Polydipsia Research Articles

Psychogenic polydipsia: A diagnostic challenge

ABSTRACT Primary polydipsia (PP) is a disorder that is clinically characterised by excessive thirst accompanied by increased fluid intake and subsequent excessive excretion of urine without an obvious cause. PP in childhood due to psychogenic causes is a rare condition and may be more prevalent than thought. The differential diagnosis of polydipsia and polyuria is broad due to extensive associated disease spectrum, including renal, endocrine, and neurological diseases. Furthermore, differentiating PP from diabetes insipidus (DI) is essential because the treatment of the latter could be deleterious in patients with PP. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with psychogenic polydipsia. In the present case, the child was started on desmopressin, considering it a case of DI, in view of the history of increased water intake and urinary output. However, a detailed psychological assessment of the child revealed the case to be an autism spectrum disorder. Subsequently, desmopressin was discontinued, and there was a rapid normalisation of fluid intake along with significant reduction in the urine output after starting psychological intervention and implementing strict water restriction. This confirmed the diagnosis as a case of psychogenic polydipsia, which is a common occurrence in children with developmental disorders.

Evaluation of different natural waste materials as bio-coagulants for domestic wastewater treatment

The process of removing pollutants from wastewater is a significant challenge for many countries due to the high cost of current technologies and the continuous increase in water consumption. Several methods are used to treat wastewater, but their efficiency varies according to the quality of the treated effluent and the technology used. In this study, seven natural waste materials: Moringa leaves, Chitosan, Opuntia, Pomegranate peel, Lupin straw, Sugarcane bagasse, and tea were prepared, characterized, and utilized as bio-coagulants for domestic wastewater treatment. Jar test experiments were carried out for the bio-coagulants using the coagulation/flocculation procedure. The optimum dose and time were tested for the bio-coagulants and the experiments were performed at pH 7.5 and at 25 °C. The presence of surface functional groups such as -COOH, -CN and –OH and the formation of surface adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. All bio-coagulants were effective in removing contaminants from wastewater. The tested bio-coagulants removal efficiency increased with increasing doses until equilibrium was reached. The maximum removal percentage of Moringa, Chitosan, Opuntia, Pomegranate, Lupin, Sugarcane bagasse, and tea waste residue was observed at the optimal dose of 0.8 g/L. Pomegranate showed the highest pollutant removal efficiency. Chitosan and Lupin showed moderate efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO4), ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), turbidity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total nitrogen (TN), and total organic carbon (TOC). The highest adsorption capacities achieved for Opuntia in terms of TSS, COD, BOD5, PO4, NH3, NO3, TKN, TN, and TOC were 367.42, 625, 450, 82, 3.5, 3.83, 10.43, 8.21, 18.64, and 231.66 mg/g, with corresponding average removal efficiency of 85%, 88.25%, 88.07%, 90.32%, 90.29%, 93.82%, 90.23%, 92.23%, and 95.69%, respectively, due to the presence of cracked texture with porous adsorption sites. The research work suggested that the materials could be considered eco-friendly, low-cost, and effective bio-coagulants for wastewater treatment.

Использование агрометеорологических данных для обоснования оросительных мелиораций саженцев плодовых и ягодных культур в Центральном Нечерноземье

Irrigation is important when growing planting material in fruit and berry nurseries, which are located in areas of insufficient or unstable moisture, as well as in the central part of the non-chernozem zone of Russia due to the uneven distribution of precipitation during the season. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need for irrigation reclamation of seedlings of fruit and berry crops in the central Non-black earth region using agrometeorological data. Research on the development of drip irrigation technology for seedlings of fruit and berry crops was carried out in the Michurinsky garden of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The study uses observational data (air temperature, precipitation, relative air humidity) obtained at the Mikhelson Meteorological Observatory, for 2018‑2023. To assess the provision of heat and moisture to individual periods of the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient was calculated. a and Shashko moisture coefficient. As a result of the analysis of agrometeorological data, the need for irrigation in the conditions of the central non-chernozem zone of Russia was proven. The number of days with productive precipitation of more than 5 mm is 39% of the total number of days on which precipitation fell, and its distribution during the growing season is uneven, which may coincide with hot periods when plants are characterized by increased water consumption.

Impact of Environmental Temperatures on Feed and Water Consumption in Broilers and Layers in Commercial and Backyard Poultry Farms, Maiduguri, Borno State

This study investigates the influence of environmental temperatures on feed intake and water consumption in broilers and layers across commercial and backyard poultry farms in Maiduguri, Borno State. Data were collected over six months from multiple farms, accounting for seasonal variations and management practices. The findings revealed significant differences in feed and water intake between commercial and backyard farms influenced by temperature fluctuations. Specifically, broilers showed higher sensitivity to temperature changes compared to layers. At temperatures below 25°C, broilers in commercial farms consumed significantly more feed (120 ± 0.5g) and less water (250 ± 0.3ml) compared to higher temperatures above 40°C where feed consumption decreased (100 ± 0.3g) and water intake increased (380 ± 0.6ml) (p < 0.05). Layers followed a similar trend with higher feed intake (110 ± 0.5g) at temperatures below 25°C and increased water consumption (350 ± 0.5ml) at temperatures above 40°C (p < 0.05). Comparative analysis indicated that commercial broilers had a significantly higher average feed intake during the rainy season (180 ± 0.5 g/day) compared to backyard broilers (120 ± 0.3 g/day, p < 0.05), with similar patterns observed during the hot dry season. In contrast, backyard broilers consumed more water (350 ± 0.6 ml/day) than commercial broilers (300 ± 0.4 ml/day) during the hot dry season (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that temperature management is crucial for optimizing poultry performance, with implications for different farming systems.

Development of an eco-friendly mobile plant for car wash wastewater recovery

The global increase in the number of vehicles has a negative impact on the sustainable development due to the increased energy consumption, noise, and air pollution, as well as the increased water consumption used for car wash. The car wash is one of the main after-sale services in the automobile sector. If car wash wastewater (CWW) could be reused, fresh water customarily used in car washing could be preserved. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement ?on-site? wastewater treatment systems (i.e. at car wash stations). In this research, a novel pilot plant is developed for ?on site? treatment of CWW. This pilot plant presents combined methods. It consists of three innovative modules: a multipurpose reactor (for coagulation/flotation, aeration/oxidation), deep bed filter (for filtration), and a two-stage bed coalescer (for coalescence filtration). In all these units packing materials are very light (expanded polystyrene (EPS) and polyurethane (PU)) and therefore energy consumption is significantly low. The pilot plant has a simple and light construction, so that it can be easily moved. It has shown very high COD reduction efficiency as well as removal efficiencies of suspended solids, and oil/grease, thus exhibiting high potentials for water recovery at car wash stations.

Efficacy and safety of multiple external therapies in patients with insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The annual incidence of insomnia continues to increase owing to changes in lifestyle habits, increased work pressure, and increased environmental pollution. In recent years, an increasing number of external therapies have been proven effective in treating insomnia and have been widely used. However, the relative benefits and harms of external therapies remain uncertain, and an optimal treatment strategy has not yet been determined. A network meta-analysis was performed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of multiple external therapies for patients with insomnia. Eight electronic databases were comprehensively searched from their inception to June 2023 for relevant literature. We also searched the grey literature and reviewed the reference lists of related systematic reviews. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment of the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using the Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook, and a network meta-analysis was conducted using Stata and RevMan software. In total, 14,826 studies were identified. Of these, 83 studies, including 9 external therapies and 6,100 patients, were deemed eligible for the present network meta-analysis. Except for the SL outcome, each external therapy was better than conventional medicine and the sham intervention (SI) in improving sleep quality. In terms of improving the psychological state indices of insomnia patients, each external therapy was superior to the SI; each external therapy had a better effect on the regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters. Tuina may be the most effective intervention in improving the total effective rate, Pittsburgh sleep quality index score, and SL. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) perhaps resulted in the best improvement in total sleep time and awakening time (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA] = 78.3 and 75.4%, respectively); and moxibustion (MB) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) were the most effective in reducing Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Self-rating Depression Scale scores. In terms of improving the monoamine neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the best interventions were acupoint catgut embedding, electroacupuncture, and Tuina (SUCRA = 82.0, 69.9 and 90.3%, respectively). Safety results showed that the three safest interventions were the SI, Tuina, and foot bath. No serious adverse events were reported across the studies, and the most common minor adverse events included drowsiness, pain, excessive thirst, and hematoma. Both Tuina and rTMS have significant effects on improving sleep quality, but the safety of rTMS is low. Therefore, Tuina can be recommended as the first line of treatment to improve sleep quality. If a patient's anxiety and depression symptoms are evident, MB or HBO can be selected for treatment based on the actual situation. External therapy to improve sleep quality may be related to the regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, which may be a potential mechanism of action. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=440882.

A comparative study of bottled and tap water in Abbottabad city: Implications for stakeholders

Access to safe drinking water is essential for human health. In Abbottabad, tap and bore water are commonly used, but there has been a recent increase in bottled water consumption. This study aimed to compare tap and bottled water quality in Jinnahabad, Abbottabad. Physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was conducted on water samples collected from various sources. Surveys and interviews were also conducted to assess consumer perceptions and costs. The study found that, on average, bottled water had better physicochemical quality, although both alternatives met WHO limits. Tap water had higher levels of E. coli due to a weak sanitation system. Interestingly, despite perceiving bottled water as safer, most respondents still consumed tap water daily. Shopkeepers reported higher bottled water purchases for travel but lower daily consumption. Tap water was the main source, according to the Cantonment Board Abbottabad, though resources were insufficient. Doctors confirmed tap water-related diseases. The study suggests further research into consumer behavior and recommends monitoring measures, staff evaluations, and penalties to reduce costs and waste.

Diabetes Insipidus: Types, Diagnosis and Management

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is an acquired or hereditary water imbalance disorder characterized by polydipsia and polyuria. It is a condition that involves the excretion of dilute urine in large volumes. The illness can strike at any age, with males and females have identical rates of occurrence of the disease. The two main mechanisms responsible for diabetes insipidus are either insufficient release or production of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the hypothalamus (central diabetes insipidus) or ADH resistance in which the kidneys are unable to respond to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus). Another form of DI is transient diabetes insipidus commonly known as gestational diabetes insipidus that occurs in the second/third trimester of pregnancy due to increased levels of placental vasopressinase that occurs progressively during pregnancy and increases metabolic clearance of vasopressin. The fourth type of DI is primary polydipsia, characterized by elevated levels of water intake that physiologically lower vasopressin and may be psychogenic, iatrogenic or dipsogenic. Signs and symptoms of DI often include water electrolyte-imbalance, excessive or severe thirst, frequent and excessive urination, fatigue, dehydration, and weight loss. Diabetes insipidus (DI) should be distinguished from primary polydipsia, and whether it is caused by a central, nephrogenic, or gestational cause. This distinction is critical since incorrect treatment can result in serious repercussions. Diagnosis of DI includes measurement of plasma sodium and osmolality, baseline copeptin, hypertonic saline stimulation and arginine stimulation test. The treatment for DI includes the use of drugs such as desmopressin, thiazide diuretics, indomethacin and amiloride.

A mobile application for building smart water consumption habits

The article substantiates the necessity of forming environmental culture in the field of water consumption using software products. The paper creates a concept of a smart information system that combines a mobile application and technical devices that provide real-time control of water consumption and the occurrence of abnormal or emergency situations that significantly increase water consumption. Algorithms realizing the functional capabilities allow collecting and processing data from these devices and promptly recommend effective control actions. In addition, an interactive game is available to the user, which implies periodic performance of tasks related to household environmental literacy. Using object-oriented design methods, a user graphical interface has been created and a fragment of such a game is presented in the paper.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Conventional Petrochemicals and Bio-based Alternatives in Polymer Production

This research explores the environmental impact of propylene production, especially conventional polypropylene (PP) which constitutes 16% of the global plastic industry. The production methods, including steam cracking and fluid catalytic cracking, significantly contribute to both greenhouse gas emissions (28%) and fossil resource use (23%). In response, the paper advocates for a transition to bio-polypropylene, foreseeing global market growth from $94.8 million in 2021 to $996.9 million in 2028, with a compound annual growth rate of 39.9%. Bio-polypropylene offers a reduced carbon footprint and better alignment with production sustainability goals. However, the paper also addresses potential challenges in this transition, including impacts on food security and increased water consumption for cultivation of bio-mass. The research recommends strategic policy interventions, such as Pigouvian tax and subsidies, to facilitate a gradual shift, emphasizing the importance of balancing economic feasibility and environmental sustainability.

Evaluating sustainable intensification levels of dryland agriculture: A focus on Xinjiang, China

Adequate tools for evaluating the Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture (SIA) level are crucial, especially in drylands with limited resources. Based on emergy indices and environmental footprints, We propose an evaluation framework for the case of major crop intensification in Xinjiang, China, and examine the local SIA from 2001 to 2020. The results show that increases in emergy input (EI) of the crop system were achieved with simultaneous increases in water consumption and carbon emissions. The most EI to the system is from economically non-free non-renewable resources (75.1 %), and only 5.4 % from environmentally free renewable resources. The emergy output (EO) of cotton was less than 80 % of wheat and maize, but the carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) of cotton were much higher than wheat and maize (>1.18 times and > 5.01 times, respectively). We group historical results covering emergy indices, CF, WF, and other production indicators into five dimensions and comprehensively evaluate the level of SIA in Xinjiang according to the changes in the five dimensions. It was found that raising the SIA depended on improving management, productivity, and environmental impact dimension from 2000 to 2005. After 2005, the SIA’s down-turning was due to the trade-offs between management, environmental dimensions, and their indicators and the continuous reduction of sustainability of other dimensions. In addition, the progress and realization of SDG 2, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 8, SDG 11, and SDG 12 can effectively improve the SIA. Our study serves as a helpful example for evaluating the level of sustainability of intensive agricultural policies not just in Xinjiang but also in other drylands of the world.

Agronomic and reclamation strategies to enhance soil fertility, productivity and water accessibility

IntroductionOver the last decade, yields and profitability of crops on agricultural lands in the Kyzylkum irrigation massif in the south of Kazakhstan, as well as soil fertility, have been decreasing. The Kyzylkum irrigation basin, located in the Syrdarya River basin, is affected by various factors such as agronomic practices, reclamation factors, and human activities including tourism. This study aims to monitor the yields of cotton and alfalfa in alfalfa-cotton crop rotations in the Kyzylkum irrigation massif, assess soil fertility after alfalfa and cotton cultivation under production conditions, and evaluate the profitability of water consumption.MethodsThe research methodology involved experimental and observational studies conducted on a nine-pole alfalfa-cotton crop rotation area in the Kyzylkum basin within the Syrdarya river basin. The study was conducted on three farms: Didar, Toishy, and Ali-Myrza. Productivity, soil fertility after crop cultivation, and profitability of water consumption were determined through these studies.ResultsThe study found that the Ali-Myrza farm experienced a 21% increase in cotton yield, a 24% increase in alfalfa yield, a 36% increase in profit from crop rotation, a 34% increase in profitability, and a 5-6% increase in water consumption. After alfalfa rotation, the Ali-Myrza farm recorded the highest cotton yield at 3.5 t/ha and a profit of 1,316 euros/ha. However, in the following year, cotton yields decreased to 2.52 t/ha, and profits dropped to 576 euro/ha. The first year of alfalfa cultivation resulted in a yield of 10 t/ha and a profit of 462 euro/ha, which increased to 14 t/ha and 967 euro/ha in the subsequent year. Soil analysis revealed that after two years of growing alfalfa in a six-pole rotation, the root mass in the top 20 cm of soil reached 8.89 t/ha. In contrast, rotations with seven (Toishy) and nine (Didar) crops resulted in lower root masses of 4.68 t/ha and 3.47 t/ha, respectively. The corresponding humus content was 1.65%, 1.40%, and 1.1%, respectively.DiscussionComparing the seven and nine-pole rotations of alfalfa and cotton, the six-pole rotation demonstrated significant improvements in soil fertility (30-40% increase), cotton yield (18-23% increase), alfalfa yield (20-28% increase), and water consumption (5-6% increase). These findings confirm the effectiveness of the alfalfa-cotton rotation method in enhancing soil fertility, productivity, water efficiency, and grey soil productivity in Kyzylkum irrigated fields. The results obtained from this study can be applied in cotton farms in South Kazakhstan that use nine-layer cotton and alfalfa rotations. Furthermore, the findings have implications for cotton cultivation in any country worldwide.

IoT Water Management and Distribution System for Smart City using Artificial Intelligence

Year after year, the accessible percentage of the world's freshwater resources decreases. According to a World Economic Forum assessment, increased water consumption will result in catastrophic global shortages during the next two decades. The majority of water loss occurs during distribution in pipes during shipment. A water distribution system" using the Internet of Things (IoT) combining "cloud and fog computing" is presented for water distribution and underground pipeline health monitoring to remove the loss. Consumer needs must be assessed to design an effective IoT-based water supply system. As a result, a deep learning method known as Long short-term memory (LSTM) is suggested to estimate customer water consumption. An integrated IoT "Water Distribution Network (WDN)" is being created by employing hydraulic engineering and more accurate demand forecasts. The WDN design will minimize transport losses while maintaining water quality for users. This will result in the creation of smart systems for distributing water. Finally, the suggested algorithms' performance is analyzed and compared. The results demonstrate that the water distribution system with intelligence can effectively monitor the network.

Life cycle energy-carbon-water footprint assessment of an existing coal power plant retrofitted with calcium looping (CaL) based CCS system

The current study uses a detailed process based LCA model to evaluate the life cycle energy, carbon and water footprint of an existing 660 MWe supercritical coal powerplant in India retrofitted with the calcium looping based CCS system. LCA of the base case is followed by a sensitivity analysis to analyze effect of variation of different input parameters on the output performance metrics such as life cycle energy input, EROI, life cycle GHG emissions and life cycle blue water consumption. Further, the performance of calcium looping is compared with other mature CCS technologies such as MEA and oxycombustion, which are also retrofitted to the same existing coal power plant. Results show that, as compared to the base power plant, the life cycle energy input and life cycle blue water consumption of the integrated system using calcium looping increases by around 31 and 36% respectively, whereas EROI and life cycle GHG emissions decrease by 33–45% and 79–83% respectively. Sensitivity analysis results show that EROI has the largest variation range and change in rail transportation distance of coal leads to maximum variation in life cycle energy input, EROI and life cycle GHG emissions. Comparison of the three CCS technologies clearly shows that the integrated system using calcium looping has the lowest increase in life cycle energy input and life cycle blue water consumption and the lowest decrease in EROI. Thus, in addition to efficiently reducing CO2 emissions and enhancing power generation capacity of existing coal powerplants, use of calcium looping is also favourable from a life cycle sustainability perspective.

Mapping of scientific production on actions, projects and challenges to deal with fresh water scarcity

The concern over water is due to the increase in population, which has led to an increase in water consumption. Given the context of water scarcity, it is necessary to direct efforts towards preventing this occurrence. One way to meet demand is through technology for water reuse. In this sense, the research proposal was to conduct a systematic and integrative review of the literature on technology transfer related to water, with a focus on water reuse. A total of 33 articles on the subject were selected. The main findings were that research is focused on promoting water reuse and addressing concerns about water consumption. The research highlights the importance of public policies related to water consumption and reuse, as well as the need to understand the population's awareness and acceptance of such aspects. One alternative to meet the water scarcity crisis is through desalination, but progress is needed to overcome the barrier of high energy consumption and waste generation. Regarding technology transfer, sharing knowledge on a global level is necessary for effective technology transfer and satisfactory results.

Comparing Effects of Tolvaptan and Instruction to Increase Water Consumption in ADPKD: Post Hoc Analysis of TEMPO 3:4.

In addition to decreasing water excretion and increasing urinary concentration, the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin plays a role in the pathophysiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It has been hypothesized that by suppressing vasopressin release, drinking large amounts of water might exert therapeutic effects in ADPKD similar to those of tolvaptan, an antagonist of the vasopressin type 2 receptor, but evidence is lacking. We analyzed data from tolvaptan clinical trials to evaluate relationships among water intake, urine osmolality (Uosm), and change in total kidney volume (TKV). Analysis of the TEMPO 3:4 clinical trial in which participants were randomized to tolvaptan or placebo and instructed to drink large amounts of water. The relationship between change in spot Uosm from baseline to Week 3 and change in TKV to Month 12 was assessed using linear regression modeling. Two short-term tolvaptan trials were analyzed to explore relationships between intermittent Uosm sampling and 24-hour Uosm suppression. With both tolvaptan and placebo (i.e., mandated high water intake alone), Uosm reduction at Week 3 was associated with reduction in TKV growth at Month 12. However, for the same decrease in spot Uosm, the corresponding reduction in TKV growth was greater for tolvaptan (for example, a -250 mOsm/kg reduction in Uosm at Week 3 was associated with a -1% change in TKV at Month 12 for tolvaptan versus +4.5% for placebo). In short-term trials, similar reductions in spot or trough Uosm values were achievable with tolvaptan and high water intake, but cumulative 24-hour suppression was greater with tolvaptan. This analysis supports a relationship between effects on Uosm and inhibition of disease progression by tolvaptan and high water intake alone. The findings further suggest that 24-hour Uosm measurement is superior to spot Uosm for assessing suppression of vasopressin activity by tolvaptan.

Observing Real-Time Adhesion of Microparticles on Glass Surfaces.

Fouling on glass surfaces reduces the solar panel efficiency and increases water consumption for cleaning. Superhydrophobic coatings on glass enable self-cleaning by allowing water droplets to carry away dirt particles. Observing the interaction between charged particles and surfaces provides insights into effective cleaning. Using a high-speed camera and a long-distance objective, we analyzed the in situ deposition of variously functionalized and charged silica dust microparticles on chemically treated glass. The ambient charges for the control, hydrophobic, and positively charged particles were approximately -0.5, -0.13, and +0.5 nC, respectively. We found that a positively charged particle of 2.3 ± 1.2 μm diameter adhered to hydroxylated glass in ∼0.054 s, compared to 0.40 and 0.45 s for quaternary ammonium- and fluorosilane-functionalized hydrophobic glass. Experiments suggest that quaternary ammonium-functionalized glass surfaces are about 77.8% more resistant to soiling than bare surfaces.

The Effects of the Magnetic Drinking Water in Poultry: a Review

Good water quality and cleanliness increase water intake. This could lead to improved performance and reduce health problems of the flock in livestock. It does not require extra energy consumption and easy installation when a permanent magnet is used. Exposure of the water to a magnetic field changes the water’s properties including raising pH, and dissolved oxygen, and the number of water molecules decreases to a smaller cluster leading to better absorption of water into the animal cell membranes. There are many results in poultry field that magnetized drinking water increases water consumption and feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and meat quality of broilers, also it enhances egg production traits for laying hens. In addition, it improves hatchability, bioavailability, immunity and decreases mortality. This review aims to explain the existing literature on the influence the application of magnetic drinking water on the performance and health parameters of poultry.

An Observational Study on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Related Risk Factors and Complications in In-patient Department at a Tertiary Care Centre in Telangana, India

Aims: To identify the risk factors and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
 Study Design: It is a single-centre, prospective, observational study.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study site includes in-patient departments of Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad done for a period of six months between December’2022 to May’2023.
 Methodology: In-patient cases diagnosed with T1DM, T2DM and pre-diabetes were included in study. A data collection form was drafted that included patient demographics (age, sex, height, weight, history in family, risk factors, past medication history, past medical illnesses- HTN (hypertension), dyslipidemia. Lifestyle of patients if physically active/ sedentary and social history as smoker/ alcoholic noted. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) was recorded for T2DM along with BMI in kg/m2. Any micro or macro-vascular complications noted during study period. Medications prescribed were assessed for appropriateness in treating Diabetes Mellitus. Case sheets with complete information regarding patient details were only analyzed.
 Results: 70 cases were collected and analyzed for diabetes out of which 58 cases comprised of T2DM. The majority study population was males 63.79% and with age group 53-69 years (25 cases, 43.10%) being higher. As per WHO-Diabetes Criteria, Pre-Diabetes was highly prevalent of 58.57% at this study site. Higher cases of T2DM (82.85%) was noted which shows the importance of implementing lifestyle changes to prevent macro and micro vascular complications. Symptoms of T2DM were abdominal pain (15, 25.86%) followed by excessive thirst (20.68%), and tiredness (10%). Major risk factors for T2DM were hypertension (15, 25.86%), smoking habit (22.41%), alcohol and obesity (17.24% each) which may have lead to complications associated with T2DM as Nephropathy in 2 cases followed by retinopathy, ischemic stroke, and diabetic foot each 1 case. Metformin as monotherapy (82.75% cases) was preferred treatment for T2DM at this site followed by Glimepiride (12, 20.68%).
 Conclusion: Study observations conclude that various risk factors can lead to T2DM, hence it is essential to create awareness among the general population on this. Strategies for preventing DM should also be highlighted such as lifestyle changes and following proper dietary guidelines that would avert any life-threatening conditions.

Satellite-Based Monitoring of Growing Agricultural Water Consumption in Hyper-Arid Regions

Land-use change has a key role in hydrologic processes and biodiversity. Although many satellite-based studies have been conducted to reveal the interaction between land-use changes in hydrological processes worldwide, the land-use change impact on agricultural water consumption in hyper-arid regions is poorly understood. Here, we investigate increased agricultural water consumption in the Qom province, a hyper-arid region in Iran, using derived imageries from Landsat 5 Tm and Landsat 8 OLI during the last three decades. We used maximum likelihood classification (MLC) and decision tree classification (DTC) to analyze the satellite images. The MLC method showed that croplands have increased from 30,547 ha in 1989 to 39,255 ha in 2019 (i.e., a 29% increase). In this period, the total orchard area increased from 3904 ha to 6307 ha, revealing a growth of 61%. In the DTC method, the increases in the cropland and orchard areas were, respectively, 34% and 60%. Although both MLC and DTC satisfied the accuracy criteria, the former was more consistent than the latter concerning ground data and documented statistics. Satellite-based and MLC results showed an increase in agricultural water consumption from 152 million cubic meters (MCM) in 1989 to 209 MCM in 2019, showing a 38% increase (i.e., 1.27% annually). Our findings send an alarming message for policymakers to reduce the water demand through sustainable agricultural practices in the Qom province, where the agricultural sector uses approximately 90% of annual water demand.