Interior Material Research Articles

실내 인테리어용 오크 무늬목의 산성염료 염색성 및 후가공 효과

Background/Objectives: In this study, we compared and analyzed the dye ability of oak-patterned materials with acid dyes, and evaluated their performance as interior materials. Use of processed timber can help reduce environmental damage and the economic burden of resources (important problems with use of raw timber) and can meet the needs of various fields where the sensibility of raw timber is required. Veneer wood is positioned as a high-value-added product due to its luxury and beauty, and it is used in various fields as a building-related material, such as interior decoration, furniture, flooring, building interior materials, and lumber. Dyeing is necessary to enhance the aesthetic appearance of this pattern and to expand its use.
 Methods: As the wood used in the experiment, American red oak, which has marketability in the market, was selected. The spectral reflectance of each wavelength band was measured using spectrophotometer to evaluate the apparent concentration and dyeability of the dyed and fixed samples. Durability was evaluated by measuring rubbing and light fastness.
 Results: The oak pattern was dyed with 3 types of acid dyes and a comparative analysis was performed. The most suitable conditions are 95℃, 3 hours, and 3% o.w.f. In addition, evaluating resilience to daylight fastness, resilience to rubbing, fire resistance, and flame retardance, yielded results suitable for use as an interior material.
 Conclusion/Implications: It was confirmed that veneer can be dyed with acid dyes and used. It is hoped that this study will be used as basic data for dyeing veneer with acid dyes and synthetic dyes in the future. The results of this research are expected to contribute as basic data for the dyeing process of synthetic dyes.

Characterization of Polymer Coating on Palm Kernel Shell-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

Natural fibers are increasingly used in the polymer industry as bio-composites for a wide range of applications, such as the interior part of the automobile, interior material boards, decking panels, and many others. The presence of cellulose, which is hydrophilic in nature, lessens the mechanical properties of the bio-composites by increasing water uptake into the composites or also may affect the interfacial bonding between the polymer matrix and the fibers because the matrix is hydrophobic. The former may occur due to the surface of the bio-composites being highly exposed to water sources, e.g., high humidity in the air, rainwater, and many more. Thus, an additional layer on the surface of the bio-composites needs to be applied to protect the surface from water sources. The coating may be used for decorative, protective, or both purposes. This study aims to investigate the performance of polymer coating on a bio-composite substrate. The coating solution, chitosan-pectin-calcium chloride (CPC) solution was prepared, and the compatibility and wettability of the coating solution with the polymer-based bio-composites substrate were evaluated. The substrate was dipped into the coating solution for two minutes and hung to allow the excess coating solution to drop while drying the substrate. The performance of coating on the bio-composite substrate is evaluated by measuring the contact angle θ and average maximum bond strength σb of the sample with the different numbers of coating layers. It is found that the wettability of the contact angle indicates a lower contact angle for two-layer compared to one layer of the CPC coating due to the hydrophilicity of the coating materials.

Construction of a Chitosan/ZnO-Based Light-Resistant Coating System to Protect Dyed Wood from Ultraviolet Irradiation via Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

Wood dyeing is an effective way to alleviate the supply-demand imbalance of valuable wood and improve the surface decoration of fast-growing wood. However, applications of dyed wood are limited due to the susceptibility of dyes and wood to photo-discolor and degrade under light irradiation. Thus, the improved weather resistance of dyed wood is crucial. To prevent photochromic discoloration of dyed wood, an anti-photochromic coating structure was constructed via layer-by-layer self-assembly (LbL) using chitosan and zinc oxide (ZnO). The results showed that the surface color difference of treated dyed wood was reduced by approximately 84.6% after the first 2 h of irradiation under the following conditions °C: temperature (50 °C), relative humidity (55%), and irradiation intensity (550 W/m2). However, the color of untreated dyed wood drastically changed at this stage. The reason for the decrease was that the redness and yellowness of treated dye wood were significantly reduced. The deposition of ZnO onto treated dyed wood helped to protect the wood from UV light irradiation. Chitosan bridged the dyes and complexed ZnO to enhance UV resistance. This study provides valuable information for the protection of dyed wood against light discoloration that can be used as an interior and exterior decorative material.

Exploration of Interior Material Based on Plastic Waste

This research is to determine the exploration of interior materials made from plastic waste, such as the process of collecting materials and the stages until they can become interior materials. To find out the process and stages, this research uses data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings of this research are the analysis of plastic waste such as the content and properties of plastic when used as an exploration of interior materials and the strength of the interior material itself. Plastic is not only dangerous for humans, but also endangers all living things and the environment around us, especially according to Indonesian domestic statistics, Indonesia is a country that ranks second in the largest contributor of plastic waste. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that the formation of knowledge regarding the creation of creative products to tackle plastic waste, by using it as an interior material is able to turn useless objects into very useful object for the survival of human life.

Characterization and mechanical properties of one-part geopolymer based on a pure metakaolin

Geopolymers are amorphous silicate polymers that have been extensively studied due to their applications, scientific and technical relevance, and their potential as cement in substitution to Portland. Much of the focus has been in the use of precursors and aggregates that are rarely pure and homogeneous with the use of tailings being very common. The presence of these impurities complicates the interpretation of some spectral methods, mainly infrared spectrometry. Therefore, this research focuses on the use of a nearly pure kaolin main precursor, having only a trace of iron and titanium, along with other almost pure reagents, to achieve an ideal geopolymer. It was possible to produce metakaolinite, resulting in a material with a good size particle (8.24µm) and surface specific area (6.57m2/g). The XRD result shows that the calcination process resulted in 100% of amorphous material. FTIR data revealed the presence of H2O and NaCO3 in the geopolymer. More important, the Si-Al-O various bands located between 1100 and 500cm-1 validate the polymerization reaction effectiveness. SEM-EDS analyses have demonstrated that the reaction with Na2SiO3 and NaOH were nearly complete, concerning the finer metakaolinite particles that comprised the material’s matrix. However, the coarser metakaolinite lamellae, in the 15-35µm range, did not react completely; a thin border layer was enriched with sodium and most of the interior material maintained its Si-Al-O composition. The presence of traces of iron and titanium did not influence in the polymerization reaction. Compressive strength values of the geopolymer have presented good values in the range of 25 to 35 MPa.

A discontinuous Galerkin method for sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip on multiple faults using unstructured curvilinear grids

SUMMARYPhysics-based simulations provide a path to overcome the lack of observational data hampering a holistic understanding of earthquake faulting and crustal deformation across the vastly varying space–time scales governing the seismic cycle. However, simulations of sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip (SEAS) including the complex geometries and heterogeneities of the subsurface are challenging. We present a symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (SIPG) method to perform SEAS simulations accounting for the aforementioned challenges. Due to the discontinuous nature of the approximation, the spatial discretization natively provides a means to impose boundary and interface conditions. The method accommodates 2-D and 3-D domains, is of arbitrary order, handles subelement variations in material properties and supports isoparametric elements, that is, high-order representations of the exterior boundaries, interior material interfaces and embedded faults. We provide an open-source reference implementation, Tandem, that utilizes highly efficient kernels for evaluating the SIPG linear and bilinear forms, is inherently parallel and well suited to perform high-resolution simulations on large-scale distributed memory architectures. Additional flexibility and efficiency is provided by optionally defining the displacement evaluation via a discrete Green’s function approach, exploiting advantages of both the boundary integral and volumetric methods. The optional discrete Green’s functions are evaluated once in a pre-computation stage using algorithmically optimal and scalable sparse parallel solvers and pre-conditioners. We illustrate the characteristics of the SIPG formulation via an extensive suite of verification problems (analytic, manufactured and code comparison) for elastostatic and quasi-dynamic problems. Our verification suite demonstrates that high-order convergence of the discrete solution can be achieved in space and time and highlights the benefits of using a high-order representation of the displacement, material properties and geometries. We apply Tandem to realistic demonstration models consisting of a 2-D SEAS multifault scenario on a shallowly dipping normal fault with four curved splay faults, and a 3-D intersecting multifault scenario of elastostatic instantaneous displacement of the 2019 Ridgecrest, CA, earthquake sequence. We exploit the curvilinear geometry representation in both application examples and elucidate the importance of accurate stress (or displacement gradient) representation on-fault. This study entails several methodological novelties. We derive a sharp bound on the smallest value of the SIPG penalty ensuring stability for isotropic, elastic materials; define a new flux to incorporate embedded faults in a standard SIPG scheme; employ a hybrid multilevel pre-conditioner for the discrete elasticity problem; and demonstrate that curvilinear elements are specifically beneficial for volumetric SEAS simulations. We show that our method can be applied for solving interesting geophysical problems using massively parallel computing. Finally, this is the first time a discontinuous Galerkin method is published for the numerical simulations of SEAS, opening new avenues to pursue extreme scale 3-D SEAS simulations in the future.

A Computational Approach to Estimating Healthcare Contact Surface Material Resilience.

There is growing evidence that contact surfaces within healthcare settings can serve as reservoirs for pathogen colonization and spread infectious bacteria to humans. This article aims to demonstrate the use of a Prevention through Design Environment Material Integrative Control (PtD-EMIC) instrument to predict the infection prevention resilience potential of materials commonly used for healthcare contact surfaces. PtD-EMIC is based on fuzzy logic and Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System architecture. Its objective is to serve as a computational design tool that guides the selection and specification of interior materials that may moderate the spread of pathogens in healthcare environments. This objective is accomplished through an applied systems requirement simulation framework that can help guide interior material choice and design for healthcare spaces. The motivation for developing this instrument is to provide a vehicle that can expand healthcare design industry capabilities and interior environment analysis research by using computational approaches to inform interior material selection and design decisions that support healthcare environments' infection control strategies. The selection and sourcing of embedded data related to relevant and high-use acute care treatment area finishes, the premise of instrument use, precedent research basis, and system architecture, as well as tool validation and demonstration of use, are all discussed. The text explains how using this instrument can facilitate categorization and leveraging interior material performance outcome data for informing safety-critical healthcare design.

Influence of Surface Discontinuity on Sound Absorption Coefficient of Vehicle Interior Material

There has been considerable effort in the automotive industry to reduce and control the noise in the car cabin. Selecting or designing a better absorber will enhance the comfort of the passengers in the car. There are many techniques to reduce or control the noise in the car cabin. One of the techniques is to place specific material in order to reduce its acoustical noise. This paper presents a study on sound absorption of the felt, polyurethane foam and fabric which are commonly used as car interior material. Furthermore, the influence of surface discontinuity created between two joined material parts is also investigated. The sound absorption coefficient is measured using two-microphone impedance tube. This tube is used to provide noise source frequency ranging from 50 Hz to 10 kHz. Using the dBAlpha software that is connected to the microphone via Symphonie Analyzer, the sound absorption coefficient of the material for every frequency is presented in tabular as well as in graphical form. The test results show that material selection is significantly important for the absorption of noise. Besides, it is found that the surface discontinuity gives different effect depending on the material. For the felt material, the surface discontinuity has insignificant effect. However, the surface discontinuity may give a moderate effect for other materials such as polyurethane foam and fabric.

Keeping up Appearances in the Nineteenth Century in Moseley, a Middle-Class Birmingham Suburb, 1850–1900

ABSTRACT This article explores how middle-class homes in Moseley, a suburb of Birmingham, were divided up, used, decorated, and furnished towards the end of the nineteenth century. It addresses issues of status, class, gender, the separate spheres ideology, new technology and mass production, and consumerism. It uncovers how a particular social group lived as individuals and families and reveals important messages that were conveyed by the reality and representation of interior design, material culture and health and hygiene.

Applying Flax FRP in an Innovative Closed-Shape Stirrup for Concrete Beams.

Under the background of climate change, the steel industry is considered one of the least eco-friendly industries. Flax fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) is an emerging sustainable alternative to steel reinforcement bar; however, its application is much restricted due to its interior material properties. This paper proposed a novel way to form closed-shape stirrups with FFRP, which is suitable for replacing steel stirrups. A multi-disciplinary investigation was conducted concerning the structural and environmental performance of FFRP stirrups in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Seven specimens were tested under a three-point bending load. The FFRP stirrups substantially increased the shear capacity and ultimate vertical displacement by 77% and 74%, respectively, and shifted brittle failure to ductile failure. The closed-shape stirrups avoided the stress concentration and increased the utilization of FFRP tensile capacity to over 80%. Decreasing the spacing of FFRP stirrups effectively increased the shear capacity and ductility; increasing the width or layer of FFRP stirrups improved ductility only. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was later performed to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of steel, FFRP, and carbon FRP stirrups. As compared to carbon FRP and steel ones, FFRP stirrups substantially decreased the global warming and fossil depletion potential by over 60%. The main contributors to the environmental impacts of FFRP stirrups were the heavy metal released into the water and terrestrial environment during the cultivation process.

인테리어 소재활용을 위한 코르크의 전자현미경 연구

The scope of interior design today covers almost all buildings, including houses, offices, shops, hospitals, hotels, restaurants, cafes, department stores, beauty salons, clothing stores, factories, schools, etc. All buildings inhabited by humans. The materials most used as interior materials for interior construction are wood, stone, tiles, bricks, blocks, cement and concrete, metal materials, glass, painting materials, secret materials, waterproofing materials, plastic materials, wallpaper, carpets, curtains. and blinds and window materials. Although the durability aspect is considered a lot, and the lifespan issue is being paid a lot of attention, it is the design that cannot be discarded nonetheless. Since interest in interiors is increasing these days, the appearance and materials of buildings are also very important. Cork is starting to get a lot of attention as an interior material. Currently, the most widely used use of cork is a wine stopper. This is because it has the unique elasticity and waterproofness of cork. Cork is a material often used for interior accessories. Cork, with its unique texture, is attractive enough on its own, but can be used for insulation or room use. As a result of scanning microscopic analysis of wine cork and commercial cork, the difference in microstructure was not significant.

Concrete filled double steel tube columns incorporating UPVC pipes under uniaxial compressive load at ambient and elevated temperature

This experimental investigation reveals the projected benefits of concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns. These columns are made up of an outside steel tube, an interior UPVC pipe, and a sandwich of concrete among these tubes. The effect of the dimension ratio of the outer-to-inner tube, the thickness ratio of the outer tube, and the internal tube material (steel/UPVC) on the ultimate compressive strength of double-skin tubular columns samples filled with concrete are investigated. Finally, the experimental findings were compared to previously published design approaches in AISC (2010), GB50936 (2014), and EC4 (2004). The analysis revealed that GB50936 (2014) produces the best outcomes, followed by AISC (2010) and EC4 (2004). In addition, the samples were tested in elevated temperatures to study their post-fire axial capacity. It was discovered that the type of infilled concrete and interior tube material has no major impact on the performance of samples at elevated temperatures.

Drying Shrinkage Reduction of Korean Loess Using Cations

The loess produced in South Korea is an eco-friendly material with high gas adsorption performance. Korean loess, however, cannot be used as a structural material because it has a very low compressive strength compared to cement. However, even if it is recommended as an interior material, its large drying shrinkage during drying disturbs wet construction. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a method to reduce the amount of water added while maintaining the consistency required for the plastering work of Korean loess. The experimental results showed that the dispersion of clay particles was improved when Na+ and K+, which are monovalent cations, were added to the loess colloid; the reverse occurred, i.e., aggregation of clay particles, when Ca2+ and Mg2+, which are divalent cations, were added. In addition, the dispersion and aggregation of clay particles affect the consistency of loess. The dispersion allows the loess paste to obtain the required consistency using less water, but the aggregation may exhibit the opposite effect. Accordingly, based on the same consistency, the specimens with less water exhibited less drying shrinkage. The drying shrinkage decreased by 9.23% for the specimen fabricated with the 0.01 M Na2SiO3 aqueous solution.

A Fast Online Classification Method of Solid Wood Floors Based on Stochastic Sampling and Machine Learning

Solid wood floors are widely used as an interior decoration material, and the color of solid wood surfaces plays a decisive role in the final decoration effect. Therefore, the color classification of solid wood floors is the final and most important step before laying. However, research on floor classification usually focuses on recognizing complex and diverse features but ignores execution speed, which causes common methods to not meet the requirements of online classification in practical production. In this paper, a new online classification method of solid wood floors was proposed by combining probability theory and machine learning. Firstly, a probability-based feature extraction method (stochastic sampling feature extractor) was developed to obtain rapid key features regardless of the disturbance of wood grain. The stochastic features were determined by a genetic algorithm. Then, an extreme learning machine—as a fast classification neural network—was selected and trained with the selected stochastic features to classify solid wood floors. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, and the results showed that the proposed method achieved a classification accuracy of 97.78% and less than 1 ms for each solid wood floor. The proposed method has advantages including a high execution speed, great accuracy, and flexible adaptability. Overall, it is suitable for online industry production.

Feasibility Study of 3D Printed Materials for an Ammonia Emission Passive Sampler

Ammonia (NH3) emission accounts for a loss of 10 to 60% of the total nitrogen input in rice fields. NH3 in the air reacts with sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium salt, which increases the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the atmosphere. These fine particles can cause respiratory problems. A reliable NH3 sampler is important in order to quantify the NH3 emission. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suitability of three 3D printed materials, namely acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP) compared to stainless steel and glass, as the interior material of an NH3 passive sampler for use with the chemical-trap approach; Stainless steel and glass are typically used for construction of the NH3 passive sampler. The sample plates were coated with acetone with 3% oxalic acid and tested in closed static chambers with three different NH3 sources. ABS, PP and PLA tolerated the acetone solution with PP being the least reactive. However, PP heavily warped during 3D-printing resulting in a deformed shape. Performance of coated ABS plates in trapping NH3 is similar to stainless steel and glass plates.

Propagation of Vertical Fractures through Planetary Ice Shells: The Role of Basal Fractures at the Ice–Ocean Interface and Proximal Cracks

Abstract The presence of smooth, young surfaces indicates that regions of Enceladus and Europa have been resurfaced through recent or ongoing activity related to the eruption of liquid water from subsurface reservoirs. For interior material to erupt or flow out onto the surfaces of these satellites, fractures would have to vertically penetrate the ice shell to the depth of a subsurface reservoir or ocean. Here we use linear elastic fracture mechanics to show that accounting for fracture interactions makes it much more difficult for fractures to penetrate the entire ice shell than previous estimates. We found that fractures that originate from the surface are unlikely to penetrate the entire shell thickness, even for the upper range of tectonic stresses estimated for each moon. Tensile fractures that initiate from the bottom of the icy shell—as observed in terrestrial ice shelves—propagate further into the icy shell than surface crevasses but still do not penetrate the entire ice thickness. However, full ice shell thickness fracture is possible if shear failure connects the surface with deep-penetrating basal fractures in thinner ice shell thicknesses and under certain stress conditions. This suggests that the combination of tensile and shear failure may be important and necessary for the formation of a connection from the surface to the ocean below.

Experimental and simulation analysis of residual topography dominated deformation mechanism of nanoindentation: a case study of Inconel 625 superalloy

The microscopic deformation behavior of Inconel 625 superalloy has been investigated by means of nanoindentation experiments and crystal plasticity finite element simulations. Based on the electron backscattered diffraction characterizations, the nanoindentation simulations were performed on grains with various orientations. The simulated load–displacement curves match well with those of experiment and the maximum difference in materials hardness between the experimental and the simulation result is about 6.86%, which is within the accuracy of the model. Moreover, surface Schmid factor (SSF) and interior Schmid factor (ISF) were proposed out and the scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope characterizations were carried out. The results show that the pile-up tends to occur at the locations with a large SSF. Subsequently, the simulations of nanoindentation on [001]-, [011]-, and [111]-oriented grains were performed by the established model. It is revealed that the residual topography changes periodically when the indenter is fixed and the crystal only rotates around the Z-axis of the sample coordinate system. Combining with the analysis of the ISF, this periodicity of residual topography reflects the superimposed effect of the slip systems, and a large ISF promotes the in-plane displacement of the interior material which inhibiting the evolution of pile-up, while a small ISF leads to a high pile-up.

Utilization Of Construction And Demolition Waster And Environmental Management Practice In South East Asian Countries

The ASEAN population will increase to 724.8 million by the year 2030 and the urbanization rate increases with years. This leads to the development of the construction industry to fulfil the fundamental social and physical requirements. Construction activities create an adverse negative impact on the environment, such as pollution and damage to the environment. This article will study more about the construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) and it can be founded in various construction stages. Therefore, the government and authorities introduce environmental management practices to mitigate the negative impact on construction on the environment and minimize the pollution at the source. What, why and where are terms required to consider before the implementation of environmental management practice. The government policies of Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are summarized. Approximately 10% of total synthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) sourced from concrete production. The content more emphasizes the green materials generated from agricultural waste to replace the silica in concrete. The bamboo is used as interior decoration and material for building construction. Green materials technology is solar panel, solar thermal collector, geothermal technology, hydropower technology and cooling roof system.

A study on the subjective feeling affecting tactile satisfaction of leather in automobile: A structural equation modeling approach

Customer expectations for automotive design are increasingly rising, which plays an important role in purchasing behavior. Among them, automobile interior materials are one of the factors that have a significant influence on the overall luxuriousness and satisfaction of automobiles. One of the main affective responses to automotive interior materials is a tactile sensation, and since it is complexly constructed, systematic modeling is required. The current research proposed and tested a structural equation model (SEM) that describes hypothesized relationships among affective variables affecting tactile satisfaction such as luxury, soft, slippery, smooth, bumpy, and thick. A total of 26 samples including natural and synthetic leather using interior material in an automobile was selected as a stimulus to recruit 53 participants. All affective variables were found to affect luxuriousness that subsequently affected tactile satisfaction (path coefficient = 0.652). In particular, perceived softness was a dominant factor affecting tactile luxuriousness in leather (path coefficient = 0.305). The findings of the present study have significant implications for both theory and practice on affective responses and levels that affect tactile satisfaction in leather using automobile interior.

Enhancing users involvement in architectural design using mobile augmented reality

PurposeMobile augmented reality (MAR) is one of the advanced three-dimensional (3D) representation tools that has been recently utilized in the construction industry. This paper aims to assess a user’s involvement levels through MAR application that has been experimented against traditional involvement techniques through an existing facility, plan re-designing scenario.Design/methodology/approachThrough reviewing related literature studies in the MAR field, an application has been developed that can superimpose real design alternatives on paper-based markers, allowing for flexible wall positioning, interior and exterior wall material application. As such, an enhanced user involvement experience is created. To measure user involvement levels, the application is experimented with 33 participants having the British University in Egypt’s library building as a case study, followed by survey questionnaires to gather and evaluate user responses.FindingsThe results of the analyzed data using SPSS indicated that MAR showed a positive impact on enhancing user involvement and better understanding of design projects. It also allowed users to produce different design alternatives in comparison to the traditional involvement approaches where users showed low design interaction and understanding.Originality/valueThe interactive features of the proposed application facilitate implementing ideas in design of construction projects that require user involvement.