Trade Issues Research Articles

How Should China Respond to Trump’s New Round of Trade War? An Unprecedented Debate Among Chinese IR Scholars

The US-China trade war finally broke out in 2018 after more than a decade of gradual decline in bilateral relations. This article reviews the fierce debates among China’s most prominent international relations (IR) scholars and, respectively, some economists and business elites on various topics related to US-China relations, in particular, the trade war, from 2017 to 2020. Specifically, it addresses four topics: the causes for the decline in US-China relations, Beijing’s policy and strategy for dealing with Trump’s trade war, the impact of the ‘decoupling’ on China and the prospects for future bilateral relations. Intellectual elites try to influence government policies by participating in debates while the government also applies various means to influence scholars’ views and shape public opinion on the Internet. The article finds that Chinese scholars’ discussions on the trade war and Beijing’s policies were actually influenced by factors other than trade. If Washington adopts appropriate policies in the future, Beijing may still make concessions in the interests of the United States on trade and security issues.

НЕЛЕГАЛЬНИЙ ТОВАРООБІГ НА «ВОЛИНСЬКІЙ» ДІЛЯНЦІ ПОЛЬСЬКО-РАДЯНСЬКОГО КОРДОНУ В 1920–1924 РОКАХ

The article is dedicated to the issue of the illegal trade on the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border. The customs policy was a part of the state’s foreign policy and the smuggling has arose and developed as a counteraction to this policy. The foreign policy of the state and the domestic economic situation have determined the causes of smuggling, the range and channels of smuggled goods’ transportation. The Soviet Ukraine and the Second Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth have suffered significant losses as a result of the First World War and the Soviet-Polish wars and were in the highly difficult economic conditions. Smuggling was an inevitable consequence of the industrial goods and food shortage. During 1920 – 1924 the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border becomes a place of an active illegal trade between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. Unsettled border on both sides, weak security contributed to the spread of smuggling, which mainly the local people took part in. During the period studied, the range of smuggled goods has changed – in the 1920 – 1921 period, together with manufacture, the greater part of the smuggled goods were consumer goods, such as: spices (bay leaF. pepper, cinnamon), tea, coffee, cacao, chocolate, matches, candles, blacking, soap, etc. The flow of smugglers, as well as the goods’ quantity, was not always the same and, first of all, depended on the border’s security both, form the Polish and Soviet side; however, it was inconsistent. In further, the consumer goods disappear from the list of smuggled goods, being replaced with of all sorts of manufactured goods.

Rasionalisasi Ekonomi Politik Lingkungan dalam EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EU-JEPA)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan rasionalisasi dimasukkannya klausul Paris Agreement ke dalam EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EU-JEPA) yang telah berlaku sejak 2019 lalu. Secara khusus, penelitian akan menganalisis faktor-faktor ekonomi politik dari perspektif Uni Eropa yang berpengaruh terhadap dimasukkannya klausul tersebut. Dalam tulisan ini penulis menggunakan landasan pemikiran perspektif Ekonomi Politik Lingkungan Institusionalis yang berargumen bahwa hubungan konfliktual di antara isu perdagangan dan lingkungan dapat diselesaikan melalui pendekatan institusionalisme yang menekankan kehadiran perjanjian, regulasi dan tata kelola antar negara baik di tingkat bilateral, regional maupun global. Tulisan ini selanjutnya menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor ekonomi politik ini dapat dilihat dari motif keuntungan ekonomis yang ditawarkan oleh liberalisasi perdagangan serta partisipasi Uni Eropa itu sendiri dalam rezim perubahan iklim global Paris Agreement. Dua faktor ini saling berkaitan erat dan sama-sama menentukan rasionalisasi Uni Eropa dalam mengikutsertakan klausul Paris Agreement ke dalam kesepakatan perdagangan ini dengan Jepang.

A financial market with singular drift and no arbitrage

We study a financial market where the risky asset is modelled by a geometric Itô-Lévy process, with a singular drift term. This can for example model a situation where the asset price is partially controlled by a company which intervenes when the price is reaching a certain lower barrier. See e.g. Jarrow and Protter (J Bank Finan 29:2803–2820, 2005) for an explanation and discussion of this model in the Brownian motion case. As already pointed out by Karatzas and Shreve (Methods of Mathematical Finance, Springer, Berlin, 1998) (in the continuous setting), this allows for arbitrages in the market. However, the situation in the case of jumps is not clear. Moreover, it is not clear what happens if there is a delay in the system. In this paper we consider a jump diffusion market model with a singular drift term modelled as the local time of a given process, and with a delay theta > 0 in the information flow available for the trader. We allow the stock price dynamics to depend on both a continuous process (Brownian motion) and a jump process (Poisson random measure). We believe that jumps and delays are essential in order to get more realistic financial market models. Using white noise calculus we compute explicitly the optimal consumption rate and portfolio in this case and we show that the maximal value is finite as long as theta > 0. This implies that there is no arbitrage in the market in that case. However, when theta goes to 0, the value goes to infinity. This is in agreement with the above result that is an arbitrage when there is no delay. Our model is also relevant for high frequency trading issues. This is because high frequency trading often leads to intensive trading taking place on close to infinitesimal lengths of time, which in the limit corresponds to trading on time sets of measure 0. This may in turn lead to a singular drift in the pricing dynamics. See e.g. Lachapelle et al. (Math Finan Econom 10(3):223–262, 2016) and the references therein.

Exporting protection: EU trade agreements, geographical indications, and gastronationalism

One of the main objectives of EU trade policy is to establish wider protection for its regional specialty foods, known as Geographical Indications (GIs). In spite of US opposition, the EU has successfully considered additional protection for its GIs a red line in recent trade agreements. A key piece to the puzzle of this success is that whereas the literature has typically treated trade and non-trade issues as a dichotomy, GI protection encompasses both trade and non-trade aspects. In the EU, trade agreements are negotiated by the Commission but require member state approval. Both Greece and Italy have threatened not to ratify CETA over insufficient GI protection, so GIs clearly matter. This article develops and tests a theory of GI protection using new data on GIs listed for protection in 11 recent EU trade agreements. It finds that EU trade agreements are more likely to protect GIs with higher sales values and from countries in the South of Europe, where GIs are highly salient because of gastronationalism. These findings illustrate how economic, cultural and political factors shape and enable EU policy exports through trade agreements.

Can national carbon emission trading policy effectively recover GDP losses? A new linear programming-based three-step estimation approach

With the implementation of China’s national carbon trading market, concerns arose over how many gross domestic product (GDP) losses caused by carbon reduction could be recovered by trading carbon emissions. Accordingly, we proposed a new linear programming-based three-step estimation approach to systematically investigate four critical issues in carbon emissions trading. These are how to initially allocate carbon trading permits, set the carbon trading price, determine the amount of GDP loss recoveries that could be obtained from carbon trading, and how setting emission reduction targets. Our empirical results showed the following: (I) The allocation modes based on the sovereignty criterion and the ability-to-pay criterion resulted in the lowest (2.84%) and highest (24.56%) concussion impacts on GDP, respectively. (II) The optimal range of the carbon trading price was linked closely to the carbon emission reduction target. Specifically, when the reduction target was set at 10%, the estimated optimal carbon trading price was 256.2–394.8 Yuan/ton, which is higher than the price used in the carbon trading pilot market. (III) If the emission reduction target were set at more than 10%, China could recover at least 598.62 G Yuan of economic losses through the carbon trading market. (IV) From an economic perspective, the single allocation mode, the sovereignty-criterion-based allocation mode, was superior to the mixed allocation modes. We provide several suggestions for policymakers to implementing a carbon emissions trading market in China.

The Negro/National Newspaper Publishers Association and Its Dual Roles as a Trade and Advocacy Organization, 1940–2020

The National Newspaper Publishers Association, founded in 1940 as the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), served two roles from the outset. As a trade organization, it sought to professionalize the Black press by holding regular conventions, improving business practices, and implementing journalism awards. As an advocacy organization, the NNPA met with sitting presidents and high-ranking government officials to push for civil rights legislation. This study, the first to document and discuss the NNPA’s dual roles, draws on organizational records, news stories, and other primary sources by and about the NNPA since its inception to illustrate the scope of its work for the Black press and equality. The historical narrative also situates the organization in the context of the Civil Rights Movement and the long struggle for equal rights in the United States. Current advocacy and trade issues are discussed in the light of this narrative and the COVID-19 pandemic, and some suggestions for improvement are offered relative to the NNPA’s eightieth anniversary in 2020.

US-Japan Trade Relations Amid the Globalization Crisis

Abstract: Relations between Japan and the United States have shown significant changes in recent years. Although the main attention has been focused on the strategic and military aspects of these relations, mutual trade and investment, related policies and regulation at­tract more of the attention of the political elites of the two countries. The tensions between the two countries on this issue have a long history. However, they greatly intensified since President D. Trump moved into the White House. The 2019 trade negotiations and the conclusion of a limited trade agreement between the two countries did not result in a comprehensive settlement of conflicting approaches and stands on spe­cific issues. The rising confrontation between the United States and China amid the spread of novel coronavirus epidemic in early 2020 alleviated tensions over Japan-US trade issues by temporarily removing them from the focus of attention of the US presidential administra­tion. Nevertheless, soon they will again become hot issues in the agenda of bilateral rela­tions in the larger context of the US trade policy. In Japan, fears are growing that long-term shifts in the worldview and attitudes of the American political elite pose new threats and create new difficulties for realizing Japan's interests. Of greatest concern is the erosion in the mind of the US elites of the established commitment to further liberalize global and regional international trade and investment through multilateral agreements and institutions. Trump administration’s policy versus main trade partners has shifted towards working out and revising bilateral agreements designed to make American foreign trade more manageable and balanced, and it well may represent part of a long-term change and continue irrespective of the outcome of the US presidential election. The changes that have occurred in Japan-US relations regarding mutual economic ties confirm the general tendency of the international trade and investment system to become more fragmented, shifting from multilateral global and regional platforms to ad hoc agree­ments with clearly defined national goals and priorities. A possible change of political leadership in both countries will not change these processes, which reflect both the characteristic features of the world perception by national elites and the objective interests of influential business groups. At the same time, trade and invest­ment policy is increasingly affected by non-economic factors, mostly “national security” con­siderations. This increases the role of diplomatic maneuvering and other levers and forms of influence in regulating trade and investment flows, and business environment for national and multinational companies.

Dose-Dependent Differentiation of Gamma-Irradiated Hazelnut Samples by Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics

Gamma irradiation is used as a food preservation method. It is known that high-dose irradiation causes several structural and functional damages. Therefore, the detection of high-dose irradiated food samples is a critical issue in international trade. The objective of this work is to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the differentiation of γ-irradiated hazelnuts at higher doses (3 kGy and 10 kGy) from the lower (1.5 kGy) and nonirradiated ones using multivariate statistical analysis, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). This study showed that high-dose irradiated hazelnut samples can be clearly differentiated from the low-dose irradiated samples using unsupervised methods based on the spectral differences. Furthermore, dose-dependent discrimination was also achieved. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis has potential for the development of a reliable and fast methodology for separation of high-dose irradiated food samples.

A dynamic relationship between crude oil price and Indian equity market: an empirical study with special reference to Indian benchmark index Sensex

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to investigate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationship between crude oil prices and the movement of Sensex for the period of 2000–2018.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the augmented Dickey–Fuller test for the presence of unit root, Johansen cointegration test for estimating the cointegration among the variables. Further, in the case of no cointegration found, the study employed the vector autoregression (VAR) model to estimate the long-run relationship and the Granger causality/Wald test for short-run relationship. The study also conducted tests for the prerequisites of the model: serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and normality of data.FindingsThe study found that both the variables, crude oil prices and Sensex are integrated of order 1, that is, I (1), and there is no cointegration between them. Further, the results proliferated from the VAR model unfold the marked effect of previous month crude oil prices (lag 1) on the movement of Indian stock market represented by Sensex considered as the benchmark index. Furthermore, VAR–Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald tests results indicated that there is a causal relationship between the crude oil prices and Sensex under the VAR environment. The model does not have any serial correlation and heteroskedasticity indicating toward the unbiased and robust estimates.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is conducted till the year 2018, and data for the present period (post-2018) is excluded due to ongoing trade issues between the USA and oil-exporting countries such as Iran. The current COVID-19 outbreak has also put serious issues. Due to limited time and availability of standardized data, researchers have considered Sensex as equity index only, but for more generalized research outcome few other equity indexes could have been taken for study.Originality/valueThe study is completely original in nature and is an extensive study of the relationship between the crude oil price and Indian stock market with reference to causality between the variables.

New scale insect country records for Kenya (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) from old samples in insect collections

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are some of the least understood insects, particularly in agriculture, even though they can cause high crop losses. Due to their small size and cryptic habits they are rarely noticed at the onset of an infestation. In Kenya, efforts have been initiated to understand these pests better. Scale insects from Kenya, found in samples between 13 and 107 years old, were studied in the insect collections of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K. and the Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation, Nairobi, Kenya. The study identified 51 new country records of scale insects including one new continental record for Africa, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae). Of the new records, 35 species (68.6%) are native to Africa and 16 (31.4%) have been introduced from elsewhere. Six of the 51 species (11.8%) are pests in Kenya today. Amongst the introduced species, at least one (Aonidiella comperei McKenzie) could cause plant quarantine issues in trade, and four (25.0%) are pests, more than four times the frequency of pests amongst the African species (5.7%). The remaining 45 species have been present in Kenya for at least 13 years and many have not been collected again since the original samples, suggesting that either they have not survived or they are rare because they are under good natural control. Most of the introduced species listed (75.0%) have not caused economic problems in Kenya to date, so it is thought unlikely that they will do so in the future. Key words: Scale insects, introduced species, native species

Commercially-driven lion part removal: What is the evidence from mortality records?

Trade-driven killing for body parts has long been a major cause of population decline for a number of big cat species. There are now worrying suggestions that commercialised illegal trade in body parts might become a threat for wild lions in Africa, and recent concerns have been raised that trade in captive-bred lion skeletons from South Africa may have stimulated demand for lion bones, claws, and teeth and thus incentivised commercially-driven, targeted poaching of wild lions for illegal trade. However, analysis of the prevalence of commercially-driven, targeted killing of lions for body parts is currently lacking for most major lion populations. In this study we make use of detailed, long-term records of mortality and body part removal from field sites in two of Africa’s lion population strongholds, the Hwange National Park and surrounds, Zimbabwe, within the Kavango Zambezi (KAZA) Transfrontier Conservation Area and the Ruaha landscape in Tanzania, to evaluate potential cases of commercially-driven part removal and targeted killings. We find no evidence of systemic targeted killing of lions for commercial trade at either site and suggest that the majority of part removals are opportunistic and culturally-driven. Nevertheless, we stress the requirement for vigilance around the issue of lion trade and support the development of further range-wide capacity to record wild lion mortality and body part removal data.

Matrix Reference Materials Development for Food Safety Application in Philippine Products

<p>The development of RMs was pioneered in the Philippines by the Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) - DOST as part of its vision to establish metrological traceability and support the RMs needs of chemical testing laboratories in the country. Food safety issues for chemical testing of Philippine products were prioritized in this activity as these could affect the health of consumers and trade issues. Reference methods used for the provision of reference value was developed and validated for contaminants like histamine and benzoic acid in canned tuna and mango juice respectively. The materials were prepared and characterized and found to be homogeneous and stable for at least six (6) months. The reference value assigned to these RMs was done using a higher order method like isotope dilution technique coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LCMSMS). Results were also cross-checked using gravimetric technique for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Certified RMs purchased from Metrology Institutes were also used to further support traceability of measurements. Philippine product RMs were developed for histamine and benzoic acid. The measurement traceability was disseminated by ITDI to local testing laboratories through the Proficiency Test schemes organized and conducted for the said analytes. </p>

The acceptance of critical courses: A case study of a fair trade-related course

This study aims to examine what factors influenced students to accept the development of a new course titled “Coffee, Fair Trade, and Tourism Design” and to discuss what external and internal factors impacted upon students' learning outcomes. The results show that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and voluntariness have significant influences upon students' learning intentions and there are partially mediating effects among facilitating conditions, inquiry learning approach, and learning outcomes. Finally, after completing the investigated course, most students clearly express that they have learned critical/liberal thinking for the globalized issues of fair trade through the transformative learning of this course.

Moving towards developmental regionalism? industrial cooperation in the Eurasian Economic Union from an Armenian and Belarusian perspective

ABSTRACT After two decades of meagre results in post-Soviet regionalism, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is the first gleam of hope. However, research on the EAEU is mostly Russia-centred and focused on trade issues, which leaves the small states’ perspectives and developmental aspects, such as the EAEU’s industrial cooperation agenda, understudied. The small states might disproportionately benefit from a shift towards developmental regionalism, but there are also many challenges associated with this issue. Thus, this paper examines Armenia’s and Belarus’ industrial development prospects in the framework of the EAEU. Based on Regulation Theory, the paper triangulates data from national, supranational and international organisations, official EAEU documents and reports with insights from 10 expert interviews with policy makers, policy advisers and management consultants. The paper identifies diverging (and sometimes conflicting) interests regarding the relevance and concrete arrangement of industrial cooperation, which has particular implications for smaller member states like Armenia and Belarus.

Russia in international economic institutions: are there contradictions in the regional and global agendas?

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the analysis of Russia’s agenda in global and regional international economic institutions. Our aim is to reveal the main goals of Russia’s agenda in these institutions as well as their realisation and to find whether there is a contradiction or complementarity between Russian participation in global and in regional initiatives. We identify three of Russia’s main goals within the system of global and regional economic institutions as follows: increasing the role of Russia in global and regional economic governance; safeguarding the national economy from external shocks and facilitating its development; and ensuring the interests of Russian economic agents. We conclude that on the global level Russia has faced limitations on realising these goals and lacks its own agenda for international finance and trade issues. However, Russia has created and supported mechanisms for their realisation on the regional and trans-regional level.

International trade through the prism of statistics: problems of accounting, evaluation and analysis

In economic research, much attention is traditionally paid to the issues of trade and economic cooperation between states and the development of international trade. This kind of research is based on the materials of official statistics of countries and international organizations, which are not always published on a comparable basis, making it difficult, and sometimes impossible to do an objective analysis of processes taking place both in bilateral economic relations and in international trade in general. The article deals with this important problem of comparability of statistical sources.Using a large amount of factual and statistical material, the authors trace the changes that have occurred in world trade relations of the 21st century, paying special attention to the post-crisis period, they reveal the main features of the geographical and commodity structure of trade, they present a comparative analysis of the rates of development of world exports and imports by groups of countries, assess Russia's participation in international trade, and also demonstrate the methodological content of the main statistical indicators that are used to characterize foreign economic relations.For many decades, international cooperation in the field of statistics has focused on the problem of unifying information on the foreign economic activity of countries. Solving this problem, the UN Statistical Commission has drawn up methodological documents, which are usually called "international statistical standards". Based on the study of these documents, as well as materials of official statistics of countries and other primary sources, the authors characterize the process of international standardization of information on foreign economic relations of countries. The article presents a critical analysis of the key provisions of the latest methodological standards of statistics, considers the practice of their application in countries, including the Russian Federation, identifies the main achievements and problems in this area.

17.B. Round table: Including public health considerations in trade and investment agreements

Abstract There is widespread recognition that trade and investment agreements (TIAs) can affect health services, access to medicines, NCD prevention (particularly related to tobacco, alcohol and unhealthy food) and health systems structures. In addition, these binding international economic agreements can constrain the policy space available for innovative, evidence-based health policymaking. Although TIAs can have positive outcomes for employment and economic growth, these benefits are only likely to accrue when governments are pro-active in implementing complementary policies to mitigate impacts on other sectors and to address potential inequalities arising. The aim of this panel session is to examine the ways in which TIAs can be designed to achieve economic goals while also protecting public health, and identify complementary policy measures that may be needed as well as strategies for strategic policy engagement. This panel will be hosted by the UK-PRP PETRA Network (Prevention of the noncommunicable disease using trade agreements). The UK will be negotiating a range of new TIAs over the coming years, representing a window of opportunity for strategic engagement with policymakers regarding how public health can be protected and promoted within these agreements. There is an emerging global body of evidence regarding how consideration of health can be integrated into TIAs, both textually and through strategic engagement with policymakers before and during the negotiation phase. Experience to date indicates common global challenges and opportunities for health and trade, as well as significant potential for cross country learning regarding trade and health. The panel discussion will use the UK experience as a springboard to address these global issues. The expert panel, drawn from the PETRA Network with expertise in political economy, trade law, economics and public health advocacy, will provide brief overview of the current issues in trade and health and how public health can be protected in trade agreements. The 5-minute panel presentations will briefly summarise how inclusions in TIAs can support and protect policy space for health systems and health services, access to medicines, NCD prevention, and nutrition and food systems. The session will then open for a roundtable discussion among participants regarding 1) country-specific examples and questions regarding health protections; 2) experiences related to health-trade policy engagement; 3) lessons for elevating health on the political agenda, particularly regarding trade. (Note that if there are more than 16 participants, then the workshop will split into small groups for discussion with panel/ PETRA Network resource people. The panel session and discussion will provide the basis for a planned public health-oriented briefing note by the PETRA Network on including public health considerations in trade and investment agreements. Key messages Including consideration of health in trade and investment, agreements can protect policy autonomy for public health and promote good public health outcomes; In order to promote consideration of public health in trade and investment agreements, strategic engagement with trade policymakers before and during the negotiation period is critical.

China-U. S. A Trade Friction on Bilateral Trade

This study is typically descriptive in nature that has been analyses through different componential data of the Chinse and U.S.A economy about the bilateral trade issues. The objective of the paper is to analyze and find the friction areas of Chinese and USA trade and implications. U.S.A-China change friction is dampening the Chinese financial system, particularly through a decline in the call for. Over the medium to a long time, the alternate row should depress China's capability economic growth price via supply-aspect elements., the united states are strengthening regulations on acquisitions of U.S. excessive-tech companies by means of Chinese businesses. This, mixed with strengthened capital manage in China, has brought about a steep decline in Chinese direct investments inside America, from 46 billion bucks in 2016 to 29 billion dollars in 2017 and to 4.8 billion dollars in appearing time will make it more and more tough for China to acquire technology and others from the U.S.A. China and America have discovered bilateral treaties and multilateral regulations which includes the WTO guidelines, economic and trade family members have grown deeper and wider. comparative strengths and the picks of the market, the two international locations have constructed up a jointly useful courting proposing structural synergy and convergence of interests., a few stages of change friction are handiest herbal. the key, however, lies in a way to beautify mutual trust, promote cooperation, and manage variations. principle of resolving disputes thru talk and session, and answering U.S issues with the best stage of staying power and true religion. It has triumphed over many problems and made giant efforts to stabilize China-US economic and change family members via preserving rounds of discussions with the facet of the united states and providing sensible solutions. however, the USA aspect has been contradicting itself and constantly hard in China. As a result, change and economic friction among the two aspects has escalated quick over a short period of time, causing critical damage to the economic and alternate family members that have developed over time thru the collective work of the two governments and the two peoples, and posing a grave risk to the multilateral buying and selling system and the principle of unfastened trade and economics. Keywords: Trade, Implications, Friction. Bilateral DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/86-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Trade, standards and politics: global pressures on front-of-pack nutrition labelling interventions

Abstract Although interpretive front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling is rightly considered a national health policy decision, it is also influenced by global trade agreements and international standards. Over the past decade, Specific Trade Concerns have been repeatedly raised at the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding potential impacts of FOP nutrition labelling initiatives on trade. One of the common concerns raised was regarding the consistency of the measures with international standards. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), which makes global food standards, is currently developing global guidance for FoP nutrition labelling, which will almost certainly influence national policy making. This presentation draws on qualitative policy analysis research on trade concerns and international standards work regarding FOP nutrition labelling. Two challenges are evident at the global policy level. The first is the potential for constraints on policy space for innovative FOP nutrition labelling due to binding trade agreements. The second is the potential for significant industry input into standard development at Codex, which then constitute the reference point for WTO discussions on labelling. Historically, Codex standards have focussed primarily on acute risks, for example, from foodborne disease. This shift in Codex's activities towards standards to address NCDs presents new risks for achievement of public health goals, as a result of the high level of industry involvement in this forum and thus potential commercial conflict of interest. It is imperative that public health actors engage with Codex processes to ensure policy space for national governments to implement strong and effective regulation and allow scope for innovation. At the national policy level, strategic framing of nutrition labelling policy objectives and proactive policy engagement between trade and health can also minimise trade issues.