Interstate Relations Research Articles

Қарусыздану мәселесі және советтік мерзімді баспасөздегі «Батыстың» имиджі (1950 жылдардың екінші жартысы – 1960 жылдардың басы)

The article is devoted to the problem of representing the image of the "West" in the periodical press of the Soviet Union in the second half of the 1950s and 1960s through coverage of the issue of disarmament, which is one of the aspects of studying the international relations of the Soviet Union. During the period under review, it was the press that played a leading role in shaping a positive or negative image of foreign countries. The article attempts to analyze the transformation of the image of the “West” on the pages of the central periodicals of the Soviet Union. This period is presented in the Soviet press as a turning point in relations with Western countries. The amount of material devoted to disarmament is increasing. Unlike in the post-war decade, the main opponent of disarmament is Germany, not the United States. Also, Soviet propaganda increasingly divided the society of Western countries, separating the government and claiming the growth of supporters of the policy of the Soviet Union. The materials of the central periodical press of the Soviet Union led to the conclusion that in the second half of the 1950s, Western countries, led by the United States, continued to be presented as enemies on the pages of “Pravda” and "Izvestia." Despite this, the image of the enemy directly depended on the international situation and interstate relations and therefore underwent a certain transformation. The attitude towards Western countries has become more loyal in comparison with the post-war decade, and there have been fewer negative assessments.

Post-conflict higher education and transnational politics at a crossroads: a new Vietnamese language studies program faces protests in Cambodia

ABSTRACT Higher education consists of a wide array of education programs, some of which closely involve both domestic politics and issues that transcend national boundaries. This paper explores a controversial and highly contested higher education program that is shaped by a post-conflict affected context and transnational politics. Based on the case study of a new Vietnamese language studies program in Cambodia, the paper demonstrates that when post-conflict education and transnational politics intersect with one another in many ways, post-war higher education reconstruction becomes a platform where stakeholders such as youths and national and international governments contest and negotiate influence and change. By critically examining the relations between educational phenomena and historical, national, and geopolitical dynamics in a post-conflict environment, the paper discusses key factors of higher education reconstruction in the aftermath of social upheavals and mass atrocities. It also offers a fresh perspective on the multifaceted dynamics of a higher education program which involves public protests, state intervention, transnational disputes, and inter-state relations.

Grand strategy and public diplomacy: A case study on China’s Belt and Road Initiative and its reception in the Australian press

This article examines China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a public diplomacy grand strategy at the macro-level of inter-state relations. It does so from the perspective of Australia, where the Andrews Labor government in the state of Victoria was, for a period, a signatory to the program. Specifically, this study uses content analysis to consider the reception of the BRI in the Australian press and the complex interactions of news values and ideologies that influenced its representation. This study shows that the effectiveness of the BRI as a grand strategy was undermined by the two interacting news cultures dominating media coverage in Australia, one of which stems from the liberal traditions of the press and the other from the conservative ideological proclivities of the Executive Chair of News Corp, Rupert Murdoch. In so doing, this study contributes to research on the different communication strategies mobilized by states in their geopolitical wrangling, as well as how contextual variables can pre-determine the success or failure of specific public diplomacy campaigns.

The principle of international cooperation in modern international relations

The article examines the mechanism of action and implementation of the principle of international cooperation in modern international relations against the background of the European integration of Ukraine and the strengthening of the sphere of security and defense. The content and legal and organizational foundations of the principle of international cooperation are analyzed. Trends in the implementation of the principle of international cooperation against the background of the European integration of Ukraine and the strengthening of the sphere of security and defense have been studied. The opinion is argued that international organizations, due to their nature and external factors, do not always act as effective moderators of international cooperation. Aggression against Ukraine exposed a number of fundamental problems related, in particular, to the responsible attitude to the observance of the principles of international law and the consequences for their violators. The essence of the principle of international cooperation has changed, when preference is given not to universal elements of the system of collective security, but to direct contacts with the member states of the UN, EU, NATO, and other alliances, which allows to effectively solve urgent issues in the field of security and defense. It is proven that one of the trends in the implementation of the principle of international cooperation is the strengthening of the institution of responsibility and the binding factor against the background of efforts to establish the right of the strong in international practice by some member states of the UN. Aggressive actions of Russia, the discrediting of the norms of international law, the commission of international crimes on the territory of Ukraine and other factors encourage us to once again turn to the problem of the introduction of binding (sanction) components in interstate relations. On the agenda of the international community are issues of reorganization of the system of collective security, strengthening of the institution of responsibility, creation of effective mechanisms for limiting countries that violate the principles of international law. Without the application of the principle of international cooperation, including at the regional and local level, it will be extremely problematic to solve these extremely complex issues.

Putting diplomacy at the forefront of Water Diplomacy

Water diplomacy is a recent term that has been used to analyse hydropoltiical dynamics and issues that may arise when discussing transboundary water governance. In fact, the shared nature of transboundary water resources may lead to tension over their allocation and use which can in turn aggravate or harm interstate relations and cooperation. This is important as most freshwater resource systems cross jurisdictional borders, with 153 countries sharing transboundary rivers, lakes, and aquifers. Thus, a coordinated and sustainable management of these resources through water diplomacy is vital. While the concept of water diplomacy has been defined in several ways, we stress the need to emphasise diplomacy and the goals beyond the water field when considering this concept.

The Problem of Water Scarcity in Central Asia: the Factor of Afghanistan

The article deals with the problem of water scarcity in the countries of Central Asia. Despite their efforts, the lack of water availability continues to persist. This increases tension in the inter-state relations in the region, as in recent years the countries increasingly face a shortage of water. Recently, Afghanistan has begun to influence the distribution of water resources in the region. Its actions are aimed at increasing abstraction of water resources from transboundary rivers of Central Asia. At the same time, Afghanistan has a right to act in this way. However, given the increasing shortage of water resources, Afghanistan’s policy may lead to new conflicts and exacerbation of relations with the Central Asian states.

Об одном из аспектов подготовки профильных специалистов в современных лингвистических вузах

The article identifies the factors that determine the need to expand the scope of linguistic and intercultural competencies of subject-matter specialists — translators or interpreters and teachers of foreign languages trained in linguistic universities, towards multilingualism and multiculturalism. The relevance of addressing this topic is due to professional activities of the named subject-matter specialists in the conditions of polyglossia, which is characteristic both for educational and scientific environment of recent decades, and for the sphere of international and interstate relations. Author names the main circumstances associated with the organization of teaching foreign languages in modern universities. These circumstances, from her point of view, hinder implementation of shift towards multilingualism and multiculturalism in training the above named specialists. The solution of the outlined problem, according to the author, is primarily associated with governmental regulation in this area, as well as taking into account international experience in studying foreign languages and applying best methods for teaching them in conditions of university polyglossia.

Сучасні тенденції конституціоналізму у контексті глобалізації

Transformation of the national legal system in the conditions of globalization. Recently, the scientific community has been discussing the development of various concepts of constitutionalism, such as transnational (global), international (international), multi-level and others, which provide for the creation and implementation of standards designed to solve global problems, which include prevention of wars, development and coordination of international relations on a peaceful basis, elimination of hunger and poverty, rational use of natural resources, prevention of terrorism and security, etc. Discussions around global constitutionalism testify not only to scientific interest, but also to the gradual maturation of legal, political, economic, social and cultural, ideological and theoretical prerequisites for a new paradigm of both constitutional-legal and international-legal thinking. The article discusses the impact of the era of globalization on the development of modern constitutionalism. Based on the methods of historical-legal and comparative-legal analysis, modern approaches to the definition of global constitutionalism are defined in order to understand the latest constitutionalism in the conditions of the modern development of interstate relations and interstate integration.

Changes in the legal sphere as a result of large historical Events

The paper presents the results of a study of the impact of large-scale historical events on significant changes in the legal field. Today, an event of such a scale is the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which, after the undoubted defeat of the Russian Federation in many spheres, will have significant consequences, including in the legal sphere. The war in Ukraine has all the signs of an event of aglobal scale. Socio-political events in the turning points of history are at the same timethe source of development in the legal sphere. This trend can be observed at almost all historical stages, and therefore research in this direction is an urgent problem. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of significant events in certain turning points in Modern and Recent history that took place on the European continent, which were the origin of changes in the legal sphere and had a long-term eff ect. Sinceit is currently impossible to predict exactly what changes will occur after the defeat of the Russian Federation, which legal institutions and in what direction they will apply, what consequences such changes will lead to in interstate relations and within the country, the above consideration is limited only to some historical events, which can be considered as an example of the origins of significant changes in the legal sphere of a doctrinal nature. The socio-political events in Europe in the XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years' War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of New history is analyzed. Thirty Years 'War in Europe in the XVII century ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. This treaty was the source of modern international law and had along-term impact on the development of relations between states. Large-scale historical events of the late 18th - early 19th centuries in Europe are undoubtedly associated with France. This is the Great French Revolution of 1789-1794, this is also the period of the Napoleonic Wars, finally, this includes the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, at which, after the defeat of Napoleonic France, the winners under the slogan of returning to the continent of peace and tranquility and the desire to restore monarchies redrawn the continental political map of Europe. The lawmaking activity of Napoleon is noted, on whose initiative and under his leadership alarge volume of codification works was carried out. Civil (1804), Commercial (1807), Criminal Procedure (1808) and Criminal (1810) codes were adopted. It is noted that French civil law and the principles implemented by it significantly influenced civil-lawrelations in Europe. In modern history during the 20th century events took place, the result of which were changes aimed at preventing the horrors of the First and Second World Wars in the future. But the creation of the relevant institutions, organizations, legal framework and other factors was not enough to prevent the threat of a new world conflict, to guarantee danger not only for Ukraine, but also for the whole world. In the light of the events in Ukraine, based on historical analogies, a conclusion is made about the expectation of significant changes in the legal sphere for future security in the world and in our country. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, origins of law,historical analogies, Peace of Westphalia, French Civil Code.

The main stages in the development of Western European diplomacy in the early Modern period

The author relies on the thesis that the main factor in the development of Western European diplomacy in the early Modern period was the emergence and formation of the resident diplomacy. The article proposes a periodization of the development of diplomacy, based on an understanding of the development of Western European diplomacy in the 15th –16th centuries in the context of the transformation of the medieval socio-political model.Under the conditions of permanent internal and external political pressure, the medieval hierarchical model of the socio-political structure did not fulfill the function of legitimizing the new regimes on the Apennine peninsula. The peace of Lodi in 1454 consolidated the heterarchical or polycentric model of the socio-political structure, which assumed mutual recognition of the subjects of interstate relations as a source of legitimacy.In the second half of the 15th century this model, based on a network of stable diplomatic relations, was adopted by most of the major Italian states. Italian wars of 1494–1559 influenced the spread of the new style of diplomacy with its resident envoys to the leading states of Western Europe.Despite the crisis of the second half of the 16th century the model of a resident diplomatic representation has become the basic one in the European diplomacy of Modern age.

The evolution of Israel-Soviet relations in the late 1940s – early 1950s: politics and ideology

The presented scientific article is devoted to the interesting and multifaceted topic of international relations, which, at the current historical stage, does not have unambiguous assessments in both domestic and foreign historiography. The article examines the process of evolution of interstate relations between the USSR and the State of Israel, which appeared on the political map of the world after the Second World War. Chronologically, the article covers the time period from the end of the Palestine War of 1948-1949 to the official termination of diplomatic relations between the studied countries in 1953.The Soviet Union tried to use the change in the geopolitical situation in the Middle East as an opportunity to expand its own political influence in the region, which was especially relevant in the conditions of increasing confrontation in the «Cold War». The article focuses on tracking and analyzing the main domestic and foreign policy factors of Israel and the USSR, which led to the crisis of bilateral relations. Ideological contradictions and anti-Semitic policy in the USSR played an important role in this process.It was established that the Israel-Soviet relations of the studied period were a complex mixture of ideological orientations, pragmatic economic and political interests, and geopolitical priorities of both countries. Historical experience has shown sharp ideological contradictions between Zionism and communism. Israel’s claims for emigration of the Jewish population from the USSR and, finally, the pro-American orientation of the Israeli leadership, has become incompatible with the normal development of bilateral relations. Beginning with mutual interest and support, Soviet-Israel relations in the late 1940s and early 1950s suffered a political fiasco.

THE IRAN-IRAQ CONFLICT, OR THE FIRST PERSIAN GULF WAR: CAUSES, COURSE OF EVENTS AND GEOPOLITICAL CONSEQUENCES AT THE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL LEVELS

The article analyses key factors of conflict in Iran-Iraq long-term relations through the prism of the historical deepening of contradictions between the two nations and states, which found their expression, first of all, in the framework of the territorial conflict regarding the ownership of the water area of the Shatt-el-Arab river, which is strategically important regarding to its geographical location. Some attention is paid to the role of the «Kurdish question» in the development of interstate relations; the religious dimension of the Iran-Iraq conflict is also analyzed in detail, the role of which increased rapidly after the events of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979. The ideological and political strategies of both opponents in the struggle for regional leadership are considered in detail. The main groups of factors causing the Iran-Iraq conflict are separated and briefly characterized. Also, the article carefully describes the military-political grounds and the course of the key stages of the direct armed confrontation and its role in the contemporary Middle Eastern geopolitical picture, including objective reasons that forced various Arab and other actors of different levels to take their own position in the context of the struggle between the two regional "power centers". A change in the nature of the participation of the main international players involved in the conflict is observed, depending on the trends in the arena of military operations.

America’s Marshall Plan and China’s One Belt and One Road Initiative

Abstract Existing research on the US Marshall Plan and China’s OBOR Initiative has tended to focus on national interests and relations with the countries involved in the projects, assuming the state or interstate relations as the unit of analysis and focusing on the background (or causes), process, and outcomes of the Marshall Plan and Belt and Road Initiative. In contrast to these approaches, this study aims to show the transnational elements (i.e., logics of the capitalist world-economy) of the Marshall Plan and OBOR that both projects have in common. This study also presents how both projects at least partially helped to revitalize and boost global capitalism beyond their own national interests. The theoretical contribution of this study is to show that the logic of global capitalism is part of what keeps the Marshall Plan and OBORs going.

CULTURAL APPROPRIATENESS OF IVAN ZIAZIUN’S “PEDAGOGY OF GOODNESS”

The article summarizes the ideas of the doctor of philosophy, professor, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, long-term director of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of Professional Education (now Ivan Ziaziun Institute of Pedagogical Education and Adult Education of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) Ivan Andriiovych Ziaziun. The scientist was and remains one of the few representatives of the academic pedagogical elite who professed the “philosophy of the heart” in the education of a person, a people, and a nation, realizing himself and conveying to others the importance of the principles of nationality and citizenship. It has been proven that Ziaziun’s worldviews, evaluations, and conclusions were clearly consistent with the ideas of famous Ukrainian teachers and educators H. Skovoroda, P. Yurkevych, B. Hrinchenko, H. Vashchenko, S. Rusova, V. Sukhomlynskyi, K. Ushynskyi.
 Attention is focused on the fact that according to I. A. Ziaziun’s conviction, a pedagogue, teacher, and enlightener is the main subject of civilizational progress, able to unite and educate the people in the image of a full-blooded nation, which contains in its structure not only good “those who sow buckwheat”, but above all wise spiritual leaders and courageous warriors. That is why the afterword of his boo-confession “Pedagogy of Goodness” contains his emotional address, in which he especially singles out the Teacher’s mission.
 It has been found that I. A. Ziaziun’s understanding of the modern school essence, the significance of “learning well” value is unthinkable without quality pedagogical work of the mind and heart. That is why he professed Skovoroda’s "Philosophy of the Heart". It is a product of Ukrainian intellectual thought, in psycho-pedagogical theory and practice, and his creative life. Honor to the Mother, the son’s duty, national shrines, Ukraine, universal human values and ideals, a moral example in upbringing, civic position, and rank were ethical measures of personality for Ziaziun. Therefore, he was always a supporter of returning to education a sense of honor, and national and human dignity in his society, and at the level of interstate relations, he taught not to serve other countries and peoples like a serf.

Modeling of competitive interactions: basic regularities. Part 2.

Objective: to analyze the general patterns of political dynamics (primarily in interstate relations) caused by the presence of competition between the key political actors.Methods: methods of mathematical dynamic modeling are used to study competitive interactions.Results: the work is the second part of the article devoted to the analysis of general patterns of socio-economic and political dynamics. This part of the study analyzes the issues of competition of social systems, general features of competitive interactions based on the study of the basic mathematical model describing competition in socio-economic and political spheres. It has been shown that the basic mathematical model of competition allows describing the features of geopolitical dynamics both in terms of competition and in terms of partnership.Scientific novelty: the results of analysis and mathematical modeling allow identifying the patterns of geopolitical dynamics and determining the conditions under which the implementation of various options for global development is possible.Practical significance: comprehension of the conditions of transition from one mode of geopolitical interaction to another increases the validity of the geopolitical dynamics forecast.

USSR and Israel: Experience of Cultural Dialogue in the Context of 1967-1991 Political Confrontation

The presented article considers the issue of the Soviet-Israeli cultural interaction in the period of 1967-1991. Based on the analysis of the facts and events of that time reflected in the scientific works written on the problems of the USSR-Israel relations, as well as on the archival documents and memoir publications, the authors outlined the unique experience of the two countries’ interaction during the period, one that was sharpest aggravation of their interstate relations. Through his research, the authors have considered the consequences of the severance of diplomatic relations in 1967, its influence on the nature and forms of cultural interaction, as well as specific factors that determined the direction and content of cultural contacts across this period. Their conclusion is guided by the possibility by of using the modern crisis era of global confrontation between world powers, including the practice of “cancel culture” actively promoted by the West, to compare the positive and negative experience of building an intercultural dialogue between the two countries in the absence of diplomatic relations.

SOFT POWER OF EASTERN ORTHODOXY IN KAZAKHSTAN

Religious institutions play an active role in a variety of public activities, including state affairs, in modern times. Religious leaders in particular engage in global affairs, making them key players in intercultural communication and public diplomacy. This article explores the activities of the Orthodox Church in Kazakhstan through the lens of «soft power». It presents contemporary discourses on the actors, foundations, and possibilities of «soft power» as an alternative to traditional diplomacy. It is worth noting that there is debate about which countries, ideologies, and cultures possess the potential for «soft power». The article analyzes the narratives and messages of the Orthodox Church in Kazakhstan as tools of «soft power», influenced by the general attitudes of Russian foreign policy. Additionally, it examines the resource potential of the Orthodox Church in Kazakhstan, which is realized through network organization and multi-vector activity. However, despite its significant resource potential, the effectiveness of Orthodox «soft power» in Kazakhstan also depends on other geopolitical factors. Overall, this topic is relevant because the concept of «soft power» is viewed as a peaceful mechanism for maintaining interstate relations, as well as promoting multiconfessional diversity and intercivilizational dialogue. This study’s significance lies in the fact that modern-day partnerships extend beyond mere cooperation, and countries must create an attractive «image». The article concludes that the Orthodox Church possesses several resources and «soft power» potential.

Natural Resource Exploitation and Military Spending

Abstract Why do some states allocate more resources to their military than others? Governments are likely to perceive acute threats to their authority and legitimacy when they face insurgencies in which rebel groups earn significant revenues from the exploitation of natural resources. In response, governments allocate greater amounts to their military budgets. Using data on the exploitation of natural resources by rebel groups and defense spending for states around the world, I find that states where rebel groups profit from natural resources allocate more to their defense budgets than other states. This finding holds even after controlling for the presence of civil conflict itself. The study suggests that rebel exploitation of resources may have an indirect impact on interstate relations: If states indeed face a security dilemma, then increased spending resulting from these internal dynamics is likely to exacerbate the problem.

THE ROLE OF PETRO BUBELA IN THE GENESIS OF UKRAINIAN-HUNGARIAN RELATION IN 1918 – 1919

This article discusses the role of Petro Bubela in the emergence and development of relations between the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (WUPR) and Hungary in 1918 – 1919. After the collapse of the Habsburg Empire and the formation of new nation-states in Central and Eastern Europe, the problem of forming a new international relations system became acute. The genesis of Ukrainian-Hungarian interstate relations was important for both countries and the political situation in the region. Based on the analysis of archival materials and memoirs, the authors analyzed the stages of development of these relations. They concluded that the main problem for both sides was the issue of political affiliation in Transcarpathia. However, this issue was postponed due to the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918 – 1919 and Budapest's military conflicts with its neighbors. The parties focused on economic and military cooperation. It was found out that аtaman Petro Bubela, who at that time was the Deputy Secretary of State for Military Affairs in the Western Region of the Ukrainian People's Republic (WRUPR) and was involved in the logistics and technical support of the Galician Army (GA) with military equipment, weapons, medicines and various goods for the needs of the army, was in contact with Hungary on these issues. It was found that Petro Bubela established relations with a representative of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (HSR), who arrived in Stanislaviv in 1919 thanks to the government of the Western Region Ukrainian People's Republic, signed a trade agreement with Hungary. It was installed that Petro Bubela personally corresponded with Kuhn Bela, the National Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (HSR). It was noted that one of the reasons for Petro Bubela's retirement from the position of Deputy Secretary in Military Affairs of the Western Region Ukrainian People's Republic in June 1919, as he claimed himself, it was the existence of links with Soviet Hungary's representative. Thus, we believe that the topic of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations in 1918 – 1919, the participation in their establishment of certain prominent representatives in the Western Region Ukrainian People's Republic (WRUPR), such as, in particular, Petro Bubela is the prospect and requires further researches.

Di Bawah Spirit Liberal-Institusionalisme: Kajian Komparatif Gagasan Dynamic Equilibrium dan ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific

This article aims to compare two Indonesia’s foreign policy ideas, namely, dynamic equilibrium and the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP). It treats both ideas as an analytical tool instead of propositions to be tested against empirical evidence. Using liberal-institutionalism approach, this article argues that despite both ideas applies in the Indo-Pacific region, both have different characteristics. While dynamic equilibrium can be regarded as a foreign policy doctrine which only proposes the basic principles of interstate relations, AOIP is a cooperative framework which becomes policy guidance for countries in the region. However, both ideas conforms liberal-institutionalism premises that international regimes matter because it provides set of rules for cooperation rather than rivalry, recover ASEAN’s role as a key actor in the region, promote dialogue in dispute settlement, and gain economic development.