Interior Material Research Articles

부분최소자승법을 이용한 중고차 에어컨냄새 원인물질 추정

Lately, customers think highly of the emotional satisfaction and as a result, issues on odor are matters of concern. The cases are odor of interior material and air-conditioner of vehicles. In particualar, with respect to the odor of air-conditioner, customers strongly claimed defects with provocative comments : "It smells like something rotten," "It smells like a foot odor," "It stinks like a rag." Generally, it is known that mold of evaporator core in the air-conditioning system decays and this produce VOCs which causes the odor to occur. In this study, partial least squares regression model is applied to predict the strength of the odor and select of important VOCs which affect car air conditioning smell. The PLS method is basically a particular multilinear regression algorithm which can handle correlated inputs and limited data. The number of latent variable is determined by the point which is stabilized mean absolute deviations of VOCs data. Also multiple linear regression is carried out to confirm the validity of PLS method.

Thermomechanical Stress Distributions in a Gas Turbine Blade Under the Effect of Cooling Flow Variations

Thermomechanical stresses in gas turbine blades are investigated. Attention is focused on effects caused by varying the cooling airflow that runs through the blade interior, keeping constant a mainstream condition around the blade surface. Stress concentration was predicted numerically under engine real operating conditions. Temperature distributions in the metal blade surface produced by convective boundary conditions were linked with heat conduction within the blade using a conjugate solution. Results of stress concentration in the blade material for reduced cooling flow rate, blocked cooling ducts, and rotation rate were obtained. It is shown that temperature and stress distributions are a strong function of position in blade interior material and surface. Thermomechanical stress concentration was observed in the leading edge, with the endwall region affected by large stress concentration. Stress magnitude increments were found for combined cyclic thermal heating and sustained mechanical loads on specific planes of airfoil span for reduced cooling flow. Also, large stress gradients between leading and trailing regions of the blade were observed. The study reveals that blocking channels increase stresses in the central region of blade transversal cross section.

A Pilot Study Investigating the Impact of Indoor Wall Construction on Performance during Long Monotonous Work

Generating of a mistake and the decline in working efficiency in monotonous work are what is depended on the fall of the concentration, corporal or mental fatigue. Importance is attached to the indoor environment in monotonous work. There is history which has used the natural material (for example clay, grass, bamboo charcoal) for interior materials in Japan. Moisture conditioning properties and absorption properties of an indoor pollutant substance of natural material for interior materials may have a certain influence on monotonous work. Therefore, purpose of in this study is to clarify the influence which an interior material has on working efficiency and fatigue under the long monotonous work with different interior material as wallpaper, clay wall, bamboo charcoal. Long monotonous work was segregation of the examination literature. The motion of segregation work was recorded by video camera. The brain waves under work were measured. The fatigue survey questionnaires before and after work were performed.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SUBSURFACE DAMAGE IN ROTARY ULTRASONIC MACHINING OF GLASS BK7

The present study aimed to establish an exact comprehension of the subsurface damage patterns generated during rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of glass BK7 process. First, the subsurface damage of the specimens produced with and without ultrasonic using three different diamond tools was compared and characterized by means of the bonded interface sectioning technique. Then, the RUM scratching tests were conducted on the polished specimen surfaces with two diamond tools to investigate the subsurface damage formation mechanisms involved in formal RUM process. The damage characteristics of the RUM scratches were investigated with respect to the kinematics principles of the abrasives and the dynamic fracture theory of the brittle material. As a result, three types of RUM-induced subsurface damage were identified: pulverization, chipping and cracking. The pulverization layer characterized by finer debris was just populated near the top surface of the RUM specimen without extending into the interior material. The finer debris should emerge simultaneously, resulting from the increased strain rate and the decreased dynamic fracture toughness of the material, both of which were aroused by the inertia loading of the abrasive when reaching the vertex of its sinusoidal trajectory.

Fire Performance of Fiber Board Coated with Nano Kaolin-Clay Film

Fiberboard is a common interior material used both in China and the United States of America. The increase in demand for interior materials has raised concerns regarding combustibility of the materials. The pyrolysis characteristics of fiber, phenolic resin (PF), and nano kaolin-clay (NK) were investigated using thermogravimetry. The fire performances of samples coated with a mixture of NK and PF were determined using a cone calorimeter. The pyrolysis process of fiber included three phases dependent on chemical composition. The initial temperature of PF pyrolysis was about 100 °C and it stopped at 280°C. The major mass loss of NK was observed between 400 to 600 °C due to the gradual oxolation of the metakaolin. In comparison with fiber board, samples coated with a mixture of NK and PF achieved a better fire performance. The results showed a longer TTI, lower HRR, and THR, and less CO and CO2 yield, especially from a mixture of NK (90%) and PF (10%). The application of an NK and PF mixture to fiber board as a flame retardant is an effective method for enhancing fire safety and resistance.

Influence of the Air Velocity Given to the VOC Concentration Emitted from Interior Material

Influence of the Air Velocity Given to the VOC Concentration Emitted from Interior Material

室内環境を快適に保つ機能性内装(<メカライフ特集>住のものづくり)

室内環境を快適に保つ機能性内装(<メカライフ特集>住のものづくり)

1211 衝突事故時における鉄道車両内装材の変形挙動(OS5-2 衝突と安全,OS5 安全・安心・防災,オーガナイズド・セッション(OS))

Passengers have a risk of gettig injured in collision with interior components in the event of train crash accidents. In order to lower the risk of passengers getting seriously injured, it is important to figure out the situation of collision between passengers and interior components. In this investigation we intended to figure out the behavior of interior components when passengers collide with them. We got mechanical strength properties of interior materials by performing tensile tests. Besides we examined the behavior of boards made of each interior material by striking them with an impactor and carried out the reproduction analysis.

Safety Evaluation of Fire Resistant Extruded Panel for Partition Wall System

While the extruded cement panel has many advantages compared to drywall, it has limited applicability in buildings due to its low fire resistance. However, an extruded panel in which the fire resistance has been dramatically enhanced through the addition of a-hemihydrate gypsum is expected to become widely applied as a partition wall or interior material for buildings. To ensure its applicability, certain safety requirements for use, such as the leaning load by residents, the impact by indoor articles, and the fire, need to be taken into consideration. The purpose of this study is to review the impact load resistance, horizontal load resistance, and fire resistance as required safety properties for the partition wall and interior materials of the extruded panel that includes a-hemihydrate gypsum. The results of this study show that the impact load resistance of the extruded panel that includes a-hemihydrate gypsum achieves SD grade for industrial buildings, and the horizontal impact load resistance achieves HD grade for public buildings. In addition, it provides fire-resistance for approximately 7 minutes longer than the existing extruded cement panel. Based on this result, it is confirmed the extruded panel incorporating a-hemihydrate gypsum has adequate safety properties for use as partition wall or interior material.

Evaluation of Sound Insulation Performance of Extruded Cement Panel with a-Hemihydrate Gypsum

The extruded cement panel, which has many advantages as a prefabricated method, has been limited in its application due to its low fire-resistance. However, an extruded cement panel produced by mixing a-hemihydrate gypsum offers dramatically improved fire-resistance and is expected to have wide-ranging applications in the construction sector as an interior material or partition wall between housing units. Sound insulation performance is very important for the partition wall between housing units. In this study, the sound insulation performance of the extruded cement panel produced through the mixture of a-hemihydrate gypsum is reviewed in order to determine its usability for a partition wall between housing units and for interior materials. Through the review it was found that the wall formed using the extruded cement panels produced by mixing the a-hemihydrate gypsum have ★★★ class in sound insulation test, equal or superior compared with the other two types of extruded cement panel walls currently available in the market.

Creep damage modeling of a polycrystalline material

AbstractA polycrystalline material is investigated under creep conditions within the framework of continuum micromechanics. Geometrical 3D model of a polycrystalline microstructure is represented as a unit cell with grains of random crystallographical orientation and shape. Thickness of the plains, separating neighboring grains in the unit cell, can have non‐zero value. Obtained geometry assigns a special zone in the vicinity of grain boundaries, possessing unordered crystalline structure. A mechanical behavior of this zone should allow sliding of the adjacent grains. Within the grain interior crystalline structure is ordered, what prescribes cubic symmetry of a material. The anisotropic material model with the orthotropic symmetry is implemented in ABAQUS and used to assign elastic and creep behavior of both the grain interior and grain boundary material. Appropriate parameters set allows transition from the orthotropy to the cubic symmetry for the grain interior. Material parameters for the grain interior are identified from creep tests for single crystal copper. Model parameters for the grain boundary are set from the physical considerations and numerical model validation according to the experimental data of the grain boundary sliding in a polycrystalline copper [2]. As the result of analysis representative number of grains and grain boundary thickness in the unit cell are recommended. (© 2012 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Manufacture of Colores Hanji for Interior Materials from Natural Pigments(Part 2)- Study on Functional Properties of Super Eight Colors Changhoji -

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional properties of Changhoji with natural dyeing. This research would provide a basic information for interior material Changhoji. To estimate functional properties of super eight colors Changhoji, water staining, lightfastness, and floodlight color test were executed. In term of the water staining test, blue color showed the clear and other colors showed the little spot. As a result of measuring the lightfastness, Magenta color dyed with sappanwood showed the worst. But blue color dyed with indigo and Turquoise color dyed with indigo and Pagoda tree flower showed the highest. As a result of floodlight color test was no difference between sample color and floodlight color.

자수정(Amethyst) 보석을 응용한 장신구 조형과 Interior Jewel Modeling의 디자인 개발

자수정(Amethyst) 보석은 원적외선을 방출하여 온열 효과를 나타내고, 체내에서 신진대사를 촉진시키는 친환경 인테리어 재료로서 주목을 받고 있다. 본 논문은 세공 장식(Jeweling)의 가치를 높이는 보랏빛 자수정을 특징적 모티프로 응용하여, Design Model로 개발하고자 하였다. Rhino CAD의 Data에 생성된 유기적 입체 형상은 정밀하고 표면이 깨끗한 왁스(Wax) 적층 가공이 가능하였고, 'Golden Ratio'를 적용한 Brooch 및 Necklace 작품으로 제작, 완성하였다. 이러한 장신구를 비롯하는 장식품 가운데, 자수정 세공 장식의 Interior Jewel Modeling의 활용 사례를 제안하였으며, 본 논문의 연구 결과가 귀금속 제조업체의 생산성 향상에 일조할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Amethyst gems represents thermal effects of far-infrared emission, promotes the body's metabolism, and attracts attention as an eco-friendly interior material. In this paper, amethyst increase the value of jeweling by applying the characteristic purple motif, furthermore, I will intend to develop of design model. Metal crafting of brooch & necklace in the works performed based on the organic three-dimensional shape of the Rhino CAD Data. It was made possible through the precise laminated wax processing and then combining the amethyst. I researched the ornament modeling by applying the 'Golden Ratio', and suggesting utilizing method for interior jewel modeling, and also, is expected that this paper on the amethyst modeling design can contribute to the manufacturers' productivity.

열분해에 의한 폐인조대리석으로부터 산화알루미늄 회수에 관한 연구

인조대리석은 천연대리석에 비해 우수한 외형, 높은 마감도, 고른 빛깔, 압력과 마모에 대한 우수한 저항성, 부식과 풍화에 대한 우수한 저항성 등의 장점을 가지고 있다. 그래서 인조대리석은 주방용 조리대, 욕실 세면대, 가구, 안내 데스크 등에 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 그러나 인조대리석을 자르고 마감하는 과정에서 많은 양의 폐기물들이 스크랩 또는 분진의 형태로 발생한다. 고급스런 인테리어 재료의 수요의 증가에 따라 인조대리석으로부터의 폐기물은 증가하고 있다. 폐인조대리석은 분쇄, 열분해, 증류공정 등을 통하여 전자재료, 세라믹 등의 원료가 되는 산화알루미늄 및 인조대리석의 원료가 되는 MMA로 재생이 가능하다. 폐인조대리석의 특성을 TGA/DSC 및 원소분석을 통해 그 특성을 분석하였다. 폐인조대리석을 분쇄 및 열분해하여 원 산화알루미늄을 얻었다. 본 연구에서는 원 산화알루미늄을 회수하는 공정의 최적화를 위해 Box-Behnken 실험계획법을 사용하였다. 원 산화알루미늄의 특성치는 색도 분석, 원소 분석 그리고 표면적 등에 의하여 평가하였다. Compared with the natural marble, the artificial marble has the advantages of excellent appearance, high degree of finish, even color, fine pressure and wear resistance, bear erosion and weathering, etc. It can be widely used in kitchen countertops, bath vanity tops, table tops, furniture, reception desks, etc. However, large amounts of artificial marble waste such as scraps or dust have been generated from sawing and polishing processes in artificial marble industry. Waste from artificial marble industry is increasing according to demand magnification of luxurious interior material. Artificial marble wastes can be recycled as aluminum oxide used as raw materials in electronic materials, ceramics production, etc., and methyl methacrylate(MMA) which become a raw material of artificial marble by pulverization, pyrolysis and distillation processes. The characteristics of artificial marble wastes was analyzed by using TGA/DSC and element analysis. Crude aluminum oxide was obtained from artificial marble waste by pulverization and thermal decomposition under nitrogen atmosphere. In this work, Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the pyrolysis process. The characteristics of crude aluminum oxide was evaluated by chromaticity analysis, element analysis, and surface area.

Volume reconstruction of point cloud data sets derived from computational geodynamic simulations

One of the most widely used numerical modeling techniques in geodynamics to study the evolution of geomaterials is the “marker‐and‐cell” technique. In such methods the material lithology is represented by Lagrangian particles (markers), while the continuum equations are solved on a background mesh. Significant research has been devoted to improving the efficiency and scalability of these numerical methods to enable high‐resolution simulations to be performed on modest computational resources. In contrast, little attention has been given to developing visualization techniques suitable for interrogation high‐resolution 3D particle data sets. We describe an efficient algorithm for performing a volume reconstruction of the lithology field defined via particles (code available upon request from the author). The algorithm generates an Approximate Voronoi Diagram (AVD) which transforms particle data sets into a cell‐based, volumetric data set. The volumetric representation enables cross sections of the material configuration to be constructed efficiently and unambiguously, thereby enabling the interior material structure of the simulation results to be analyzed. Examples from geodynamic simulations are used to demonstrate visual results possible using this visualization technique. Performance comparisons are made between existing implementations of exact and approximate Voronoi diagrams. Overall, the AVD developed herein is found to be extremely competitive as a visualizing tool for massive particle data sets as it is extremely efficient, has low memory requirements and can be trivially used in a distributed memory computing environment.

대단면 스킨팀버의 휨 성질에 관한 연구

최근 들어 한옥에 대한 수요과 공급이 계속해서 늘고 있다. 이러한 한옥이 가지고 있는 가장 심각한 문제는 과도한 지붕구조의 무게와 이로 인해 늘어날 수밖에 없는 구조부재의 대형화이다. 따라서 겉으로는 대단면 목재 부재이면서 다량의 목질부를 제거하여 무게의 경량화를 이루고 감소하는 강도적 성질은 부재의 하이브리드화를 통해 보충할 수 있는 실대재 대단면 스킨팀버를 제작하였다. 소나무와 낙엽송 두 수종을 사용하여 실대재 스킨팀버를 제작하였다. 두 수종에 대해 정각형 스킨팀버와 원통형 스킨팀버 각각을 제작하여 휨성능을 평가하였다. 가공기계의 정밀도 부족으로 인해 부재에 과도한 손상이 발생하여 의도한 정도의 강도적 성질을 얻지 못하였다. 하지만 가공기계의 정밀도 향상을 도모하고 추가적인 하이브리드 구조체 제작을 첨가한다면 경량의 대단면 구조부재의 생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 실제 제작한 낙엽송과 소나무 실대재 스킨팀버에서는 수종간의 휨성능 차이는 나타나지 않아 적절히 혼용 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 낙엽송의 MOR 기준에서만 정각형과 원통형간에 성능 차이가 인정되어 구분하여 사용해야 할 필요가 있고 나머지에 있어서는 차이가 인정되지 않아 혼용이 가능하다고 판단되었다. 본 연구의 목적이 어느 정도의 강도를 지닌 경량의 대단면 구조재 개발에 있으므로 목질계 우드세라믹이나 경량철골 등을 이용한 하이브리드 구조체를 개발한다면 한옥이나 실내인테리어재료 그리고 기둥-보 공법의 재료 등으로 활용 가능할 것이다. Recently, the demand and supply on the Hanok have been increased. However, Hanok should be requested larger section of structural members because of excessive roof weight. So, structural skin-timber was manufactured to get a lightweight structural member. The structural skin-timber has exterior shape with larger section but a great volume of wood be removed. The reduced strength of structural skin-timber can be supplemented by hybridizaion of structural member. Japanese larch and Domestic pine were used to manufacture the structural skin-timber. Structural skin-timbers of rectangular shape and cylinder shape were manufactured and tested to evaluate the bending properties. The intended strength property could not be obtained because member had been suffered severe damage by precision deficiency of manufacturing machine. However, if precision of manufacturing machine would be improved and additional hybridizaion of structural skin-timber would be done, lightweight structural member will be able to be manufactured. Structural skin-timber did not showed statistical significancy between two species, so it is possible to use pine mixed with larch. Only MOR of larch showed statistical significancy between rectangular shape and cylinder shape, so it is necessary to use of those as separate things. However, the rest of skin-timber can be judged mixed using because of non statistical significancy. The objective of this study was the development of lightweight larger structural member with relatively strength. If hybrid member of skin-timber could be developed with wood-ceramics, lightweight steel and more, it can be possible to be used as a building material of Hanok, interior material, post & beam construction material and more.

Influence Factors and Management based on Phase of Building Construction for the Improvement of Post Occupancy Indoor Air Quality

In recent years, pollution in residential spaces has been a significant area of concern. In particular, the indoor air quality (IAQ) of an apartment building before occupancy, which is related to the interior material, is a serious problem. Unlike previous research, which has mainly focused on pollution control after construction, this study has derived influencing factors and priority of management with a controlling schedule for IAQ. The objectives of this research are 1) control of schedule or improvement of management for IAQ, 2) distribution of responsibility to the parties concerned (factory, material company, construction company, design and engineering, occupancy). The results show the relative priority of the four major items in wall based apartment buildings and in column based apartment buildings. An analysis of the parties responsible for improvement based on the IAQ results shows more efforts to improve IAQ are needed in material factories and engineering/design companies.

SYNTHESIS OF NOVOLAC-BASED CHAR FORMER AND ITS SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE ON FLAME RETARDANCY OF POLYAMIDE-6

A novel flame-retardant synergist,thermalplastic boron-containing phenol-formaldehyde resin(BPF),was designed and successfully synthesized to modify Magnesium hydroxide(MH) flame retardant polyamide-6(PA6).The synthesized BPF was characterized by FTIR,1H-NMR,XRD and TGA,etc.The experiment results showed that BPF possessed good charring performance,about 61.4 wt% solid residue remained even after heating to 750℃ for MH/BPF/PA6 system.The degraded BPF produced glassy B2O3 covering on the surface of the burning material,and effectively isolated the oxygen from interior material,therefore remarkably enhanced the flame retardancy of the material,reaching UL94-1.6mm V0 rating.BPF also served as an efficient lubricant and greatly improved the processability of the material.In addition,BPF did not deteriorate the mechanical properties of the flame retardant material,showing comprehensive modification effects on MH flame retardant PA6.

The Analysis and Assessment of Test Method for Flammability of an Automotive Headlining Fabric

The flammability is one of the most important features about safety for automotive interior material. This paper summarized the testing standards for flammability performed testing on a type of interior textile material made by one of domestic manufacturers, in accordance with the Chart 571.302 Standard No. 302 of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of U.S. The complete introduction of national mandatory standard of China in flammability of interior material was introduced and domestic test standards of flammability with those of foreign countries all over world were compared. Finally, this paper proposed possible and would-be necessary parameters based on comprehensiveness of this kind of test due to safer requirement in future.

Assessing the moisture buffering performance of hygroscopic material by using experimental method

It is widely known that the problem of low or high indoor humidity environment has various adverse effects on occupant’s health, durability of the building envelope and energy consumption. In order to create comfortable and healthy indoor environment, it is necessary to maintain the indoor humidity steady in a correct level. Hygroscopic interior material can adsorb and desorb moisture from surrounding air, adopting this material is an energy-efficient way to moderate indoor humidity variations and thus it has been applied as finishing materials in some buildings. However, there is no criterion to evaluate the moisture buffering effect of applying hygroscopic material. In this research investigation, a series of experiments with different applying parameters were designed and carried out in a climate-controlled test chamber. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the moisture buffering effect by applying hygroscopic material, as well as to understand the humidity distribution of a hygroscopic material furnished room. Experimental results showed that the effects of moisture adsorption/desorption decreased exponentially when the ambient air change rate per unit area of hygroscopic material increased.