Introduction Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

Economic Forecast of Further Development for Oil Suppliers to World Markets Against the Background of the Development of Renewable Energy Sources

The energy problem in the conditions of modern economic development has acquired a particularly large scale: this is due to the elevated level of environmental pollution from conventional energy sources and their limited amount in the Earth’s interior. This has forced countries to develop new, renewable energy sources. However, it is relevant to consider the prospects for the development of energy exporting countries, namely oil supplier states. Thus, the purpose of this study is to forecast the development trends of these countries, considering the current pace of introduction of renewable energy sources in the world. Main methods for authoring the paper were modelling and forecasting, considering the model of the future development of the oil market designed in this paper. The authors conclude that the demand for oil, at least in the short and medium term, will increase. This is due to a considerable projected increase in global energy demand, which cannot be met only through the development of renewable energy sources. In this case, most oil-exporting countries may experience an increase in cash receipts over the future. However, authors believes that it is better for these countries, especially the OPEC member states and Azerbaijan, to start pursuing a policy of export diversification to become less dependent in their economic well-being on trends in the energy market and have more sources of income in case of problems in this market. The paper allows taking a fresh look at current changes in the oil market and the role of renewable energy sources in its development

Multi-criterion Analysis of Selected Power Management Strategies in Smart Home Systems

The introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) and modern building automation solutions, known as smart homes, has greatly increased building energy efficiency. The number of smart home solutions and their elements in closed and open systems continues to grow. This paper attempts to present the energy management abilities in KNX smart home systems based on two different strategies applied to two model houses. Solutions based on a cost-effective strategy and solutions based on a comfort strategy were selected for a multi-criterion analysis based on an electric energy balance in selected buildings, economic analysis and analysis of the selected solutions in terms of user comfort. Finally, a comparative analysis was performed for the results of the multi-criterion analysis of smart home systems combined with RES for two selected buildings.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS OF LOCAL ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS (MICROGRID)

The business model of energy as a service (Energy-as-a-service, EaaS) is considered as a direction of development of the concept of 3D (Decarbonization, Decentralization, Digitalization) and the conceptual model of the Internet of energy. At the same time, EaaS is formed in the form of a "package" service model, in which the customer is provided with hardware and software and energy services. EaaS solutions should include consumption management and energy efficiency services, promote the introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) and other decentralized energy sources, and optimize the balance between supply and demand in the electricity market. EaaS is shown to be a broad term for service-driven business models with innovative potential to transform the energy industry
 To assess the specifics of EaaS application to Microgrid, the construction and operation of Microgrid as a local power system or power supply system, which is a technological complex consisting of generation facilities (energy sources), energy flexibility sources and electricity consumers, which are collected under a single management ensuring the most efficient and consumer-friendly energy supply. It is determined that the technological guarantee of the efficiency of modern Microgrid is the ability to integrate and optimally combine different energy sources and flexibility, as well as the presence of a single control loop that allows the best use of these sources.
 Smart Grid as a Service (SGaaS) based on Service-Oriented Architecture is presented. The SGaaS hierarchical architecture provides a promising three-tier architecture that includes an intelligent network level for global optimization, such as minimizing global protection or global costs, a level of coordination to maintain reliability and security in the Smart Grid, and a Microgrid level to monitor end-user device status.
 The implementation of the EaaS and SGaaS mechanisms has stimulated the development of Microgrid as a Service (MaaS) - as a service that offers the deployment of Microgrid, reducing the initial cost of investment and complexity. MaaS has been identified as a new flagship funding mechanism that allows organizations to deploy Microgrid without any prior investment, as a solution that does not require advance capital for energy consumers and focuses on results such as on-site energy. MaaS mechanisms offer customers more control over their energy needs, enabling them to increase the sustainability and reliability of their energy supply, balance energy use, achieve clean energy goals and explore other innovative products and services.

Increasing energy efficiency with a smart farm—An economic evaluation

Rural farms are typically energy-intensive facilities with relatively low energy efficiency. In this sector, the introduction of renewable energies and integrated resource management technologies has been slower than in the domestic and industrial sector. The introduction of renewable energy sources was an important step in the past, but they are currently insufficient, as they do not allow for adequate energy management. The development of new solutions with integrated energy control is especially attractive for these installations as they present the least limitations in terms of space and adaptation to new technologies.This work describes a solution that was developed and implemented in a farm located in central Portugal. The results show that 83.2% reduction in energy from the grid can be achieved, with 5527 kg CO2 savings, and the return on investment (of € 32,434) is about 8 years. However, this period can be shortened if evolutionary options are taken, such as upgrading to electric driven agricultural equipment.

Analysis of international practice in the use of renewable energy sources (RES)

The work analyzed the development of renewable energy sources, taking into account various factors and components. Based on the results of the study, the regions leaders in the development of renewable sources were identified, their relationship with the reliability and uninterrupted power supply and environmental friendliness was determined. Based on the results of the study, conclusions and recommendations were made for the introduction of renewable energy sources in industry.

АНАЛІЗ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ВІДНОВЛЮВАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ЕНЕРГІЇ В КРАЇНАХ ЄС

The article confirms that it is necessary to assess the current state of the energy sector and develop future directions in the EU energy sector. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical, methodological provisions and practical recommendations for the introduction of renewable energy sources in the EU countries. The analysis of the structure and volume of energy production from renewable energy sources in the EU countries was carried out. Cluster analysis based on k-means and Ward methods was used. Eight model variables (energy sources) are analyzed: hydro, hydrothermal, wind, solar, solid primary biofuels, biogas, renewable utility costs, liquid biofuels. Based on the results of this analysis, it was determined that the optimal number of clusters accepted for calculations in the k-means method is four. Dispersion analysis showed that wind energy played the largest role in identifying the EU countries in individual clusters. The value of the F-statistic for this variable is the largest and is 149.33. The second most important distribution criterion was the energy obtained from biogases (statistical value F=117.72). Geothermal energy, for which the F-statistic was only 2.37, was the least important source for identifying EU countries based on the adopted criterion. An improved methodology for assessing the composition of energy production from renewable energy sources allows you to take into account additional factors in the development and implementation of new climate strategies, taking into account the diversity of the energy market in the EU. It is determined that the results of the study can be used for the development of a common energy and climate policy of the EU countries. The use of taxonomic methods to analyze the structure and volume of energy production from RES in individual EU countries with new relative perspectives, that take into account the specifics of these countries provides an analytical basis for making effective management decisions. The results certainly confirm the assessment of the current state of renewable energy in the EU and are a source of new knowledge which can be used to improve the state of the environment.

Перспективы развития топливно-энергетического комплекса Дальнего Востока в условиях энергоперехода

The paper analyzes the prerequisites for the export-oriented development of the fuel and energy complex of the Far East of Russia. The author summarizes the largest projects planned for implementation in the mining sectors of the complex, the prospects for the development of technological sectors are reviewed: the introduction of renewable energy sources and the creation of a new industry – hydrogen energy. It is shown that the optimistic forecasts of demand for coal in world markets and the development of projects in the industry, accompanied by more than 2-fold increase in production, are contrary to the trends of the energy transfer. At the same time, the negative effects of the strategy for the development of the fuel and energy complex are redistributed in favor of the federal center

Optimal Intelligence Planning of Wind Power Plants and Power System Storage Devices in Power Station Unit Commitment Based

Renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind turbines (WT) and solar cells have attracted the attention of power system operators and users alike, thanks to their lack of environmental pollution, independence of fossil fuels, and meager marginal costs. With the introduction of RES, challenges have faced the unit commitment (UC) problem as a traditional power system optimization problem aiming to minimize total costs by optimally determining units’ inputs and outputs, and specifying the optimal generation of each unit. The output power of RES such as WT and solar cells depends on natural factors such as wind speed and solar irradiation that are riddled with uncertainty. As a result, the UC problem in the presence of RES faces uncertainties. The grid consumed load is not always equal to and is randomly different from the predicted values, which also contributes to uncertainty in solving the aforementioned problem. The current study proposes a novel two-stage optimization model with load and wind farm power generation uncertainties for the security-constrained UC to overcome this problem. The new model is adopted to solve the wind-generated power uncertainty, and energy storage systems (ESSs) are included in the problem for further management. The problem is written as an uncertain optimization model which are the stochastic nature with security-constrains which included undispatchable power resources and storage units. To solve the UC programming model, a hybrid honey bee mating and bacterial foraging algorithm is employed to reduce problem complexity and achieve optimal results.

Sistem Monitoring dan Pengisian Daya Baterai Pada Sepeda Motor Listrik Secara Adaptive

Development of the automotive world, more and more fuel oil is required to refuel cars. As the price of oil continues to rise, the automotive industry has begun to develop non-petroleum fueled motorcycles, one of which is electric motorcycles. Although it is currently very difficult to completely replace fossil fuels, the introduction of renewable energy sources will be very important to start immediately. One of them is a system to reuse an existing battery charging system on an electric motor in turn, where, when the engine is running, the charging system uses a DC generator located on the electric motor. And when the engine stops, the charging system uses the current source from PLN.

THE BASIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GREEN ECONOMY MODEL IN THE BUSINESS PROCESSES OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY

At present, the totality of global environmental and economic threats and challenges has put the world economic science in front of the need to find a new way of developing the world economy. The new model of economic growth must satisfy two main criteria: firstly, to find a qualitatively new direction of growth, and secondly, to ensure the preservation and improvement of the quality of the environment for human life, that is, to ensure new economic growth without negative consequences for the environment. Many modern scientists see the solution of these problems in a relatively new direction in the economy, which has existed for just over 30 years - the "green" economy. Their opinion is shared by leading politicians and civil servants of the world's economic powers. The directions of the "green" economy system are considered: introduction of renewable energy sources; improvement of the waste management system; improvement of the water resources management system; development of "clean" transport; organic farming in agriculture; energy efficiency in housing and communal services; conservation and effective management of ecosystems. As a result of the analysis, key ones were identified directions in which the green economy is moving, systematized basic support tools that divided into price and non-price, in more detail characterized by price with the separation of financial tools that experts focus on international organizations for sustainable development. The main elements of the state are defined green growth strategies and analyzed the situation harmonization of the influence of developed countries on the development of "green" economy. An understanding of the essence and description of the goals of "green" technologies is proposed, which implies work not with the consequences, but with the causes of environmental problems. Considered the "green" experience of developed countries and global companies. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that the concept of a "green" economy is an innovative development project, but to achieve sustainability it is necessary to use the experience of other companies. One of the main problems was noticed, this is the use of pseudo environmental friendliness by companies for their own commercial purposes.

Green Energy in Ukraine: State, Public Demands, and Trends

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and address the challenges of implementing green energy in Ukraine, in particular, to identify its advantages and disadvantages. The implementation of solar renewable sources—stations, panels, and batteries—is emphasized. The results of sociological surveys of Ukrainian public opinion on environmental issues, in particular, energy issues, are presented. The existence of public demand for renewable energy and the readiness of the population to use renewable energy sources are identified. A strategy for strengthening the country’s energy independence in the face of new globalization challenges is defined. General scientific methods as well as special methods were used in this paper: statistical analysis, secondary analysis of data from sociological studies of public institutions, and desk analysis of documents and reports from public services. In this paper, it is concluded that Ukraine is geographically and territorially attractive for green energy development and investment. It is important that there is a public and state demand in the country to strengthen the country’s energy security, in particular, through the introduction of renewable energy sources. Therefore, despite drawbacks and obstacles, green energy in Ukraine has great prospects.

English

Power Quality (PQ) modeling and evaluation is very important in recent times due to complexity in the grid network and this was based on the injection of non-linear devices and continuous introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) into the existing networks. The continuous introduction of RES and non-linear devices such as inverters, uninterruptible power supplies has contributed to power quality index such as short, medium, long interruptions, voltage dips, flickers, voltage swells, spikes, and harmonics among others. This paper reviewed the indices of PQ. Measurements were carried out with the aid of multimeter for certain areas of Ado-Ekiti metropolis for a period of 24 hours in aweek. A linear and nonlinear model was developed based on voltage deviation output of straight line and sine trend which are -0.00667 T +0.21 and0.13-0.04 sin 30(T-12) as a function of time of 0 to 11:59 and 12:00 to 24:00 respectively. The result shows that the maximum deviation of 0.21%occurs at 0:00 and decreases as it tends toward noon, while from noon the deviation is in sinusoidal format ranging at 0.09% to 0.17%.

Modeling of Prospects for the Development of Regional Renewable Energy

It has been proven that to solve the problems that arise in the combinatorial modeling of the prospects for the development of regional renewable energy, an algorithmically simple general combinatorial approach is the most appropriate option. The conceptual express method and corresponding mechanisms of the economic estimation of the efficiency of variants of the formation of regional systems of renewable energy have been suggested. These variants take into account the inflationary factors which serve as a basis of the analysis of investment and innovative projects of renewable energy sources by means of combinatorial modeling methods. To qualitatively analyze the effectiveness of the compared options, the system of existing indicators of the economic efficiency of renewable energy sources at the meso-level has been studied. The system was supplemented by informal and environmental indicators, the need for which is due to the fact that they have a significant impact on renewable energy in the region. Factors that significantly determine the effectiveness of the investment and innovation project for the introduction of renewable energy sources into the regional economy have been substantiated.

A Simplified Model of the Russian Gas Industry

Russia feels confident in the group of leading countries in the production and export of natural gas (natural and associated) due to the largest proven reserves. The unique ecological properties of natural gas in comparison with other types of fossil fuels, according to analysts of the largest international energy companies and leading world energy agencies, will allow it to maintain an ever-increasing demand in the future until 2040, despite the massive introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) around the world. There is no consensus among the forecasters about the levels achieved at the end of the forecast period and the growth rates. According to forecasts, the main drivers of gas demand growth will be the third world countries, which will be led by India and China. According to forecasts, the European gas market will stagnate due to the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies, global climate change and the massive construction of renewable energy sources in the large and small electric power industry, due to significant legislative and significant economic preferences. The COVID 19 pandemic has significantly reduced the demand for gas, which, together with low prices in all world markets, calls into question the implementation of not only the most capital-intensive projects, but also projects with medium capital intensity. In this regard, the creation of a simplified model of the gas industry in Russia is becoming more urgent.

Directions for the development of renewable energy sources in Russia using information technologies during the formation of the climate crisis

This work is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the development of renewable energy (RES) in Russia; or rather, provides effective directions for overcoming the climate crisis using information technology. The aim of the work is to study the impact of green energy both on the situation in the global energy market and on the infrastructural connectivity of the regions, on the basis of which projects for the introduction of alternative energy are being implemented. A comparative analysis of several countries has shown the effectiveness of the introduction of renewable energy sources into energy systems. Territorial studies have made it possible to identify regions where a full or partial transition from traditional energy to alternative energy as a source of energy supply will increase financial sustainability and improve the ecological situation of the environment. Based on the results of the work carried out, the most pragmatic direction for the development of renewable energy sources for the Russian energy system was determined. The article is supplied with graphic materials and tables, as well as a detailed description of each stage of the study.

Impact of wind and solar power plants on the reliability of the IPS

One of the most promising areas in the development of the electric power industry is generally regarded to lie in expanding the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electric energy balance of power systems in the form of wind and solar power plants (WPP and SPP), the saving of organic fuel (coal, gas, fuel oil) and the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions into the atmosphere considered to be their most important advantages. However, the impact of RES on the controllability of the modes of operation of electric power systems and on the reliability of the IPS operation remains quite unexplored.Currently, the global energy industry uses 318 million kW of WPP and about 142.4 million kW of SPP, of which the major West European countries account for about 227 million kW, or 49.3%. On average, wind and solar power plants account for almost 30% of the total generating capacity in Western Europe, with Denmark having the largest share of WPP (47%) and Germany having the highest share of SPP (18.6%). However, an uncontrolled growth in the share of WPP and SPP in the structure of generating capacities of power systems begins to manifest itself in a sharp decline in the reliability of the power industry due to the fact that a number of negative properties of WPP and SPP have not been taken into account (at least, to a sufficient extent), which manifested themselves in practice in a system accident in the UK power system that occurred on August 09, 2019, when, as a result of an "ordinary" short circuit, a system accident occurred, with up to 1.1 million consumers with a total load of 1690 MW disconnected from the power supply system for a period of 15 to 45 minutes. This is estimated to have resulted in economic losses for consumers amounting to 12.3–15.0 million USD.The reason for this is that the high sensitivity of WPP, SPP, CCGT and gas piston units to voltage and frequency drops is not properly considered in conditions of insufficient capacity of the rotating (mobile) generation reserve. Damage can be prevented by increasing the rotating reserve within the available reserve of the power system, which will require an increase in funds for maintaining the same due to additional fuel consumption. The ratio of reduction of probable damage to consumers and the cost of additional fuel consumption for maintenance of a required rotating reserve in the power system allows to economically substantiate the strategy and scale of introduction of renewable energy sources to the power industry.

Reduction of Power Imbalances Using Battery Energy Storage System in a Bulk Power System with Extremely Large Photovoltaics Interactions

Power imbalances such as power shortfalls and photovoltaic (PV) curtailments have become a major problem in conventional power systems due to the introduction of renewable energy sources. There can be large power shortfalls and PV curtailments because of PV forecasting errors. These imbalances might increase when installed PV capacity increases. This study proposes a new scheduling method to reduce power shortfalls and PV curtailments in a PV integrated large power system with a battery energy storage system (BESS). The model of the Kanto area, which is about 30% of Japan’s power usage with 60 GW grid capacity, is used in simulations. The effect of large PV power integration of 50 GW and 100 GW together with large BESS capacity of 100 GWh and 200 GWh has been studied. Mixed integer linear programming technique is used to calculate generator unit commitment and BESS charging and discharging schedules. The simulation results are shown for two months with high and low solar irradiance, which include days with large PV over forecast and under forecast errors. The results reveal that the proposed method eliminates power shortfalls by 100% with the BESS and reduce the PV curtailments by 69.5% and 95.2% for the months with high and low solar irradiance, respectively, when 200 GWh BESS and 100 GW PV power generation are installed.

The Development Of Renewable Energy In The Context Of Formation Of Innovative Economy And Energy Independence As The Geopolitical Priorities Of The State

Due to the deepening imbalances in the development of world energy and the uneven distribution of traditional energy resources, countries are forced to apply innovative forms and methods of radical changes in the structure of energy consumption. The formation of energy independence is based on the use of the innovative potential of the economy and the introduction of renewable energy sources. The econometric analysis showed a high level of influence of energy consumption based on wind and solar energy, the share of energy supplies from renewable sources, imports of mineral fuel, oil and its distillation products, financing of innovative activities of industrial enterprises on the country’s GDP in a multifactor model. The implementation of innovative restructuring of the energy sector will reduce the level of energy intensity of GDP, increase the share of energy derived from renewable energy sources and reduce the consumption of traditional energy resources, which will provide an appropriate level of energy independence. The assimilation of complex world-class innovations in the field of energy determine the criteria of energy efficiency, encourage the active implementation of such measures, through which it is possible to predict the results of further scientific and practical search.

Опыт организации коммуникационных сетей передачи данных СВИ в системах мониторинга и управления

Changing the characteristics of modern power system associated with the introduction of renewable energy sources and technologies for flexible control of the power system operation mode. This necessitates changing requirements to the functionality of Protection, Automation and Control Systems (PACS). These requirements are based on the need to adapt the PACS algorithms to the new operating conditions of the power system and consider advances in digital technology and information and communication technology. One of the most important conditions for solving this problem is the need to use in PACS the information about the processes of new quality occurring in the power system. Currently, the technology that provides measurement of electric modes parameters of power system with standardized accuracy and time synchronization not exceeding 1 µs, as well as data transmission over arbitrarily long distances with minimal delay and data losses is synchrophasor technology. Development of software based on synchrophasor technology and its implementation for monitoring and control of the electric mode of the power system leads to a constant increase in the amount of data transmitted to the control centers of the System operator and puts forward additional requirements to improve the quality of information received. Therefore, there is a task of maximum use of the resource of existing communication networks, which requires the adoption of complex technical solutions related to the optimization of the architecture of communication networks, improvement of information transfer technologies, organization of automatic life cycle monitoring of PACS (WAMPAC). The paper presents the practical experience and research results of the System operator on the organization of communication networks, providing reliability in the transmission of a large amount of data in real time with the necessary quality for their application in monitoring and control tasks in real time.

ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ВІДНОВЛЮВАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ЕНЕРГІЇ: МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЙНІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ТА ІННОВАЦІЙНО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ

The article examines the preconditions for the aggravation of environmental danger for Ukraine and the world as a whole, in particular in the context of the intensifying economic crisis. The long-term plans of the International Energy Agency to achieve “zero” carbon emissions by 2050 have been assessed. It was found that in order to ensure the growth of the world economy by the middle of the XXI century, it is necessary to increase energy efficiency, in particular in terms of active use of renewable energy sources. Energy efficient measures to ensure energy security of the urban agglomeration are summarized. In order to develop alternative energy sources, investments are needed in the energy sector (the annual share of investments in renewable sources in 2020 was 38%, which is $258.9 billion). Enhancement of energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energy sources should take place in the context of modernization of energy infrastructure of urban agglomerations: financing of technical re-equipment of energy assets, development of energy networks, reduction of energy intensity of industrial products, introduction of energy audit, etc. Ukraine has been ranked 8th in the world as one of the most attractive markets for renewable energy investment, but long-standing debt and incomplete energy market reform do not fully realize the potential (this is adversely affected by political mistakes, populist decisions, corruption and poor quality of energy management in Ukraine). It is proved that in the way of ecological safety creates barriers and a difficult situation with environmental protection, which significantly reduces the quality and comfort of life. It is proposed to create a strong environmental infrastructure in order to increase environmental security in the context of ensuring economic security; to introduce innovative ecological technologies; rationalize the processing of solid waste; to build modern waste processing plants, etc. Environmental legislation and governance in the field of energy policy is, unfortunately, a problematic area of current global change initiated by the EU to promote the use of environmentally friendly energy among EU member states.