Influence Of Increase Research Articles

Development, Verification, and Analysis of Simple Mathematical Model of Lettuce Productivity under Different Light Conditions

Lettuce is an important agricultural plant which is often cultivated under artificial illumination including light of light emitting diodes (LEDs). Spectrum and intensity of used illumination and duration of photoperiod can strongly influence a final lettuce biomass; their effects can be interacted. It means that search of optimal light conditions is complicated problem for experimental investigations because numerous combinations of light conditions should be analyzed. A mathematical model of lettuce productivity can provide the potential tool for intensification of this search; earlier, we preliminarily proposed the minimal model of lettuce productivity under the LED illumination. The aim of the current work was further development, verification, and analysis of the simple mathematical model of the lettuce productivity. Dry weight of a lettuce leaf rosette was used as the main variable of the model; its changes were described as function of difference between production of biomass through assimilation and its consumption through respiration. The model was quantitively parameterized and verified on basis of our previous experimental works devoted to influence of parameters of the LED illumination on lettuce characteristics. It was shown well correspondence between experimental and simulated results. Further analysis of the developed model predicted optimal illumination conditions of the lettuce cultivation. Particularly, it showed a positive influence of gradual and step increase of the light intensity on final biomass of cultivated lettuce plants. Thus, the developed model can be used as the tool for the theoretical prediction of optimal light conditions for the lettuce cultivation.

Swift heavy ion irradiation induced modifications on the structure, optical and electrical properties of pulsed laser deposited anatase TiO2 thin films

The swift heavy ions of Ag7+ (100 MeV) were used to irradiate the anatase TiO2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on quartz substrates. The effect of ion fluences (1×1012, 1×1013 and 1×1014 ions/cm2) on the structure, surface morphology, optical and electrical properties are investigated through several analytical techniques such as XRD, Micro-Raman, FTIR, XPS, AFM, FESEM, UV–visible and Hall measurements. The analysis of XRD data shows a gradual shift in the (101) plane toward higher diffraction angle on increasing the ion fluence which increases the lattice strain in the films. The EDS spectra reveal a modest Ti-rich composition with a significant shift following irradiation for both as-grown and irradiated films. The development of hillocks at increased ion fluence and considerable grain splitting following irradiation are observed in SEM micrographs. AFM images exhibit increase in surface roughness with the increase in ion fluence. Moreover, there is a significant drop in the band gap of the irradiated thin films from 3.92 to 3.44 eV with the increase in ion fluence. The various electrical parameters such as carrier concentrations (n), Hall mobility (μ), electrical resistivity (ρ), Hall coefficient (RH), etc., are determined by the Hall measurements at room temperature. This study indicates that the SHI irradiation plays a significant role in tunning the physical properties of anatase TiO2 thin films.

Rate of Horizontal Spread of Fluorene in a Sandy Loam under Natural Environment

Rate of horizontal movement of a pollutant such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil plays a major role in spread of pollutants in the segments of the environment. However, the study regarding this aspect is not widely reported. In the present work, the rate of horizontal spread of Fluorene in soil is determined in an experiment spread over a year under natural environment. Known amount of the hydrocarbon was added to a soil at a particular point, extraction of the same was done later on at definite time interval at definite distances from the point of application and quantitative determination was done by HPLC analysis of the extract. Eleven number of important physico-chemical parameters of the soil sample were determined/calculated in order to know the quality of the soil. The values of parameters are in agreement to the characteristics of a good soil. The experimental soil is a mild acidic sandy loam. It has been found that one-year time is sufficient for the applied quantity of the hydrocarbon to spread itself uniformly to attain a concentration, which is at par with natural concentration of the hydrocarbon in the experimental soil. Studies on kinetics of the reaction imply that the reaction occurs in different phases, rate constants being gradually increased with time. The positive influence of increase in ambient temperature and rainfall on disappearance of the hydrocarbon is seen in the experiment. It has been found that the most probable speed of the hydrocarbon for horizontal movement is 3.75 cm per month in the experimental soil.

Experimental characterization of a modified high-speed plasma synthetic jet actuator with oblique-slot exit

In the field of flow control research, oblique jets are known to offer several advantages over vertical jets. To gain a comprehensive insight into the flow field characteristics of a plasma synthetic jet actuator with an oblique-slot exit, the related experiments are conducted. The experiment employed high-speed schlieren imaging techniques and electrical parameter measurements to acquire the flow field characteristics and discharge properties of the oblique-slot actuator, followed by a comparative analysis with a vertical circular orifice actuator. The oblique-slot plasma synthetic jet exhibits a wall-attaching effect and asymmetric flow characteristics, which differ from those of the vertical circular orifice actuator. The actuator generates a wall jet with an initial velocity of 389.5 ± 15.08 m/s, effectively propelling the fluid within the boundary layer. The Mach number of the precursor shock wave in the direction of the jet reaches 1.59, but decreases to just 1.02 in the opposite direction. Over a period in the range of 10–70 μs, the Froude number of the plasma jet decreases from 1841 to 238. The dominant role of the inertial force gradually weakens, while the influence of buoyancy increases, causing the jet boundary to move upward. The oblique-slot jet configuration represents a typical planar jet, exhibiting superior flow control uniformity compared with the vertical circular orifice jet. The results indicate that the high-speed oblique-slot plasma synthetic jet actuator designed in this study possesses distinct advantages over vertical circular orifice actuators for high-speed fluid flow control.

Study of displacement damage effects in InGaAs PIN photodiode under 10 MeV proton irradiation

The displacement damage effect of 10 MeV proton radiation on a high-speed InGaAs PIN photodiode has been experimentally investigated to evaluate the stability of the device in a space radiation environment. The results show that the dark current and low-frequency noise of the device increase significantly after irradiation, while the capacitance of the device decreases slightly after irradiation, where the spectral response parameters are less affected by irradiation. The increase in dark current is essentially linear with the displacement damage dose. Finally, the effect of proton irradiation on the optical communication system is simulated and the results show that the bit error rate of the system increases with the increase in irradiation fluence, which seriously affects the sensitivity of the optical communication system.

Surface texturing, residual stresses and edge treatment of hardmetal tools by means of femtosecond pulsed laser

Laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) have been produced at the surface of a WC-Co turning insert by femtosecond pulsed laser ablation. Wavelengths of approx. 500 nm have been obtained with a 1030 nm incident radiation and with a spot size of 30 μm. No thermal damage is induced by following this procedure, although a slight surface stress relaxation is detected as fluence increases. The higher material removal needed for chamfering operations requires accumulated fluences over 1 kJ/cm2. At lower energy densities, material removal is not completed. If fluence is increased by reducing the laser spot size, material removal is also inefficient since signicant amount of debris is accumulated on the irradiated areas. Best chamfering strategy involves the combination of relatively large spot sizes and fluences. Form factors (Κappa) of the chamfered cutting edges range from 4 to 10 although the laser is oriented at 45° of the rake face. Lower Κ values can be obtained by adjusting the laser focus along the machining process.

The investigation of Sn corrosion on Mo meshes under the irradiation of high-flux hydrogen plasma

Liquid-metal divertor consisting of liquid Sn and Mo meshes would face high-flux plasma environments during service. In this work, the Sn corrosion behaviors on initial and pre-irradiated Mo meshes under hydrogen plasma irradiation were investigated to evaluate the reliability of the porous structure. According to the analysis and computation of XRD spectrum, the sub-grain size of the initial meshes would continuously grow during the corrosion process. The SEM images showed that after corrosion, the appearance and disappearance of prismatic Mo grains occurred alternately with the increase of plasma fluence. The thicknesses of corroded wires in the longitudinal and transverse directions displayed a similar repeatable change. In comparison to initial meshes, surface sub-grain growth and damage induced by the pre-irradiation treatment would result in differences in the corrosion process under hydrogen plasma irradiation. The pre-irradiated surface Mo grains with obvious grain boundaries were first dissolved to pebble-like Mo particles by liquid Sn and then stripped from the surface after corrosion. Sub-grain size was reduced from 72.5 nm to 41.1 nm at the fluence of 1.07 × 1026 ions/m2, which was inverse to the increasing phenomenon of the initial sample under same corrosion conditions. Additionally, the corrosion phenomenon, i.e., the presence and subsequent disappearance of prismatic Mo grains, occurred similarly on the surface of pre-irradiated samples. Based on the analysis of initial and pre-irradiated surface morphologies and wire thickness, Mo grains might go through an onion-peeling-like cycle of growth and fracture during the corrosion process. Besides, the wire thicknesses of all pre-irradiated Mo meshes were slightly less than that of the initial samples under the same corrosion conditions. Somehow, the comparative result reflected that the pre-irradiated samples were corroded more severely. Thus, the pre-irradiation of hydrogen plasma in this work would weaken corrosion resistance of Mo meshes in liquid Sn.

A Systematic Study on the Processing Strategy in Femtosecond Laser Scribing via a Two-Temperature Model.

Balancing quality and productivity, especially deciding on the optimal matching strategy for multiple process parameters, is challenging in ultrashort laser processing. In this paper, an economical and new processing strategy was studied based on the laser scribing case. To reveal the temperature evolution under the combination of multiple process parameters in the laser scribing process, a two-temperature model involving a moving laser source was developed. The results indicated that the peak thermal equilibrium temperature between the electron and lattice increased with the increase in the laser fluence, and the temperature evolution at the initial position, influenced by subsequent pulses, was strongly associated with the overlap ratio. The thermal ablation effect was strongly enhanced with the increase in laser fluence. The groove morphology was controllable by selecting the overlap ratio at the same laser fluence. The removal volume per joule (i.e., energy utilization efficiency) and the removal volume per second (i.e., ablation efficiency) were introduced to analyze the ablation characteristics influenced by multiple process parameters. The law derived from statistical analysis is as follows; at the same laser fluence with the same overlap ratio, the energy utilization efficiency is insensitive to changes in the repetition rate, and the ablation efficiency increases as the repetition rate increases. As a result, a decision-making strategy for balancing quality and productivity was created.

Analysis of the microscopic characteristics of periodic structure arrays on silicon carbide fabricated by femtosecond laser

The fabrication of large dimension structures (800 μm × 800 μm) featuring fine and coarse ripple patterns, nano particle structures, and V-shaped grooves was achieved on silicon carbide (SiC) through the use of femtosecond laser. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman) were performed on sample surface to investigate the atomic bond, residual stress and lattice disorder. XPS analysis revealed that an increase in laser fluence resulted in an increase in the content of C=O bond, while the content of O–C=O bond decreased. The C–C (sp2) bond was destroyed, while the unstable C–C (sp3) bond increased. Additionally, there was a decrease in the content of Si–Si bond and Si–C bond, and an increase in the content of Si–O bond. The resulting oxide layer contributed to an improvement in the fracture toughness of the periodic array. XRD analysis results indicate that the technique is not sensitive to structural defects in SiC and surface contaminants caused by laser ablation. On the (0008) crystal plane, an increase in fluence resulted in an initial increase in lattice spacing, strain, and residual stress, followed by a plateau. The laser-modified area corresponded to a region of tensile stress, with the maximum tensile stress being 179.464 MPa. On the (0004) crystal plane, an increase in fluence resulted in varying degrees of increase in lattice spacing, strain, and residual stress. The residual tensile stress at the fine ripple and groove bottom was 0 and 14.623 MPa, respectively, while the residual tensile stress at the coarse ripple and nano particle structure was 277.847 MPa. The residual tensile stress increased with an increase in scanning interval. Raman analysis showed that the overall disorder increased with an increase in laser fluence, with a maximum degree of disorder being 0.548.

Removal mechanism of Hydroides fouling on high-strength steel in the marine environment during nanosecond pulsed laser cleaning

The surface of metal materials will be contaminated by marine organisms when serving in the marine environment, which seriously affects the service life of the materials, and must be cleaned regularly. The Hydroides fouling on the surface of 30Cr3 high-strength steel was taken as the object to be cleaned; the cleaning quality at different laser fluences was studied; the desorption behavior and the characteristics of spectral and acoustic signals during laser cleaning were analyzed; and the removal mechanism of Hydroides fouling on the surface of high-strength steel was summarized. The results show that the cleaning effect of nanosecond pulsed laser on Hydroides fouling increases with the increase of laser fluence, and the laser fluence of 9.95 J/cm2 can be used to clean the Hydroides fouling with the maximum diameter of 1.62 mm completely with little damage to the substrate. The removal mechanism of Hydroides fouling is the inverse bremsstrahlung mechanism. In the process of cleaning, the surface fouling is partially vaporized and ionized into high-temperature plasma under the action of pulsed laser. The laser energy is absorbed through inverse bremsstrahlung absorption to form shock waves to compress the surface, which leads to cracks on Hydroides fouling. When the surface compressive stress is released, the Hydroides fouling is removed from the surface, and the removal effect increases with the increase of laser fluence.

Are the magnitude and frequency of floods increasing in Iran due to climate change? Implications from a 50-year analysis

ABSTRACT The correlation between extreme precipitation and flood magnitude is still poorly understood because of the complex mechanisms controlling flood generation. In this study, we used 50 years of precipitation and streamflow data across Iran to analyse the spatial distribution, slope, and significance of long-term trends in extreme precipitation compared to the spatial distribution of long-term trends for flood magnitude and frequency. Despite the decreasing trend of extreme precipitation in 60% of Iran’s sub-basins, the flood magnitude showed an increasing trend. In particular, the number of flooding days with a return period of 25~50 years and >50 years in 2010s has increased by 1.3 and 2.2 times, respectively, compared to that in 2000s. We attributed the above contrasting relationship between extreme precipitation and flood magnitude to the influence of an increase in short-duration extreme precipitations, extensive land use and land cover change, and reduced soil infiltration due to long-term droughts.

Qualitative and Quantitative Investigation of Biochar-Cu0 Composite for Nickel Adsorption.

The current investigation deals with the treatment of water pollution that is caused by the leaching of nickel ions from the metallurgical industry and new-energy batteries. Therefore, an eco-friendly treatment of nickel through the use of a composite of cotton stalk biochar with nanozerovalent copper has been presented in this investigation signifying the impact of zerovalent copper in enhancing the adsorption capacity of biochar for nickel adsorption. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed the adsorbent to be significantly stable in the higher thermal range, whereas transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the particles to be 27 nm and also showed the cubic geometry of the particles. A much closer scanning electron microscopy analysis shows the morphology of particles to be cubic in shape. Batch adsorption indicated a positive influence of pH increase on adsorption due to the electrostatic attraction between positive nickel ions and post point of zero charge (pHPZC) negative surface of copper biochar composite (pH > 5.5). A high adsorption rate was observed in the first 60 min, whereas adsorption increased with the increase in temperature from 303 to 318 K. Kinetic modeling confirmed the pseudo-first-order to fit best to the data. The apparent activation energy (11.96 kJ mol-1) is indicative of the chemical nature of the process. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption model. The negative values of apparent ΔG° and the positive values of apparent ΔH° indicate the spontaneity and endothermicity of the process, respectively, whereas the positive values of apparent ΔS° point toward increased randomness during the process. Postadsorption XPS suggests the adsorption of nickel on the surface of biochar composites in the form of Ni(OH)2 and NiO(OH).

Effect of Hygrothermal Loads on the Nonlinear Vibration of Porous Bi-Directional Functionally Graded Beams Placed on an Elastic Foundation

In this study, we investigated the effect of hygrothermal loads on the nonlinear free vibrations of a porous bi-directional functionally graded Timoshenko beam with a Winkler–Pasternak foundation. The corresponding governing equations were established according to Hamilton’s principle and von Kármán nonlinearity assumption. Using the differential quadrature and iterative methods, the nonlinear fundamental frequencies were determined. A numerical example was presented, and we showed that the discretization of nonlinear items considerably decreased the number of iterations. A series of parametric studies were performed, and we determined that (1) all the vibration mode shapes were significantly affected by the axial functionally graded index, while they were almost unchanged by the thickness-wise functionally graded index. Moreover, compared to the thickness-wise graded index, the axial functionally graded index played a more important role in the higher-order mode shapes. (2) The geometric nonlinearity considerably influenced the critical temperature rise value of the beams. Increasing the maximum deflection value increased the critical temperature rise value. (3) The influence of increase in temperature and moisture on the nonlinear fundamental frequency became stronger with increase in the functionally graded index, but it weakened with increase in the maximum deflection value.

Study of the deorbit sail damage under the combined effects of atomic oxygen erosion and material defects

In order to help control the spread of space debris and junk, deorbit sail devices have been used for deorbiting techniques; however, this approach is still considered risky due to potential failure or malfunction as it need to be exposed to the harsh space environment for a prolonged period of time, particularly in low-Earth orbit. China has made new strides forward in managing space junk, as it has successfully unfolded a 25-square-meter deorbit sail developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spacecraft Technology in-orbit for the payload capsule of a recently launched rocket. Accordingly in this paper, a full life-cycle modelling based on Monte Carlo method is developed to reveal the damage behavior of the 25-square-meter deorbit sail surface under the combined effects of atomic oxygen erosion and deorbit sail defects. The simulation results show that as the atomic oxygen fluence increases and the material defect width widens, the interaction effect of the two factors becomes more and more pronounced, which decisively influences the erosion rate of the sail surface. Morphological characterization of aluminized film PET material, activated silanisation modified material and plasma-polymerization coating material before and after atomic oxygen erosion combined defects is carried out and the atomic oxygen erosion of the deorbit sail surfaces is quantitatively assessed. The assessment results show that compared to the PET material and activation silanisation surface modification material, the plasma polymeric coated material showed much better flexibility, folding resistance and irradiation resistance to prevent geological fold and to shield from the atomic oxygen erosion in space. The atomic oxygen erosion combined defects assessment method studied in this paper provides valuable reference data for the subsequent serialisation of deorbit sail products and other typical lightweight film materials for space applications.

A systematic investigation of structural and optical properties of Li ion implanted MgTiO3 thin films

Effects of lithium (Li) ions implantation on structural, optical, and luminescent properties of MgTiO3 (MTO) thin films were investigated in the present report. The films were initially deposited at a substrate temperature of 200 °C, which were then annealed at 700 °C for crystallization. Crystalline MTO films were implanted with 30 keV Li ions at various fluences ranging from 1 × 1014 to 1 × 1015 ions/cm2. The crystallinity of films decreases upon Li ions implantation at a fluence of 1 × 1014 ions/cm2. In contrast, a further increase in fluence to 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 results in an improvement in crystallinity. Annealed and implanted films show lesser transmittance than the as-deposited films. As-deposited film exhibits a bandgap of 3.79 eV, which increases to 4.28 eV upon annealing the films. Subsequently, with an increase in implantation fluence, the shrinkage in optical bandgap from 4.26 to 4.09 eV is observed. Moreover, the annealed films exhibit a refractive index of ∼2.2 which is higher as compared to as-deposited and implanted MTO samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out to investigate the surface states related to Mg, Ti, and O in the samples and to analyze the variation of defects’ concentration with implantation. MTO thin films show luminescent centres in near ultraviolet and visible region. The annealing results in the enhancement of photoluminescence intensity which decreases on implantation, and a drastic quenching of intensity was observed at a fluence of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2. The average decay lifetime of as-deposited film is 9.1 ns. Annealing results in an increase in the average decay lifetime, while implantation leads to the reduction of average decay lifetime of MTO films.

Influence of ion‐induced lattice stress and phase transition on the irradiation resistance of high‐entropy ceramics

AbstractThe influence of ion irradiation on intrinsic lattice stress and phase transition is closely related to the irradiation resistance of high‐entropy ceramics. In this study, the ion‐induced response of high‐entropy‐stabilized o‐(ZrHfTiSn)O2 ceramic was investigated under Au2+ irradiation with different fluences. The results revealed that high‐fluence irradiation caused the minimal (orthorhombic‐to‐triclinic) phase transformation underneath the ion‐induced amorphous layer via. fast fourier transformation (FFT) pattern. The cation recombination led to cation rearrangement followed by the increase of lattice expansion induced stress. The lattice stability of residual crystal grains in the mixed layer was significantly improved after lattice rearrangement. This was evidenced by the fact that the X‐ray diffraction profile of the lattice remained unchanged, whereas the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image exhibited drastic variations with the increase of irradiation fluence. Therefore, irradiation‐induced lattice rearrangement seems to be a reliable way to improve radiation resistance of high‐entropy ceramics.

Temperature dependence of surface microstructure of 316 L stainless steel exposed to low-energy hydrogen ion irradiation

The austenitic 316 L stainless steel (316LSS) is an important metal for nuclear installations due to its high strength, good plastic toughness and excellent corrosion resistance, and is commonly used as the plasma-facing and structural material. In this study, 316LSS samples are irradiated with low-energy hydrogen ions (35 eV) at the temperature of 400–1300 K to investigate the surface microstructure evolution. The experimental results show that the surface of 316LSS samples remains relatively smooth at 400 K and 600 K after irradiation. Significant surface roughening including spherical protrusions is formed on the surface at 800 K and 1100 K, and step-like streaks are observed at 1300 K. However, no drastic change in the surface morphology is observed in the separate annealing experiments at 800–1300 K. It has been shown that hydrogen ion irradiation mainly causes the surface microstructure evolution of 316LSS samples. After hydrogen plasma exposure, a large number of adatoms are first formed on the surface of 316LSS because of bubble growth. The adatoms then preferentially reach the defects by diffusion at certain temperatures, and aggregate into spherical protrusions with low surface energy. The qualitative simulation results show that the irradiation temperature affects the diffusion and aggregation of adatoms on the surface, and the radius of the spherical protrusions gradually increases due to the decrease of the surface binding energy and the increase of the irradiation fluence.

Influence of Increase in Phosphorus Supply on Agronomic, Phenological, and Physiological Performance of Two Common Bean Breeding Lines Grown in Acidic Soil under High Temperature Stress Conditions.

Many common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants cultivated in areas of the world with acidic soils exhibit difficulties adapting to low phosphorus (P) availability, along with aluminum (Al) toxicity, causing yield loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of an increase in P supply level on the agronomic, phenological, and physiological performance of two common bean breeding lines grown in acidic soil, with low fertility and under high temperature conditions, in a screenhouse. A randomized complete block (RCB) design was used under a factorial arrangement (five levels of P × 2 genotypes) for a total of 10 treatments with four replications. The factors considered in the experiment were: (i) five P supply levels (kg ha-1): four levels of P0, P15, P30, and P45 through the application of rock phosphate (RP), and one P level supplied through the application of organic matter (PSOM) corresponding to 25 kg P ha-1 (P25); and (ii) two advanced bean lines (BFS 10 and SEF10). Both bean lines were grown under the combined stress conditions of high temperatures (day and night maximum temperatures of 42.5 °C/31.1 °C, respectively) and acidic soil. By increasing the supply of P, a significant effect was found, indicating an increase in the growth and development of different vegetative organs, as well as physiological efficiency in photosynthesis and photosynthate remobilization, which resulted in higher grain yield in both bean lines evaluated (BFS 10 and SEF10). The adaptive responses of the two bean lines were found to be related to phenological adjustments (days to flowering and physiological maturity; stomatal development), as well as to heat dissipation strategies in the form of heat (NPQ) or unregulated energy (qN) that contributed to greater agronomic performance. We found that, to some extent, increased P supply alleviated the negative effects of high temperature on the growth and development of the reproductive organs of bean lines. Both bean lines (BFS 10 and SEF 10) showed adaptive attributes suited to the combined stress conditions of high temperature and acidic soil, and these two lines can serve as useful parents in a bean breeding program to develop multiple stress tolerant cultivars.

Mechanism of converting n-type to p-type conductivity in ZnO nanorods array films co-implanted with nitrogen and lithium ions

Here, we report a stable p-type conductivity in aqueous chemically grown ZnO nanorods array films co-implanted with N and Li ions. We have successfully achieved p-type conductivity, attaining a hole concentration as high as 8.97 × 1018 cm−3 and a mobility of 0.92 cm2.V−1.s−1 by co-implanting N and Li ions at a fluence of 5 × 1014 ions/cm2 for each ion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals the formation of NO, LiZn acceptors, and Lii-NO complexes. Furthermore, room temperature photoluminescence and SRIM simulation results confirm the presence of VZn. The formation of Lii-NO complex helps LiZn, VZn, and NO acceptors to actively participate in p-type conduction process. A detailed photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy analyses together with simulation results reveal that, as the co-implantation fluence increases, excess Lii and implantation-induced structural disorders are produced, resulting in a decrease in the hole concentration. Our study showcases the potential benefits of developing a stable p-type component in ZnO-based electronic devices.

Unmasking the Silent Threat: Colorectal Cancer’s Alarming Surge in India’s Young Adults

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is rising in young population in India due to increasing influence of Western food habits and increase in sedentary lifestyles. Due to unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyle, obesity is another problem faced by the youth of our country. Physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, red and processed meat consumption, and smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are the factors which have been responsible for the complex etiology and pathogenesis of CRC. These factors individually or synergistically may help in the rapid progression and multistep development of this disease. This review article is aimed to raise the concern of the harmful effect of Western culture on our health and create awareness to adopt a healthy lifestyle and maintain ideal weight. Efforts should be made to increase screening and raise awareness about eating and drinking habits along with lifestyle modification to decrease the rate of CRC.