Kinds Of Films Research Articles

Effect of Film Formation Method and Annealing on Morphology and Crystal Structure of Poly(L-Lactic Acid) Films

The poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) has potential medical usage such as drug delivery since it can degrade into bioabsorbable products in physiological environments, while the degradation is affected by its crystallites. In this paper, the effects of film formation method and annealing on the crystallites formed in PLLA films are investigated. The films are made through solvent casting and spin coating, and subsequent annealing is conducted. The resulting morphology, molecular order, conformation, and intermolecular interaction are examined using optical microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It is observed that solvent casting produces category 1 spherulites while annealing the spin coated films leads to spherulites of category 2. The crystal structure of the two kinds of films also shows distinct features. The results enable better understanding of the crystallites in PLLA, which is essential for its medical application.

动画艺术——超现实主义的天然载体

超现实主义主张探求人的内心世界，寻求理性世界和非理性世界、梦幻与现实的结合，动画艺术属于一种以假定性为特征、以人工形象为演员的影视艺术，动画艺术本身固有的属性成为了超现实主义在当代影像时代传承的绝佳载体，而超现实主义手法被越来越多的动画制作者运用来表达自己的创作思想。本文以当代动画大师大友克洋和今敏的动画艺术创作为例分析，剖析了动画中的超现实主义的表现手法和情怀，它令创作者对生活的感悟艺术升华，使观众得到现实世界中无法得到的精神世界的满足。Surrealism advocates exploring the inner world and seeking the combinations of rational and ir-rational world and fantasy and reality. Animation art is a kind of film and television arts which is characterized by the assumption and has artificial images as the actors. The inherent properties of animation art become an excellent carrier of surrealism in contemporary era. More and more animators use the surrealism technique to express their creative ideas. This paper took the ani-mation art creations of the contemporary animation masters, Katsuhiro Otomo and Satoshi Kon, as an example to analyze the expression and feelings of surrealism in animation. The surrealism makes the creator’s perception of life sublimate artistically so that the viewers can get the satis-faction in the spiritual world that can’t be gotten in the real world.

Formulation and Characterization of epoxidized hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polyester and its application in waterborne epoxy resin

A novel epoxidized hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HPEEX) was formulated from epichlorohydrin and hydroxy-terminated hyperbranched polyester (HPE) based on trimethylol propane (TMP) and AB2 monomer. The obtained HPEEX was characterized with FT-IR, 1HNMR spectroscopy, TG, WAXD and GPC analysis. Results showed that the HPEEX was formulated as expected and its molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity were 3,789 g/mol and 3.96 mL/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the HPEEX was used as cross-linking agent in the preparation of waterborne epoxy resins. Performance of the HPEEX modified epoxy resin aqueous (EP-H) dispersions and their films was evaluated by various tests. It was found that with incorporation of hyperbranched polymer into the epoxy macromolecular chain, the EP-H films exhibited excellent hardness and water-proof performance: the hardness was as high as 96 (Shore A), and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 71°, resulting from branched structure, higher functionality of HPEEX, better cross-linking density and large number of hydrogen bonding in this epoxy system.

Deposition of Cr–Si–Ni–Mo films at a low sputtering current and performance of heat and humid resistance

Cr–Si–Ni–Mo resistive films were deposited on columnar alumina substrates at a low sputtering current from mother alloy target. The effects of sputtering currents on the resistance value (R) and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of deposition films were studied. Cr–Si–Ni–Mo films deposited for 2 (Sample 1) and 2.5h (Sample 2) at a current of 150mA have a high R (4–20kΩ without being trimmed) and low TCR ranging from −25 to 2ppm/°C. Life expectancy and high temperature storage experiments indicate that these two kinds of films have a high thermal stability. In the case of 2.2MΩ resistors with a tolerance of ±0.5%, the resistance change ratio (ΔR/R) of both Samples 1 and 2 is less than 0.4% in heat and humid experiments with two cycles, and the later has a better heat and humid resistance than the former, showing a less insensitivity to water. XRD and SEM experiments were performed to explore the relations between the microstructure of Cr–Si–Ni–Mo films and their water sensitivity.

Multicolor photochromism of silver-containing mesoporous films of amorphous or anatase TiO2

Mesoporous TiO2 films loaded with silver nanoparticles grown photocatalytically, which are initially brown, change their color under visible laser irradiations. In this article, we compare the multicolor photochromisms of amorphous and anatase phases of TiO2. The mesoporous films are impregnated with silver salt and then exposed to a low-intensity UV laser light to grow silver nanoparticles. The Ag–TiO2 films are then exposed to visible laser beams, and the influences of several exposure parameters on the photochromic behavior are examined. Most of the previous studies have reported a poor stability of the photoinduced colors under day light or even in the dark, and few of them demonstrated the ability to get various colors on the same sample. These inconveniences limit the application field of such materials. On the other hand, except in our previous studies, only crystalline TiO2 is generally used, in its anatase or rutile phase. In this article we show that mesoporous films of amorphous and anatase phases of TiO2 respond in an efficient manner to light excitation and that multiple colors can be obtained on both kinds of films. For the first time on such Ag–TiO2 films we show that the various photoinduced colors are stable over considerable months. Visible intensity is shown to have a significant influence on the film behavior, which was not identified in previous studies. The laser-induced spectral changes are also shown to depend on the incident laser polarization. The photochromic behaviors are characterized in terms of color changes and spectral variations. The reproducibility of the photochromic process along reduction/oxidation cycles is demonstrated, and the stability of different laser-induced colors is reported on 6-month-old samples.

MEMPERTANYAKAN STEREOTIP KECANTIKAN (ANALISIS SEMIOTIKA TENTANG REPRESENTASI KECANTIKAN DALAM FILM ADAPTASI SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN (2012) DAN MIRROR MIRROR (2012))

Fairy tales is a kind of story told orally by our parents from one generation to another. Mainly, the main story is about “beauty”: the princess should be beautiful and the prince should be handsome and know how to fight. When fairy tales such as Snow White adapted into movies, issues related to the concept of beauty is not left behind. This is part of main depiction represented within this kind of film that leads to many stereotypes. This research focuses on how stereotypes of beauty are represented in two fairy tales-based adaptation films, Snow White and the Huntsman (2012) and Mirror mirror (2012).In terms of the methodology, this research employs Roland Barthes’s thought, especially his structural semiotic analysis. By applying Barthes’s “two orders of signification” (denotation and connotation), the analysis focuses on three thematic elements: body, costume, and characteristic.

Effect of chain conformation on micro-mechanical behaviour of MEH–PPV thin film

The morphology, photoluminescent properties and micro-mechanical character of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH–PPV) thin films prepared from toluene (T film) and chloroform (C film) were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), absorption, photoluminescence spectrophotometry and nanoindentation test. The morphological feature of worm-like entities which appeared in T film was ~10–20 nm in length and 3–5 nm in width. The C film displayed the continuous cotton fibre-shaped morphology. In contrast with C film, the band-edge absorption and maximum emission for T film shifted to the longer wavelength. An analysis from TEM photograph, absorption and photoluminescence spectra indicated that different chain conformation presented in these two kinds of films. The nanoindentation test showed that the elastic modulus and indentation hardness of T film under the same experimental parameter (load: 50–200 μN, loading rate: 20 μN/s and holding time: 20 s) decreased by 33·3 ± 0·3 and 8·9 ± 0·5%, respectively comparing with C film. In addition, critical bending radius of these two films based on the flexible base was also evaluated from the obtained experimental results.

Slide film damping in microelectromechanical system devices

Film damping caused by microfluids has important effects on the dynamic characteristics of moving elements of microelectromechanical system devices. There are two kinds of film damping existing in microelectromechanical system devices, for instance, slide film damping and squeeze film damping. This article presents an overview on the recent research progress on the slide film damping in microelectromechanical system devices. Based on the first slip velocity boundary conditions, this article discusses two kinds of damping models in detail, which commonly used to investigate on the slide film damping. For the convenience of quick reference in future, laterally moving microstructures, adequate important equations and applicable conditions are included in this article. Finally, we proposed two unified models for the analysis and design of laterally moving microstructured devices.

On the Mechanism of Enhanced Photoluminescence of SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup> Compared with SiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup>

Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) properties of the Tb3+ion implanted non-stoichiometric silicon nitride (SiNx:Tb3+) and silicon dioxide (SiOx:Tb3+) were studied. The films were deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and then annealed at different temperatures for 1 hour in flowing N2after the Tb ion-implantation. Results show that there are four intense PL peaks due to the intra-4ftransitions of Tb3+in the wavelength from 470 nm to 625 nm for both kinds of films. Moreover, the PL intensity of Tb3+:SiNxis much higher than that of Tb3+:SiOx. The less oxygen content of the SiNxfilm and, more importantly, the faster recombination lifetime of Tb3+ion in SiNxfilm are the main reasons. This result shows that SiNx:Tb3+can be used for silicon-based light emission materials.

Structural and photoelectrochemical investigation of boron-modified nanostructured tungsten trioxide films

We report a modification of nanostructured WO3 films by doping with boron. The films were obtained by a direct one-step sol–gel route involving tungstic acid/polyethelene glycol precursor. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the incorporation of boron results in the retention of a substantial amount of water and/or hydroxyl groups in the WO3 lattice and at the surface of nanoparticles occurring despite high temperature (550°C) annealing of the films. Another consequence of boron doping is the largely increased roughness factor revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. Both kinds of films are highly porous and consist of partly sintered particles with sizes in the range of tens of nanometers. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies performed under simulated solar AM 1.5 illumination showed significantly enhanced water oxidation photocurrents for B-WO3 photoanodes, by about 25% higher than those for the undoped WO3 films of similar thickness. The low extent of recombination of photogenerated charges was confirmed by incident photon-to-current conversion efficiencies (IPCEs) reaching 70% in the region of visible wavelengths at 420nm. The improved PEC properties were attributed to the increased surface hydroxylation of B-WO3 nanoparticles favoring water photo-oxidation reaction and to the larger surface area of the film exposed to the electrolyte.

Effect of the electrochemical technique on nanocrystalline ZnO electrodeposition, its structural, morphological and photoelectrochemical properties

This article reports the influence of the electrochemical technique on the electrodeposition of nanoscopic zinc oxide from aqueous mixed bath of zinc nitrate and potassium chloride at 70°C onto fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass substrates. ZnO thin films were elaborated via cyclic voltamperometry and chronoamperometry techniques. This study shows structural and morphological differences in films deposited according to both methods. Thin and adherent films obtained via cyclic voltamperometry have been obtained after 100cycles, and those obtained using the chronoampermetric method grown at potential of −1V vs. Ag/AgCl during 1h. The structural characterisation of such films was performed using X-ray diffraction, which showed the most important peaks of ZnO wurtzite structure with preferential orientation along the (002) axis for deposits obtained via cyclic voltamperometry presenting nanometric grain sizes (42nm). Atomic force microscopy was used to study surface morphology and estimate the surface roughness factor for two deposits. Photoelectrochemical study indicates that both kinds of films had n-type electrical conductivity and presents high photoanodic-generated currents.

Composites in small and simple devices to increase mixing on detector surfaces

This work aims at three different applications for the betterment of plasma generated-composite thin films: pre-mixing, spray formation in miniaturized structures and an increase in the performance of detector surfaces. Miniaturized structures were projected, simulated with FEMLAB® 3.2 software and then constructed. Clustered films made from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and nonafluoro(iso)butyl ether (HFE®) precursors were deposited on silicon, acrylic and quartz substrates for different kinds of film characterization/or in the projected structures. Physical and chemical characterization guided the selection of best films previous to/after UVC exposure. The active surfaces (plasma-deposited films) in structures were modified by UVC exposure and then tested. The applications include pre-mixing of liquids and/or spray formation, best results being obtained with surface covered by derivative-HFE films, which acted as passivation layers. Preliminary results show good humidity sensing for TEOS-derivative films.

Electrochemical Immunosensor for Diagnostic of Parasitical Human Diseases

In this paper the preparation and electrochemical characterization of an immunosensor for Chagas disease is described. The results obtained indicating the possibility of the modification of ITO surface by formation of a LbL film constructed by the intercalation of PVS as polyanion and AgNP-SiPy+ as polycation. The LbL films were then modified by incorporation of Chagas ATG on their surface. These modified LbL films showed a pronounced impedance change when in the presence of the Chagas ATB indicating that this kind of film could be used in a device for diagnosis of Chagas disease.

The accuracy of single emulsion radiographic film in linear measurement of spiral tomography

Conventional tomography used for evaluation of the small areas of the jaws provides acceptable information. It has some advantages of availability, less radiation dose and cost in comparison to computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT. Double emulsion film usually used for taking tomograms requires less exposure than single emulsion film; on the other hand, the latter provides more sharpness and spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to compare diagnostic accuracy of these two kinds of films in the spiral tomography. In an experimental study, 20 lines (10 lines anterior and 10 lines posterior to the mental foramen) were selected on two dry human mandibles and tomographic images were taken from each line with and without metal marker by single and double emulsion films. For quantitative assessment, the mandibular width and length was identified and measured on 80obtained tomograms. Afterwards, the mandibles were sectioned on each line and their actual width and height were measured. For each line, the data of tomograms were subtracted from gold standard as measurement error. These errors were divided into three groups: Greater than +1 mm, between +1 mm and -1 mm and less than -1 mm. Obtained data were analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test (α=0/05). There was no significant difference between the single and double emulsion films, with and without markers in the measurement of both height and width of mandible (P > 0.05). The single emulsion film is not recommended to be used for taking the spiral tomogram.

Influence of SiC intermediate layer on adhesion property of F-DLC film

Two kinds of films are deposited on 316L stainless steel substrates by radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering technique. One is fluorinated diamond-like carbon film (F-DLC) deposited on the 316L stainless steel substrate directly and the other is F-DLC with SiC intermediate layer. This paper focuses on the changing regulation of film adhesion with preparation condition. As the result, the adhesion of fluorinated diamond-like carbon film with SiC intermediate layer is obviously much better than that of F-DLC, and the adhesion is dependent on preparation condition of preparation SiC intermediate layer. The adhesion of F-DLC can reach 8.7 N with 200 W RF input power and 5 min deposition time, which is much bigger than the adhesion of F-DLC without intermediate layer (4 N). The mechanism of the preparation condition of SiC influencing the adhesive force of F-DLC is studied by investigating the deposition rate curve, surface morphology and infrared spectrum.

Training des Hör-Seh-Verstehens im Zeitalter der Omnimedialität des Fremdsprachenunterrichts (Überlegungen zur Qualität von Hör-Seh-Textdidaktisierungen)

In our modern media-driven world, the development of audio-visual comprehension is an important goal of teaching and learning foreign languages. Nevertheless, teachers do not work on this goal as effectively as they could, often because the textbooks that they use do not always contain adequate audio-visual content. The didactisation of that content in many cases leaves much to be desired, leaving unexploited potential. The aim of the paper is to review the common task typologies for working with different kinds of films as well as to propose various ways of expanding those typologies, with the ultimate goal to improve learners’ film literacy and intercultural competence.

ZnO–ionic liquid hybrid films: electrochemical synthesis and application in dye-sensitized solar cells

An innovative ionic liquid (IL)-based synthesis route was developed to obtain ZnO-based hybrid nanostructured films with a modified surface. In particular, ZnO–IL hybrid films, with thickness from 1.5 to 4.5 μm and an appealing sponge-like morphology, were obtained from the electrochemical reduction of NO3− in ionic liquid-based electrolytes containing Zn2+. The presence of the ionic liquid moieties and/or derivatives in the as-deposited films was demonstrated by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. However, a relatively soft thermal annealing (i.e. 1 hour in air at 350 °C) was proved to be an effective way to remove the ionic liquid content from the samples, leading to porous ZnO films with high specific surface area. In comparison to ionic liquid-free samples, a blue shift of ∼40 meV in the absorption onset is detected for the ZnO-PYR14TFSI hybrid films, which suggests a modification of the bandgap. Both kind of films (i.e. ZnO–IL and ZnO) were sensitized with an indoline dye, coded D358, and evaluated as photoanodes in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSCs). Although less D358 was adsorbed onto ZnO–IL samples (suggesting co-adsorption of the IL and D358), a clear enhancement (by a factor of ca. 2) of the power conversion efficiency was detected in DSC based on ZnO–IL hybrid films. This improvement was mainly due to a huge increase (∼180 mV) in the photovoltage, which reaches values of up to 780 mV. The DSC characterization, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open circuit voltage decay techniques, indicates that the photovoltage improvement is likely due to a negative displacement of the conduction band in hybrid films. Therefore, the use of metal oxide–IL hybrid anodes appears to be a promising strategy to increase the open circuit voltage of the DSCs.

‘Cine en Construcctón’/‘Films in Progress’: How Spanish and Latin American filmmakers negotiate the construction of a globalized art-house aesthetic

ABSTRACT‘Cine en construcción’/‘Films in Progress’ is a film funding initiative at the San Sebastián Film Festival (or Donostia Zinemaldia in Basque), as well as the Toulouse Latin American Film Festival (Rencontres Cinémas d'Amérique Latine de Toulouse) that specifically assists Latin American film-makers towards completion of their films. Jointly organized by these two European film festivals, it was founded in 2002 and is the first time that two European film festivals have united to support Latin American film-makers in need of post-production finishing funds. This article examines the kinds of films that are selected by the jury which they envision to be viable enough to be successful in the global marketplace. The transnational nature of this collaborative film process will be examined in terms of its merits, but also in terms of its unintended consequences that I call the ‘globalized art-house film aesthetic’.

A preliminary research on V/N–TiO2 self-cleaning thin film by sol–gel method under the guidance of first principle method density functional theory (DFT)

A series of Ti1−xVxO2−yNy self-cleaning thin films, which can be activated driven by visible-light (VL), have been successfully immobilized on quartz glasses by sol–gel and dip-coating methods. The First Principle Method acts as guidance and reference for getting the critical (up-limitation) vanadium doping quantity in accordance with the binding energy change. Results of the band structure calculations and the doped density of states (DOS) reveal that localized impurity bands obviously existed in the band gap of TiO2 when the V doping quantity was ca.6at%, this film possesses the optimal visible light absorption by facilitating the transition of electron from the localized impurity band to the conduction band. Anatase crystalline phase was detected by the characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD). TG/DTA, AFM, XPS, UV–vis, MB degradation and surface contact angle (CA) tests were also conducted for the film structural and optical properties. It is found that the mean square root (RMS) roughness of Ti0.94V0.06O1.94N0.06 (13.9nm) is ca.33 times than the others, the V, N mono-doping can increase visible light absorption (403nm), while V/N co-doping can greatly enhance absorption in lower frequency visible region (496nm). The MB degradation rate of Ti0.94V0.06O1.94N0.06 is 7.7×10−3molL−1min−1, while the rates of N-doped and pure TiO2 film were (1.94×10−3molL−1min−1) (0.8×10−3molL−1min−1), respectively. The CA on this kind of film can approach to ca. 5°. All these results indicated that the Ti1−xVxO1.94N0.06 does well in photocatalysis and photohydrophilicity within the region of visible light. It would be a promising practical self-cleaning function and application.

JUNO (JASON REITMAN, 2007): A PRACTICAL CASE STUDY OF TEENS, FILM AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Jason Reitman's Juno (2007), the story of how a teenager handles her pregnancy, is the kind of film that leaves no one indifferent. Released at a time of conflicting discourses on sexual education, Reitman's film addressed the confusion experienced by teenagers as they came of age in a context where patterns of masculine and feminine behaviour were rapidly changing. In this essay I argue that Juno offers a complex understanding of the disorientation suffered by adolescents during the 1990s – a time when anti-sex discourses coexisted with an increasingly sexualized youth culture. This said, my intention is to move towards the film in a roundabout way by focusing, first, on why so many, supposed ‘cultural criticisms’ of films turn out to be so superficial. In this introductory section, the argument will be made for an approach in film analyses that takes full account of cinema as a visual medium. After exposing my critical stance, I shall draw nearer to the film itself by examining various of the overlapping contexts that, together, created a conducive space for its success – namely, the political scene; changing attitudes towards sex and gender; and most importantly, cinema's aesthetic dimension and the impact of genre conventions in the film-viewing experience. Once the complex diagram of differing (and sometimes contradictory) forces at work in Juno has been mapped out, my aim is to link these conjunctures to a detailed analysis of a key scene in the film as a means of demonstrating how the combination of film studies and Cultural Studies can operate as a method that eschews too easy, ideologically oriented, assumptions.