Interstate Relations Research Articles

Activities of the Turkish Maarif Educational Foundation in Confrontation with the Hizmet Movement

Educational programs can be a valuable tool in the cultural diplomacy of modern countries. As a soft power tool, organizations seek to expand their geographic reach by opening educational institutions in different parts of the world in order to spread the influence of their state. In Türkiye, such an organization has long been the Hizmet movement, and in recent years it has been a state-owned the Maarif Foundation . In the study, for the first time in Russian Oriental Studies, an analysis of the activities of the Turkish state Maarif educational foundation in the confrontation with the banned in Türkiye and a number of countries’ Hizmet movements is conducted. Since the declaration of this structure as a terrorist organization on the territory of Türkiye, the Maarif Foundation has been reassigning educational institutions around the world. The most important event in this regard is the coup attempt of July 15, 2016, in which Fethullah Gülen, the ideological mastermind of the movement, was accused. As a result, all schools associated with the Hizmet movement were closed in Türkiye. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that it considers almost the only case in history of confrontation between two organizations, which are instruments of “soft power” of a country. The purpose of the study is to examine the current issues of the Maarif Foundation’s activities as part of the confrontation with the Hizmet movement. The work includes a qualitative analysis of the official documents of the Turkish state foundation, the laws of the Republic of Türkiye, as well as a discourse analysis of Hizmet’s media products. As a result, it was revealed that despite the rather successful work of the Turkish state educational organization in question, it is not necessary to speak about the complete defeat of Hizmet by the beginning of 2023. By now Maarif state foundation regulates the activity of educational institutions in 49 countries, while according to our calculations the Gülen movement retains a high status in 60 states. It has been revealed that Hizmet’s activities directly or indirectly influence Türkiye’s interstate relations with those countries where Gülen schools operate. It has been established that the demands of the Turkish side to close the institutions of the movement have led to short-lived diplomatic crises between Ankara and some of the host countries. It has been shown that the emergence of Maarif in a particular country does not necessarily lead to the closure of Gülen institutions.

Exiled Participants of the January Insurrection in Altai (1863-1864)

The topic of the Siberian exile of the participants of the January Insurrection (1863-1864) is one of the most important and complex, occupying a special place both in Russian history and in the history of neighboring countries. The relevance of this problem is determined by the importance of this event, which had a great impact on the formation of Russian-Polish relations in the 19th century, the need for a detailed study of the life of the participants of the insurrection in Siberian exile. Extremely difficult interstate relations in the modern world cause an acute need to address the historical experience of cohabitation and interaction of exiles of different nationalities who found themselves in Siberian conditions in the second half of the 19th century. In this regard, there is a need for further in-depth study of the living conditions of exiles in Siberia, their relationship with the administration and the local population. The article deals with the period of stay in Altai of the participants of the January Insurrection (1863-1864), exiled from Mogilev, Minsk, Vitebsk, Grodno provinces. Based on the available sources, the work reflects the issues of the number, places of accommodation, material situation, activities of the exiles, supplemented with details of their biography. Some of the exiles served as scribes, accountants, engaged in education, crafts, beekeeping, having a significant impact on the development of the local population. In the process of direct communication in the conditions of living in Altai, interethnic relations and contacts between the exiles were formed.

Interstate Relations between the Russian Empire and Spain in the Sphere of Trade at the beginning of the XIX century

Interstate Relations between the Russian Empire and Spain in the Sphere of Trade at the beginning of the XIX century

Diplomatic archives: the Polish segment (1918–1991) in the Ukrainian archives

The purpose of the article is to comprehend the essence of the concept of “diplomatic archive” and to review documents, which were created in the activities of Polish diplomatic and consular institutions and/or are related to the development of Polish-Ukrainian interstate relations, preserved in state archives in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, determinism, and special scientific methods of scientific heuristics, information analysis, and source criticism. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by a comprehensive analysis of the composition and content of the Polish segment in “the Ukrainian diplomatic archive” – documents generated in the activities of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates in UNR/UkrSSR and materials on surveillance of Polish diplomats in the UkrSSR during 1918–1991. Conclusions. The Polish segment in the Ukrainian diplomatic archive is not a complete set. These are documents related to contacts of the Polish mission with the authorities and institutions of the host country: drafts and texts of treaties and conventions; authorization documents of the heads of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates; official correspondence of the highest state level; documents generated in the course of activities of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates in the host country; documents related to the implementation of consular functions; audiovisual documents; materials of special services’ supervision and materials of party control over the activities of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates. It seems important to create a common archival and information base on the composition and content of Polish and Ukrainian diplomatic archives.

Diplomatic archives: the Polish segment (1918–1991) in the Ukrainian archives

The purpose of the article is to comprehend the essence of the concept of “diplomatic archive” and to review documents, which were created in the activities of Polish diplomatic and consular institutions and/or are related to the development of Polish-Ukrainian interstate relations, preserved in state archives in Ukraine. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, determinism, and special scientific methods of scientific heuristics, information analysis, and source criticism. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by a comprehensive analysis of the composition and content of the Polish segment in “the Ukrainian diplomatic archive” – documents generated in the activities of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates in UNR/UkrSSR and materials on surveillance of Polish diplomats in the UkrSSR during 1918–1991. Conclusions. The Polish segment in the Ukrainian diplomatic archive is not a complete set. These are documents related to contacts of the Polish mission with the authorities and institutions of the host country: drafts and texts of treaties and conventions; authorization documents of the heads of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates; official correspondence of the highest state level; documents generated in the course of activities of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates in the host country; documents related to the implementation of consular functions; audiovisual documents; materials of special services’ supervision and materials of party control over the activities of Polish diplomatic missions and consulates. It seems important to create a common archival and information base on the composition and content of Polish and Ukrainian diplomatic archives.

Unpacking Taiwan’s ‘People-Centred’ New Southbound Policy in Indonesia: A Transnational Perspective

Almost eight years since the start of Taiwan’s people-centred New Southbound Policy (NSP) in 2016, various discussions have arisen regarding the policy’s efficacy in enhancing Taiwan’s external relations with targeted countries in the Indo-Pacific region. Most scholars have primarily addressed this policy from a state-centric perspective, focusing on the impact of the policy on bilateral interstate relations. Contrary to the existing approach, this article employs a transnational perspective by looking at the practice and success of the policy from both state and non-state level analysis. The use of this approach gives a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the NSP and offers an alternative view on the study of foreign policy by focusing on the transnational level of interactions. Drawing on the case study of the talent exchange program between Indonesia and Taiwan, this article argues that while the NSP has improved the number of student, worker and academic exchanges between Taiwan and Indonesia, the policy has not achieved its aim of extending ‘genuine two-way’ exchanges, resulting in asymmetrical relations that present challenges to the overall achievement of the NSP. Keywords: New Southbound Policy, transnational politics, foreign policy, Taiwan, Indonesia. *

Теоретико-прикладные аспекты развития прав и свобод человека и гражданина

Introduction. The doctrine of human rights and freedoms attracts a wide range of scientists. Under presentday conditions, a number of well-established and seemingly traditional approaches to their definition and legal regulation are being rethought. Both external factors, such as interstate relations, and internal factors, like constitutional amendments, can influence these processes. Methods. The methodological framework for the study is a set of methods of scientific cognition, including such main ones as the methods of consistency, analysis, and comparative law. Results. The paper analyzes the doctrinal sources dealing with the dynamics of rights and freedoms, as well as the constitutional and other norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. Conclusions. It is proposed that, taking into account the existing classification of rights and freedoms, depending on the sphere of their manifestation, their scientific component should be developed, namely, the scientific definition of personal, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, in view of their specifics. Attention is focused on new groups of rights – informational and somatic ones. Information technologies are an important means of realizing the full range of human and civil rights and freedoms. The author’s scientific definition of somatic rights is given in the paper. The proposals are made to improve the acts of constitutional and family legislation.

Entangled migration states: mobility and state-building in France and Algeria

ABSTRACT This article develops the concept of ‘entangled migration states’ as a means of highlighting the centrality of migration governance to state-building processes, the constitution of state sovereignty, and interstate relations. Drawing on the example of France and Algeria, it demonstrates the key role that migration played in three phases of state-building: the colonial period of Algérie française; the Algerian nationalist independence movement; and postcolonial state-building. In the case of France and Algeria, at least three actors constructed and instrumentalised migration and mobility regimes as sources of power and control – the French imperial state; the non-state Algerian independence movement; and the newly sovereign postcolonial Algerian state. A focus on the entangled nature of migration management allows for a deeper historicisation of contemporary migration regimes and draws attention to the central role played by migration diplomacy and transnational governmentality in contemporary migration management regimes, thus calling into question some of the spatial assumptions undergirding the ‘migration state’ concept. The article traces the evolution of mobility patterns and control in the Franco-Algerian case; their relationship to state-building processes; and the implications for rethinking the ‘migration state’.

ВЛИЯНИЕ САНКЦИЙ НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ РЫНОК И ЭКОНОМИКУ РОССИИ

This article reviews the views of prominent Russian economic figures on the imposed economic sanctions, as well as their foreign colleagues. An analysis is made of the benefits of sanctions against Russia for the main participants in the “Western coalition”. Using the example of the natural gas market, the inappropriateness of blocking energy supplies from Russia is shown. The financial losses from the unfinished Nord Stream 2 project are presented, and how instability in interstate relations between Russia and the EU affected the price of natural gas on the European energy market is considered. In conclusion, conclusions are presented and prospects for economic development for Russia under conditions of sanctions pressure are outlined.

Chinese historiography of China’s relations with Central Asian countries since 1991 and the issues of their interaction at the present stage

The article outlines the key phases in the evolution of China's interstate relations with Central Asian nations since 1991 from the perspective of Chinese historiography. Prospects for collaboration and the role of the “spirit of the Silk Road” in resolving the challenges that have developed are also taken into consideration.

Saving the population in the paradigm of state legal sovereignty: norms, deviations, challenges, solutions

The study examines the content of demographic policy, the impact of the state of the population on ensuring state and legal sovereignty, reveals the role of such factors as natural population growth, its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the country's ability to strengthen national cohesion and maintain independence in the conditions of aggravating interstate relations and the beginning of digitalization era. Russia's policy of reviving competitiveness and influencing the political world order relies not only on diplomatic, but also on other components of state sovereignty, which can be qualified as territorial, industrial, technological, legal, educational, cultural, informational, as well as other components, among which demographic sovereignty plays an important role. It is ensured by a strong social policy in the field of population conservation, its quantitative and qualitative condition, as well as responsible regulation of migration processes.

A Model of Cooperation for a United Europe Avant la Lettre. Premises and Evolution of the Little Entente in a New Paradigm: the Pact of Organization (1933)

The end of the First World War determined structural changes on the map of Europe, resulting from the disintegration of the Great Empires and the emergence of new state actors. A paradigm shift arrived, revolving around the liberal model, the Wilsonian vision summarized in the “14 points”, the principles, values and the democratic framework underpinning the Covenant of the League of Nations and the activity of the Geneva forum. The new model for building peace and interstate relations generated, besides clear benefits, several challenges. They were more acutely experienced by Romania and the states in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly driven to preserve the status quo, combat revisionism and build lasting alliances.

The effect of geopolitical risks on TNC location decision from antagonizing countries in the Russian Federation in light of the Ukrainian crisis

The paper investigates the effect of geopolitical risks in the Russian Federation on foreign direct investment (FDI) from antagonizing countries in light of the Ukrainian crisis. Using the Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR), the empirical analysis works on panel data on inward FDI from 90 countries from 2007 to 2020. The estimation method of RWLS concluded that rising GPR deters flows and stocks of FDI coming from antagonizing countries, which confirms that interstate relations and geopolitical factors impact the location decision of transnational corporations. On a sectoral level, we found a negative effect in the secondary and tertiary sectors, with a greater effect in the secondary one, which indicates that vertical FDI is more sensitive to geopolitical risks than horizontal ones. However, the impact of GPR on inward FDI in the primary sector is positive, which indicates that antagonizing countries seek to control energy and mining sectors in the Russian federation during geopolitical tension.

The role of Council of Europe law and ECtHR practice in the protection of refugee rights

h negotiations and litigation, and the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes is one of the fundamental principles of international law, there are still subjects of international law in the world who prefer the military way of dispute settlement and violate the fundamental principles of peaceful interstate relations. One of the most striking examples is the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against an independent European state - Ukraine. Russia not only violated the fundamental principles of international law, such as peaceful settlement of disputes, respect for the sovereignty of the state, etc. but also caused a huge number of human rights violations. As a result of the armed aggression, many Ukrainian citizens were forced to seek refuge abroad in European countries. Thus, the issue of legal regulation of the rights of refugees in Europe is relevant both for the European countries that accept and protect such refugees, and for the citizens of Ukraine who are forced to obtain such status. The author of the article paid special attention to the protection of refugees' rights within the framework of the Council of Europe law and the ECtHR case law, as these institutions are key to the protection of human rights in the European space. Thus, the study of the role of the Council of Europe and the ECtHR will provide an opportunity to understand the overall picture of refugee protection in the region. In general, the growth of annual migration volumes makes it necessary to pay special attention to this issue, especially in relation to forced migrants who are vulnerable and in need of protection by the host state. The purpose of this article is to explore the role and significance of the law of the Council of Europe, as well as the ECHR in the protection of the rights and freedoms of refugees in the European region, as well as the current issues faced by Ukrainian refugees in European countries. In addition, the article examines the fundamental approaches to the understanding of the concept of refugee in the theoretical and legal plane.

America before 1787: A Review Article

Abstract America before 1787: The Unraveling of a Colonial Regime, is the second volume in Jon Elster's trilogy analyzing the processes leading up to the American (1787) and French constitutions (1791). This article explores the toolbox the book provides for social scientists. Based on a study of the American case, the book examines the mental tendencies, mechanisms, and strategies useful for investigating other cases, such as interstate relations within federations or collective mobilization. Among the book's many themes, this article focuses on the tension between freedom of choice, fear, and constraint and the mechanisms by which such tension can be analyzed. Generally speaking, the book reflects a desire to unite history and psychology and is characterized by an original epistemology in the field of contemporary social sciences that cautions social scientists against the temptation to see intentions and strategies where there are none and to formulate predictions despite the indeterminate nature of social behavior. Additionally, in line with Elster's earlier work, the book emphasizes the role of emotions in beliefs and choices and offers tools for examining emotions.

Legal Frontier in the Regulation of Cross-Border Public Relations

INTRODUCTION. When it comes to regulating cross-border relations, the rules of law of a given state, foreign national laws and international legal norms are/may all be applicable. In their entirety, these norms form a sort of buffer zone between existing legal systems, i.e. create a legal phenomenon that can be called a legal frontier. It is within the framework of this frontier that numerous legal phenomena occur, with the very concept of their existence in recent years being either challenged or blatantly denied.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The provisions of international treaties, the national legislation of Russia and other states, as well as numerous works of Russian and foreign researchers were used as materials for this study. The study relies on the general scientific and special methods as its methodological foundation.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study found that foreign laws do not coincide, applying them to regulate crossborder relations leads to cases where relations of the same category are managed differently even within a single state. All known sources of law serve as the generators of norms that govern cross-border relations, which is not the case for either domestic or international interstate relations. Additionally, new sources of international legal norms have emerged and their objective is to regulate cross-border public relations not specified in Art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The article states that significant changes in the theory of general international law (as well as in the general theory of law) are caused by the emergence of self-executing international legal norms designed to regulate cross-border social relations specifically.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author comes to the conclusion that the emergence of self-executing international legal norms required a change in the very definition of international law, admitting the impossibility of the existence of any universal theory of the relationship between international and national law, as well as specifying the nature of the object and subject of an international treaty. The use of self-executing international legal norms as regulators of crossborder public relations does not transform these relations into international interstate relations and does not turn their subjects into subjects of international law. These relations remain as cross-border relations, and their subjects have an exclusively cross-border legal standing, regardless of which legal system norm was responsible for regulating them.

К вопросу о правовом регулировании концессионных соглашений в Республике Абхазия

The article scrutinizes the role of concession agreements and public-private partnership in the Republic of Ab-khazia in the legal analysis of problems and prospects of their development in the Republic of Abkhazia. The authors ascertain the necessity of adopting a law at the legislative level, which would regulate the issues relat-ing to the conclusion, execution and termination of concession agreements. The paper compares it with the Russian concession legislation, and also states the fact of the existence of interstate relations in this area, albeit not in its entirety. The authors formalize the main problems hindering the optimal development of concession relations, in particular, such as the absence of a full-fledged law regulating the conclusion and execution of concession agreements, the lack of possibility to conclude agreements with foreign companies. The article develops and substantiates a system of measures to resolve these problems, aimed at strengthening this insti-tute of business law.

PREREQUISITES AND TASKS OF CHANGING THE FUNCTIONS AND FORM OF THE REGIONAL TYPOLOGY OF THE LUGANSK REGION

Donbas has successively gone through several stages of formation as a regional unit. Changes were formed under the influence of external factors, with a significant part of administrative coercion, which contributed to the accumulation of structural problems and contradictions. In the current period, the region is engulfed in war. Another stage of structural changes in the region is being recorded. It is difficult to predict the scale and nature of changes in the functions of the regional typology, but there are reasons to believe that certain functions of the regional typology will undergo significant changes. This will lead to changes in form with an impact on the transformation of the engineering and planning organization of the region as a whole. The aim of the research is to determine the trends, circumstances and prerequisites for changes in the functions and form of Luhansk region. To analyze the correspondence of regional typologies according to the features of function and form in modern conditions of armed conflict. Determine the task of urban development of the region in accordance with modern conditions. 
 The research shows that the functions of the region, Luhansk region in particular, have changed. Luhansk region in modern conditions acquires features that do not fall under the existing classification. A border region is being formed, the main function of which is not cross-border cooperation and the development of interstate relations, but the formation of the border in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction, the construction of a security zone. The inconsistency of typological features forms the task of updating the regional model of the planning organization. The regional model of territorial planning will involve closing the border, making it impossible to be transparent; suspension of transport connections - road and rail; restriction of the movement of citizens in the direction of the border of Russia, that is, the introduction of a special transit regime; disconnection of engineering networks from communication with the aggressor country. 
 The tasks of urban development are based on principles, among the main ones it should be highlighted - the principle of security and safety, accessibility, autonomy, adaptability, attractiveness, environmental friendliness and reproduction of the environment. The principles of urban development in the tasks of reproduction of the occupied territories are given in the article. Factors influencing the processes of urban development in the conditions of post-war development are analyzed. The task of urban development of the region in accordance with modern conditions is formulated.

Collaborative efforts in ASEAN for global asset recovery frameworks to combat corruption in the digital era

In the contemporary digital age, corruption has evolved into a common enemy, transcending borders and becoming a transnational and extraordinary crime. Within the ASEAN framework, corruption is no longer perceived as the concern of a single nation but as a shared threat to all member states and the global community at large. Despite the pervasive and deeply entrenched nature of corruption, concerted efforts have been made to combat this scourge. Among these measures, asset recovery stands out as an extraordinary tool, addressing not only the prevention and enforcement aspects but also the crucial task of repatriating ill-gotten gains to their rightful country of origin. Indonesia and the ASEAN community have entered into various treaties aimed at facilitating asset recovery, with the ASEAN Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (AMLAT) serving as a pivotal legal instrument in this endeavour. Recognizing the transnational nature of corruption, interstate relations and diplomatic cooperation have assumed a vital role in supporting the success of asset recovery processes. This study explores the evolving landscape of corruption in the digital age, its transformation into a transnational concern, and the collective efforts undertaken within ASEAN to combat it. By focusing on asset recovery as an extraordinary measure, it sheds light on the multifaceted dimensions of eradicating corruption and emphasizes the importance of international collaboration in returning misappropriated assets to their rightful owners.

SA JUGA SRBIJE U JUŽNU AMERIKU – SLAVOLjUB ĐERA PETROVIĆ KAO POSLANIK (AMBASADOR) U ARGENTINI 1953–1958.

Born and raised in Niš, Slavoljub Djera Petrović was partisan commander in South Serbia during the Second World War. After the war he became a diplomat. With only 33 he was appointed as Yugoslav envoy in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. In Buenos Aires, Petrović faced several challenges like repairing errors of his predecessors considering relations between Yugoslavia and Argentina, stabilizing the trade problems and difficult relations within the diplomatic mission itself. After succeeding in elevating the interstate relations, Petrović was given the rank of ambassador in 1956 as the one of the first diplomats born and raised in South Serbia to be named ambassador.One of the main challenges Petrović faced in South America was problem of ustaša emigration. When he resumed his post, Yugoslav diplomacy was already certain that Ante Pavelić, the head of the Independent state of Croatia was also in Argentina. Over the years, Petrović tried to inform his colleagues, journalists who Pavelić is and what was his role during the Second World War and influence public opinion in Argentina in a favorable direction. After an assignation attempt on Pavelić in spring 1957, those efforts were doubled and resulted in Pavelić’s escape to Spain. At the end of his diplomatic mission in Argentina, Petrović received medal of San Martin as recognition for its good service and his role in improvement of Yugoslav-Argentine relations.