Kinds Of Films Research Articles

배관 보온필름의 화재특성에 관한 연구

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of the pipe insulation materials which are mainly used in the industries and buildings. Fire characteristic test of pipe insulation film according to the KS F ISO 5660-1 was performed. The experimental materials commonly used in the pipe insulation were used four kinds of films. Two kinds of 4 types of products that have the flame retardant performance and the other two types of them have no flame retardant performance. They were selected for fire characteristic test. The result of finding 25kW/ radiation from the ignition was that flame retardant products were 140sec and the other one were 69sec in average of heat release rate(HRR). The result of flame retardant products in the 50kW/ was 34sec and the other one were 15sec in average of HRR. However, the HRR of flame retardant products was much higher than the other one. Flame propagation test was conducted according to the KOFEIS 1001. The result of flame retardant products was that flame retardant products had a hold without fire spread after firing them. But the other one were completely fired after firing them. Therefore, I want to recommend that flame retardant products need to be used by the regulation to prevent or decrease a fire spread.

Thermal stability and electrical properties of Ag–Ti films and Ti/Ag/Ti films prepared by sputtering

Ag–Ti (100 nm) alloy film, and Ti/Ag (100 nm) double-layer and Ti/Ag (100 nm)/Ti triple-layer films were prepared by rf sputtering to investigate the effect of Ti on suppression of agglomeration of the Ag thin film caused by thermal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Ag–Ti and Ti/Ag/Ti films had high thermal stability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the surfaces of both kinds of films were covered with a TiO2 layer after annealing, which was considered to be the key factor for improvement of the thermal stability of the films. In addition, scratch tests indicated improvement of the adhesive strength of the Ti/Ag/Ti film to the SiO2 substrate due to the underlying Ti film layer, which effectively promoted suppression of Ag agglomeration. However, the resistivity of the Ag–Ti films increased abruptly with increasing Ti content due to the impurity scattering effect, and minimum usage of the alloying element was required to achieve low resistivity. In contrast, the Ti/Ag/Ti film exhibited both low resistivity and high thermal stability.

The formation mechanism of the silicon nano-clusters embedded in silicon nitride

The silicon nitride films are prepared on c-Si substrates by plasma enhanced chemical deposition (PECVD) with silane as the silicon source in mixture gas (N2/NH3) as the nitrogen source. We prepare different kinds of films at different flow rates of the nitrogen with other conditions kept the same. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is employed to analyze the crystal structure, and the existence of the silicon nanoparticles embedded in the silicon nitride film is verified according to the caculation of the lattice size. Fourier transform infrared spectra are employed to probe the concentration evolutions of various chemical bonds with the flow rate of the nitrogen, with which by combining the chemical reaction process, the formation mechanism of the silicon nano-clusters embedded in silicon nitride is investigated. The results show the initial positions of silicon nanoparticles are conducible to the formation of silicon nanoparticles when the chemical reaction proceeds towards the direction in which the SiSi bonds form. In addition, XRD analysis and photoluminescence characteristics show that the size and the concentration of the embedded nanoparticles increase with the flow rate of the nitrogen increasing.

Roughness Control of Layer-by-Layer and Alternative Spray Films from Congo Red and PAH via Laser Light Irradiation

Films from congo red (CR) alternated with poly(allylamine hydrochloride), PAH, were prepared by layer-by-layer and alternative spray techniques. In order to investigate the change of roughness induced by laser light irradiation (532 nm), both kinds of films were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). At dif- ferent irradiation times, layer-by-layer, LbL, films showed small changes in the roughness and irregular behavior, whereas spray films exhibited higher and a regular decreasing of roughness with increasing irradiation time. The higher roughness of spray films as compared with the LbL ones was attributed to different formation mechanisms of the films. The decreasing of the roughness as a function of the irradiation time (exhibited by the spray films) was associated to surface relaxation due to the interplay between photoisomerization of congo red dye and the heating of the sample during the laser light irradiation. The results suggested that the alternative spray technique is the best choose to control of roughness of the films by using light irradiation.

Rational design of molecularly imprinted photonic films assisted by chemometrics

Molecularly imprinted photonic polymer (photonic MIP) film can be prepared based on the combination of colloidal-crystal templating and molecular imprinting techniques. This kind of film is an ideal sensing material due to its distinct advantages such as high selectivity, rapid response and signal self-reporting. However, for the successful formation of this kind of sensing material, with high selectivity towards the imprinted molecules, a highly ordered and interconnected 3D macroporous structure, and a visually perceptible color change like pH-paper, each fabrication is strongly dependent on the determination of the main factors and an arduous process of preparation. In this work, the rational design of molecularly imprinted photonic film was realized by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Design of experiments following CCD allows selected factors to be changed systematically and simultaneously, thus reducing the number of experiments necessary. 20 photonic MIPs with different ratios of monomer : crosslinker : solvent were synthesized and their sensing properties were checked. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A second-order polynomial model was used for predicting the response. This model revealed that the crosslinker was dominant in the performance of photonic MIPs, and also allowed the optimum polymer composition to be predicted. Creatinine was used as the model analyte. Under the predicted optimum conditions, a sensor for the convenient detection of creatinine was fabricated with high sensitivity, quick response, and good stability. This also testifies to the fact that the RSM approach is appropriate to investigate the interactive effect of the selected factors and optimize polymerization recipes with a limited number of experiments. It is anticipated that this method opens a way to the efficient fabrication of photonic MIPs.

THE OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ZnO/Ag/ZnO FILMS ON FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATE

The deposition of ZnO / Ag / ZnO film on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate was fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering method. The thicknesses of ZnO layers were 30 nm and Ag films' thicknesses were changed from 1 nm to 6 nm by controlled the sputtering time. This kind of film can be used as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials. The electrical and optical properties of composite layers were determined by Ag films. The optimum sputtering time of Ag thin films was found to be 20 s for the high optical transmittance with good electrical conductivity. The ZnO / Ag (20 s )/ ZnO layer, which has high optical transmittance of 73% at 550 nm, shows sheet resistance as low as 6.7 ohm/sq. These multilayer transparent films had low electrical resistance as the widely used transparent conductive oxide electrodes. SEM, XRD, the UV-Vis-NIR and Hall Effect measurement system were used to characterize properties of fabricated films. The reasons for the change of transmittance and resistance will also be interpreted.

Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Myoglobin Loaded into Multilayer Films Assembled with Phytic Acid and Chitosan

Natural polymer polysaccharides chitosan (CS) was successfully assembled with phytic acid (PA) into {PA/CS}n layer-by-layer films. Myoglobin (Mb) could be gradually “absorbed” or loaded into {PA/CS}n films when the films were immersed into Mb solutions, forming {PA/CS}n-Mb films. The {PA/CS}n-Mb films demonstrated well-defined and quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses for Mb FeIII/FeII redox couple and were used to catalyze electrochemical reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The interaction between Mb and {PA/CS}n films was explored and discussed, which suggested that the electrostatic attraction might play a major role in loading Mb into the films. This new kind of film incorporated with redox proteins could be used to fabricate the new type of biosensors or bioreactors without using mediators.

Study on the Preparation and Property of LDPE/Aluminum Silicate Zeolite Blend Film

Ethylene is plant hormones, which can promote postharvest fruit mature and age rotten. In fresh-keeping packaging of fruit and vegetable to achieve safety packaging and timely remove ethylene in the wrapper and to extend shelf life, this study were prepared by melting blend weight ratio of zeolite and LDPE were 0 / 100, 2 / 100, 4 / 100, 6 / 100, 8 / 100, five different blending film, and the rub resistance and tensile properties, DSC thermodynamic performance, blocking properties and adsorption performance of ethylene gases of these five kinds of film are studied. With the increase of the content of zeolite the friction coefficient and the tensile strength of the Blend film first increased and then decreased. DSC differential thermal analysis showed that the addition of the zeolite does not have effect on the thermal stability of the blend film. but with the increase of the zeolite content , the crystallinity of the film is reduced ,and the barrier property is declined.

Ferroelectric switching in Langmuir-Blodgett and spin-coated thin films of poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene) copolymers

Ferroelectric behaviour of poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene) copolymer thin films has been investigated through polarization switching measurements. Samples prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition in the range of 37-139 nm and samples prepared by spin coating in the range of 53-327 nm exhibit almost the same switching behaviour. Reducing the sample thickness, the hysteresis loops tend to slant and the switching transients become broader. The coercive field increases with decreasing sample thickness, whereas the remanent polarization is nearly independent of film thickness. The switching time decreases with increasing field and it is almost independent of thickness down to 69 nm in LB films and 71 nm in spun films. Slower switching is observed for a thickness below 60 nm in both LB films and spun films. This could be due to the depolarization field induced by the surface oxidation layers of Al electrodes which becomes the more pronounced the thinner the sample is. Furthermore, retention properties and fatigue endurance of both kinds of films are studied which show a similar decay tendency. The above results suggest thin films in the range of 60-100 nm are promising candidates for technical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of highly textured Pt–Bi thin films

Pt–Bi films were synthesized on glass and thermally oxidized silicon substrates by e-beam evaporation and annealing. The structures were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy/selected area electron diffraction (TEM/SAED) techniques. Single-phase PtBi was obtained at an annealing temperature of 300°C, whereas a higher annealing temperature of 400°C was required to obtain the highly textured γ-PtBi2 phase. TEM/SAED analysis showed that the films annealed at 400°C contain a dominant γ-PtBi2 phase with a small amount of β-PtBi2 and α-PtBi2 phases. Both the PtBi and γ-PtBi2 phases are highly textured in these two kinds of film: the c-axis of the hexagonal PtBi phase is mostly in the film plane, whereas the c-axis of the trigonal γ-PtBi2 phase is perpendicular to the film plane. The electrical resistivity of the film with the γ-PtBi2 phase was smaller by one order of magnitude than that of the film with the PtBi phase.

Realism as a third film practice

The concept of realism may owe much of its success to its vague definition. This article suggests that it can be useful as a term that covers a central, mainstream film practice in European and other national cinemas, located somewhere in between genre films and art films. The concept refers to a serious kind of film that does not obey classical genre rules, but nevertheless tells its stories in an accessible and often engaging form that, generally speaking, creates a more popular (yet serious) film than the art film. As a film practice, it cuts across well known but often vaguely defined sub-categories, such as social realism and psychological realism. Finally, it is argued that the dichotomy between Hollywood genre films and European art cinema ignores both national variants of basic genres and a tradition of realism as a mainstream film practice.

Flexible and Ordered Macroporous PMMA Polymers Films

The ordered colloidal crystals were prepared by sedimentation of a solution of silica colloidal spheres of 298nm. Colloidal crystals were obtained after evaporation at 50°Cfor eight days while solution evaporates. These colloidal crystals were used to be templates and MMA was filled in the gap of silica spheres. SiO2/PMMA structures with a overlayer of PMMA were obtained by polymerization reaction carried out at 80°C for 24 h. After etched with the hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 24h, a piece of bluish violet film can be obtained. The film is flexible and free-standing and is enough tough to be curled to various shape. This kind of film can extend the usage of macroporous structures and have various potential applications in flexible photoelectronic device.

Que se enteren: cuerpo y sexualidad en el zoom social. Sobre XXY

El presente trabajo toma como excusa narrativa la película argentina XXY para discutir algunos aspectos que se plantean en la misma en torno a la construcción socio cultural del cuerpo sexuado y cómo ello incide en las maneras personales de experimentar el cuerpo y la sexualidad teniendo como eje de análisis el concepto de "estigma". La existencia de largometrajes como el citado pone en el horizonte social un debate que desde una perspectiva feminista se vuelve trascendente si consideramos que las producciones cinematográficas son una manera del decir social, de imponer normas en relación a lo posible y lo imposible, en este caso sobre la constitución del sujeto sexuado.

Effects of Ag-Carried Content in P/Ag Nanocomposites on Tribological Properties of 45 Mild Steel Friction Pairs

In this paper, some Ag-carried palygorskite nanocomposites P/Ag were prepared, their silver content were 1.3%, 4.61%, 9.54% separately. To investigate the effects of the silver content on tribological properties of 45 mild steel pairs, the P/Ag carried different Ag content were used as lubricant additive and their tribological properties were tested on the MMU-10G testing machine. The wear mass loss is used to assess the anti-wear properties of different additives. The surface topographies and main elements are analyzed through SEM and EDS after running for 30 hours. The results show that the friction coefficient and the wear mass loss significantly decrease along with the increase of silver content in the P/Ag: the average friction coefficient of the P/Ag with 9.54% silver reduces about 65% as much as the one with 1.3% silver, meanwhile, the wear mass loss decreases 57% likewise. The surfaces after rubbing 30 hours, some kind of auto-restoration films that contains sort of characteristic elements such as O, Si, Mg, Al, Ag etc. are formed on the surfaces. With the help of this kind of films, the anti-wear properties of the friction pairs are finally improved. The factors that cause the improvement of anti-friction properties of the friction pairs lie in the quality and the silver content of the auto-restoration films formed on the surfaces of friction pairs.

Nasty visions: Violent spectacle in contemporary British horror cinema

This article examines the ways in which violent international horror films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s – the kinds of films once banned as 'video nasties' in Britain – have impacted on the creative directions of British film-makers today. Using three case studies, Creep (2004), The Last Horror Movie (2003) and The Devil's Chair (2007), I draw upon the significance that new British horror's violent spectacle may hold for the British cultural past and present, and consider how its graphic aesthetic correlates/conflicts with broader issues surrounding international horror cinema's production and reception. Acknowledging the recent American phenomenon of torture porn, I display how certain British film-makers, themselves fans of the genre, utilize their fan appreciation to recall significant international texts that have a historical weight that resonates with the social unease that followed the introduction of VHS into Thatcherite Britain. In doing so, I offer a counter-argument to those who suggest that contemporary British horror cinema's taste for violence is simply mimetic of torture porn and, and as a result, less British in its presentation.

Comparative Studies on the Laser Damage Resistance of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 Films Performed under Different Electron Beam Currents

Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 films are deposited by conventional e-beam method under different electron beam currents. The optical transmittance, chemical composition, absorption, scattering, surface topography and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are comparatively studied. It is shown that the increase of electron beam current results in a decrease of the optical transmittance and stoichiometry, whereas it increases the absorption, scattering and rms roughness for both Ta2O5, and Nb2O5 films. However, the LIDT increases first and then decreases with the increase of electron beam current. In addition, the annealing improves the optical transmittance, stoichiometry and LIDT for the two kinds of films. Both the effects of electron beam current and annealing on the LIDT can be mainly attributed to three factors: substoichiometric defects, structural defects and adhesive force. Furthermore, the comparative results indicate that the laser damage resistance of Ta2O5 is lower than that of Nb2O5.

Effect of Different Dielectric Constant Solvents Addition on PEDOT-PSS Conductive Polymer and its Application

This paper investigates the physical properties of conductive paste which is used for print engineering. The conductivity of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) containing various organic solvents was measured. The different dielectric constant solvents are isopropanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide with different concentration. After drying, they were prepared many kinds of films. It was found that an addition of organic solvent lowered the resistance by two or three orders of magnitude when the concentration is 25wt% , among them the larger dielectric constant solvent has the best surface conductivity, the magnitude is about 7.03×10－1S/cm, and then we blend every two solvents by 25wt% concentration, prepared six blend films. Among them has the best effect, the magnitude is about 1.94×10-1S/cm. All kind of PEDOT/PSS films have been studied using four point probe conductive meter, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) in order to discuss the surface conductivity, the crystallinity, the chemical structure and the thermal properties of the PEDOT/PSS film. Conducting PEDOT/PSS-IPA/DMSO solution mix with polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) resin to coat hydrophobic fabrics, which can be used for the dissipation of electrostatic charge.

Nanostructured self-lubricating CrN-Ag films deposited by PVD arc discharge and magnetron sputtering

CrN-Ag nanostructured coatings are deposited onto low-alloy steel substrates by means of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) reactive magnetron sputtering and PVD reactive arc discharge evaporation. The two different kinds of film have been characterized morphologically, chemically and tribologically. Depending on the used technique, as-deposited film shows different morphology, but in both cases, Ag nano-clusters are present on the surface. The annealing leads to coarsening of superficial Ag clusters and segregation out of the CrN matrix, depending on the temperature. After 600 °C annealing the surface is covered by an almost continuous layer of Ag, no matter which deposition technique is used. Tribological tests at different temperatures show that the lowest coefficient of friction appears at 600 °C for both coatings. The analysis of the wear tracks reveals that such a low friction is related to continuous Ag segregation out-of-CrN matrix, which enables self-lubrication.

Influence of crystalline properties on the dielectric and energy storage properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films with various crystal phases (α, β, and γ phases) and varied crystallinities were fabricated via different processes. The influence of the crystalline properties, such as the crystallinity and crystal phases, on the breakdown strength and dielectric and energy storage properties of the films were studied. Under low electric field, the dielectric constant was governed by the crystallinities of the films, and the dielectric loss was more related to the polarity of their crystal phases. Under high electric field, the high polarity of the crystal phases favored high‐maximum, remnant, and irreversible polarization of the films. The lower crystallinity of the films with the same crystal phases led to a higher maximum and remnant polarization but a lower irreversible polarization. Under direct‐current electric field, the discharged energy efficiency was mainly dominated by the polar nature of crystal phases. Under an electric field below 300 MV/m, the discharged energy density and energy loss of the three kinds of films were rather close, regardless of the phase transition. When the electric field was over 300 MV/m, the overall discharged energy density was dominated by the practical breakdown strength. γ‐PVDF with a proper crystallinity and crystal grain size is expected to realize an energy density over 10 J/cm3 under an electric field over 400 MV/m. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

What Combination of Message Characteristics Determines Hedonic and Counter-Hedonic Preferences? An Examination of the Interplay Between Valence and Semantic Affinity

This study explores entertainment preferences made by individuals in different romantic situations using four kinds of popular films varied by valence (happy or sad) and semantic affinity (romance related or romance unrelated) that have the capacity to alter prevailing affective states. The preferences were examined using Zillmann's (1988) mood management theory and alternative explanations of the theory that explain counter-hedonic selections. Results from an experiment (N = 152) show that different affective situations motivate individuals to prefer particular kinds of films among the four options presented, and that the two message characteristics determine the preferences interactionally rather than independently or additively. Results are interpreted in terms of the three plausible self-regulatory motivations—self-protection, self-improvement, and self-enhancement—underlying the preferences.