and I would get these tremendous catalogs of 8mm and 16mm films from Black-hawk Films. At that time I would use my mother's home movie projector and watch them on regular 8mm. I bought up this little library and would watch them over and over again. I was interested in all kinds of old movies at the time. I didn't have a sound projector, so though I knew about the Castle catalog, which sold cut down versions of features, and subtitled editions of sound films for people that only had silent projectors, I wanted complete films. That was chapter one of my film collection, which took me from tenth grade till the time I went to Temple University, majoring in Radio, TV, Film. I saw a classified ad in the Philadelphia Inquirer for a used 16mm sound projector for $100. I called the guy—he told me he would throw in some movies with it. I thought it would be a neat toy to play with, and since I was starting film school it would be a good investment for watching my own films. So I bought this early 1950s DeVry projector. The seller threw in five or six reels of films he thought were junk films, which were educational: an Encyclopedia Britannica film about pilgrims, and a sponsored film that I still use called Figure Forum—it starts off and says Warner Brothers Presents...

The infrared characteristics investigation of carbon nitride films

Two series of a-C(N):H films, with diamond-like character and graphite-like character respectively, are prepared. Without N incorporation, the two kinds of films have very close IR bands in the range of 1000–1800 cm − 1 . However, the difference in IR activity of the two series films became dramatical as N was introduced into both kinds of carbon films, which is attributed to purely electronic effect, the electronegativity of N. The N incorporated in carbon films is able to induce bond dipole of C C bonds in sp 2 graphite cluster, leading to a degree of dipoles for all the aromatic sp 2 C C bonds, a permanent electric dipole effect arises and this could lead to the increase in IR activity of the sp 2 clusters. As the N content exceeds 20 at.% in the carbon films, strong conjugation of C≡N bonds with aromatic graphite rings can induce conjugated π bond dipole too.

Electrical conduction in undoped ultrananocrystalline diamond thin films and its dependence on chemical composition and crystalline structure

The electrical conduction behavior of undoped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) and its dependence on deposition temperature and chemical structure are presented. UNCD films were grown using a microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique at deposition temperatures of 400 °C and 800 °C. The chemical structure of the UNCD films is characterized with several tools including: Elastic recoil detection analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscope. The results show a higher content of sp2-bonded carbon for the 800 °C deposition samples (∼65%) in comparison with the 400 °C samples (∼38%). In both kinds of films, the hydrocarbon bonds have the saturated sp3 structures, while there is lower hydrogen content in the 800 °C samples (∼8%) than in the 400 °C samples (∼10%). For conduction properties, experiments are conducted using a probe station and conductive-atomic force microscopy. Experimental data show that the samples deposited at 800 °C are several orders of magnitude more conductive than the 400 °C samples. The conduction occurs primarily along the grain boundary for both types of samples. The conductivity of both types of films also shows field dependent nonlinear behavior. Both the Poole–Frenkel models and single and overlapping Coulombic potential models show that the conduction is directly correlated with the sp2 bond carbon density, and the role of the hydrocarbon bonds in the conduction path is formed by the network of the sp2 bonded carbon.

Film and the "Other" Singaporean

COMING UP FOR AIR: FILM AND THE "OTHER" SINGAPOREAN The history of Singapore's film industry is marked by two distinct periods. The first period, which lasted from the 1950s to the 1960s, is considered the golden age of Singapore films due to the prolific outpouring of primarily Malay films produced by the local Cathay and Shaw studios. The second period, which began in the 1990s, constitutes a revival of sorts for Singapore film, and is marked by the recent spate of local productions that began with Medium Rare in 1991 and continues to the present. What is interesting about this current "resurgence" of local films is that while these films have resuscitated the previously dormant film industry in Singapore, and can, therefore, be considered a "revival," they are in fact very different kinds of films from the ones that were made during the golden age, just as the current...

Residual stress and hardness behaviors of the two-layer C/Si films

Effect of an amorphous Si (a-Si) underlayer on the residual stress and hardness of the two-layer C/Si films has been investigated. Amorphous carbon films either with or without amorphous Si underlayer were deposited on Si (100) substrates by means of ultra-high-vacuum ion beam sputtering at room temperature (RT). Both kinds of films have amorphous microstructure and smooth morphology. The as-deposited C films were tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) with primary sp 3 bonding and different G-peak shift via Raman spectra. The residual stress of single 100 nm a-C film was about 11.98 GPa in compression and its hardness was 18.35 GPa at RT. The compressive residual stress of the C/Si film was decreased to 5.76 GPa with the addition of 50 nm a-Si underlayer and its hardness retained at about 17.69 GPa at RT. Effect of C thickness on C/a-Si residual stress and hardness were also discussed. The addition of a-Si layer has a great contribution to decrease the compressive residual stress and retains hardness, which is good for the suppression of the buckling or wrinkling in the C film.

Comportamiento de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) en poscosecha bajo condiciones de atmósfera modificada activa

Uno de los principales inconvenientes para la exportación de la uchuva es la apropiada conservación del fruto para su consumo posterior; en tal sentido, la técnica de atmósfera modificada crea un microambiente que permite controlar las tasas de transpiración, respiración y la mayoría de reacciones de maduración en frutos almacenados. El estudio tuvo como propósito determinar la mezcla de gases y el tipo de película de empaque a emplear para una adecuada conservación de la uchuva. Se evaluaron frutos con y sin cáliz, tres tipos de película (polietilentereftalato-polietileno, polipropileno biorientadopolietileno y polyolefin) y cuatro concentraciones de gas (5% CO2 y 5% O2; 5% CO2 y 10% O2; mezcla comercial y mezcla ambiental) en un diseño estadístico de parcelas subdivididas. Para todas las unidades experimentales se emplearon 75 g de fruta empacados y almacenados a una temperatura de 7°C durante un mes; semanalmente se tomaron datos de variables físicas y químicas de tres unidades experimentales por cada tratamiento. Los frutos con cáliz conservaron mejor la firmeza y presentaron al término del ensayo un pH de 3,77, 13,1 °B y un índice de madurez de 9,3. La película de polyolefin mostró el mejor comportamiento y los frutos presentaron un pH de 3,8, 12,9 °B, índice de madurez de 9,9 y una pérdida de peso fresco de 0,75%. Para las distintas concentraciones de gas no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Los frutos almacenados sin empaque perdieron 4,58% de su peso inicial mientras los almacenados en empaque plástico y atmósfera artificial perdieron en promedio 0,48%.

Potential of Far-Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy as a Highly Sensitive Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Method for Polymer Films, Part I: Classification of Commercial Food Wrap Films

The aim of the present study is to propose a totally new technique for the utilization of far-ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy in polymer thin film analysis. Far-UV spectra in the 120-300 nm region have been measured in situ for six kinds of commercial polymer wrap films by use of a novel type of far-UV spectrometer that does not need vacuum evaporation. These films can be straightforwardly classified into three groups, polyethylene (PE) films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films, and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) films, by using the raw spectra. The differences in the wavelength of the absorption band due to the sigma-sigma* transition of the C-C bond have been used for the classification of the six kinds of films. Using this method, it was easy to distinguish the three kinds of PE films and to separate the two kinds of PVDC films. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, the advantages of this technique include nondestructive analysis, easy spectral measurement, high sensitivity, and simple spectral analysis. The present study has demonstrated that far-UV spectroscopy is a very promising technique for polymer film analysis.

An Electrochemical Study of Myoglobin Entrapped in Three Kinds of Films

An Electrochemical Study of Myoglobin Entrapped in Three Kinds of Films

SnO 2 thin-films prepared by a spray–gel pyrolysis: Influence of sol properties on film morphologies

Nanostructured tin oxide films were prepared by depositing different sols using the so-called spray–gel pyrolysis process. SnO 2 suspensions (sols) were obtained from tin (IV) tert-amyloxide (Sn( t-OAm) 4) or tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate (SnCl 4·5H 2O) precursors, and stabilized with ammonia or tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEA-OH). Xerogels from the different sols were obtained by solvent evaporation under controlled humidity. The Relative Gelling Volumes (RGV) of these sols strongly depended on the type of precursor. Xerogels obtained from inorganic salts gelled faster, while, as determined by thermal gravimetric analysis, occluding a significant amount of volatile compounds. Infrared spectroscopic analysis was performed on raw and annealed xerogels (300, 500 °C, 1 h). Annealing removed water and ammonium or alkyl ammonium chloride, increasing the number of Sn–O–Sn bonds. SnO 2 films were prepared by spraying the sols for 60 min onto glass and alumina substrates at 130 °C. The films obtained from all the sols were amorphous or displayed a very small grain size, and crystallized after annealing at 400 °C or 500 °C in air for 2 h. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of the cassiterite structure and line broadening indicated a polycrystalline material with a grain size in the nanometer range. Results obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis demonstrated a strong dependence of the film morphology on the RGV of the sols. Films obtained from Sn( t-OAm) 4 showed a highly textured morphology based on fiber-shape bridges, whereas the films obtained from SnCl 4·5H 2O had a smoother surface formed by “O-ring” shaped domains. Lastly, the performance of these films as gas sensor devices was tested. The conductance (sensor) response for ethanol as a target analyte was of the same order of magnitude for the three kinds of films. However, the response of the highly textured films was more stable with shorter response times.

Preparation and tribological properties of multiply-alkylated cyclopentane (MAC)–octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) double-layer film on silicon

A double-layer lubricant film consisting of a multiply-alkylated cyclopentane (MAC) mobile lubricant on octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer (OTS-SAM) was prepared. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to examine the film surface. MAC with thickness of 25 Å was successfully coated on the OTS-SAM surface. MAC was discretely distributed on the OTS-SAM surface, and the film contained evenly distributed islands with a typical diameter of 25 nm and an average height of 25 Å. The area covered by the MAC was approximately 70%. Measurements were also performed on 50 Å Zdol-2000 film and 25 Å OTS-SAM for comparisons. The film thickness was measured by Gaerter elipsometer and the static contact angle was measured using a Kyowa contact-angle meter. The thickness of the lubricant film determined by the AFM was consistent with that measured by ellipsometer. The measured static angle of the 50 Å MAC–OTS double-layer film was about 110°, slightly greater than that of 108° of 25 Å OTS-SAM and that of 106° of 50 Å Zdol-2000. Tribological properties of the three kinds of films were evaluated using a ball-on-plate type universal DF-PM unidirectional sliding tribometer. The worn surfaces of the films were examined using a high precision non-contact surface profiler. All the films exhibited similar friction coefficients of about 0.1 at a normal load of 0.5 N, but the MAC–OTS double-layer film exhibited extended durability and higher load-carrying ability compared with 50 Å Zdol-2000 film or 25 Å OTS-SAM.

Electrical behavior of Y-doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films

Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) and 1.5 at% Y-doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (Y-BST) thin films have been deposited on single-crystal (100) oriented LaAlO3 substrates using pulsed-laser deposition technique (PLD), respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning revealed that the two kinds of films could be epitaxially grown in pure single-oriented perovskite phases, but Y-BST thin films showed an enhanced crystallization effect. The dielectric properties of the pure and Y-BST thin films were measured at 10 kHz and 300 K with a parallel-plate capacitor configuration. The results revealed that the addition of Y as an acceptor doping is very effective to increase dielectric tunability, and to reduce leakage current of BST thin films. The figure-of-merit (FOM) factor value increases from 17.32 for BST to 25.84 for Y-BST under an applied electric field of 300 kV/cm. The leakage current density of the BST thin films at a negative bias field of 300 kV/cm decreases from 2.45 × 10−4 A/cm2 to 1.55 × 10−6 A/cm2 by Y doping. The obtained results indicated that the Y-doped BST thin film is a promising candidate material for tunable microwave devices.

Preparation and dielectric properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite films prepared from sol–gel and blending process

AbstractUsing poly(amic acid) (PAA) as a precursor followed by thermal imidization, the polyimide/silica nanocomposite films were prepared via an improved sol–gel process and a blending process, respectively. FT‐IR, TEM and TGA measurements were used to characterize the structure and properties of the obtained films. The results confirmed that the introduction of silica did not yield negative effects on the conversion of the PAA precursor to the polyimide. With the increase of silica content, the aggregation of silica appeared in the polyimide matrix, and the thermal stability decreased slightly for both kinds of films. The dielectric constant (ε) of both films increased slowly with the increase of the silica concentration. The dielectric constant of the obtained polyimide/silica nanocomposite films displayed good stability within a wide range of temperatures or frequency. Based on modeling relation between ε and silica content, the difference in dielectric properties for two kinds of nanocomposites are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Formation and stability of β-structure in biodegradable ultra-high-molecular-weight poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by infrared, Raman, and quantum chemical calculation studies

Infrared (IR) and Raman spectra were measured for four kinds of ultra-high-molecular-weight poly[( R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (UHMW-PHB) films: a solvent-cast film, a cold-drawn film, a two-step-drawn film, and a hot-drawn film. Quantum chemical calculations were made for octamer models of UHMW-PHB with a helix conformation (α-form) and a planar zigzag conformation (β-form). Comparison of the results between the Raman spectra of four kinds of films and the quantum chemical calculations of octamer models revealed that only two-step-drawn film yields additional bands at 1735, 966, 935, 908, and 858 cm −1 assignable to the β-structure, suggesting that it contains the β-form as well as the α-form. Detailed comparison of the frequencies and intensities of Raman bands between the observed and calculated values for the β-form indicates that the amount of β-form is relatively small and that the β-structure has a less ordered structure. The infrared and Raman spectra of two-step-drawn film also indicate that it has more amorphous parts than other films. When the two-step-drawn film was further heated up to 130 °C and then cooled down to room temperature, the above additional bands due to the β-form disappeared in the Raman spectra, suggesting that the β-form is less stable than α-form.

Eta y el Cine. Las fuentes de información de los profesionales del cine

In 1976, Inaki Nunez started shooting his first film about ETA. Since then, he has made nearly forty films, both fiction and documentaries. With a few exceptions, for both kinds of film, the use of sources of information has been fundamental in order to write the script and useful in order to fix the setting. The objective is to identify the documentary resources used in each of the films selected, systemise them, find out where they come from, and identify how each of them has been used.