Increase In Household Income Research Articles

Individual-level Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake among Women in Kirinyaga County in Kenya.

This study aimed to assess the determinants of uptake of cervical cancer screening among women in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. The study adopted a randomised control trial study design with a sample size of 206 women aged between 25- 69 years. Respondents were randomised into control and intervention arms. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected. Analysis was done using thematic content for qualitative data; descriptive statistics were used to summarise categorical variables. Bivariate analysis using the Fisher exact and Chi-square was also applied. Factors with a p<0.05 were further analysed in multivariate analysis. Respondents who had a high perception of being susceptible to cervical cancer were 4.26 times most likely to attend cervical cancer screening than those who did not. Respondents who had a high perception of cervical cancer as a serious disease were 3.46 times more likely to stick to cervical cancer screening than those who did not. This study concluded that it was essential to ensure that the girls were educated to a higher level and increase the knowledge of cervical cancer screening in the communities. In addition, an increase in formal employment and household income would lead to increased uptake of cervical cancer screening. This study recommends that Kirinyaga County and Kerugoya County Referral Hospital's management provide health education through mobile phone technology to bring positive perceptions on the importance of cervical cancer screening.

Environmental Injustice and Industrial Chicken Farming in Maryland.

Maryland’s growing chicken industry, including concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and meat processing plants, raises a number of concerns regarding public health and environmental justice. Using hot spot analysis, we analyzed the totality of Maryland’s CAFOs and meat processing plants and those restricted to the Eastern Shore to assess whether communities of color and/or low socioeconomic status communities disproportionately hosted these types of facilities at the census tract level. We used zero-inflated regression modeling to determine the strength of the associations between environmental justice variables and the location of CAFOs and meatpacking facilities at the State level and on the Eastern Shore. Hot spot analyses demonstrated that CAFO hot spots on the Eastern Shore were located in counties with some of the lowest wealth in the State, including the lowest ranking county—Somerset. Zero-inflated regression models demonstrated that increases in median household income across the state were associated with a 0.04-unit reduction in CAFOs. For every unit increase in the percentage of people of color (POC), there was a 0.02-unit increase in meat processing facilities across the state. The distribution of CAFOs and meat processing plants across Maryland may contribute to poor health outcomes in areas affected by such production, and contribute to health disparities and health inequity.

The effect of homeownership on migrant household savings: Evidence from the removal of home purchase restrictions in China

Internal migrants account for over one-fourth of China's population, and their saving behavior is important in explaining “the Chinese saving puzzle”. The relation between household savings and house prices has been studied, but this paper utilizes a quasi-experiment that removed home purchase restrictions to examine the causal effect of homeownership on migrant household savings through a difference-in-differences approach and instrumental variable estimation. We find that the migrant saving rate significantly decreases after migrants buy houses, falling below that of the local hukou population. Further analysis reveals that this effect of homeownership can be explained by the consumption effect rather than housing purchase or increased household income effects. Our findings imply that hukou-based policies, including the allocation of public goods and the right to buy private goods such as houses, will harm both migrant welfare and sustained economic growth.

PkM Membangun Bisnis Online Melalui Media Sosial Dengan Pemanfaatan Potensi Urban Farming Untuk Menambah Pendapatan Rumah Tangga

This activity aims to provide direct education and training to housewives in the Medan Estate District about increasing productivity and the economy through food security programs through the use of a limited home environment, namely the urban farming program. Then partners will help manage their commodity products that can be sold to help increase household income. Media and promotion of farming results can use social media by creating business accounts, even the results can first meet the needs of vegetables and food ingredients for their own household and for local residents. Activities are carried out through education and training with direct practice on urban farming, business planning to marketing using social media accounts so as to generate maximum profits and help the family economy. This PKM activity will be based on scientific journals and will be carried out through mass media, so that it can be known by the wider community that housewives also have great opportunities to become successful entrepreneurs with the use of a limited home environment by combining technology as a digital business medium.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik Sebagai Media Tanam dengan Metode Vertikultur Hidroponik untuk Memaksimalkan Fungsi Pekarangan di Desa Pringgabaya

Sustainable Food House is a program to optimize the use of environmentally friendly yards, and is designed to help meet family quality and nutritional needs, food diversification based on local resources, plant conservation, and increasing household income through non-rice based household creative industries for local food processing. . The objectives of this community service program (1) increase knowledge and skills, awareness and motivate the people of Pringgabaya Village, especially the group of housewives in the use of vacant land or yards, (2) apply some simple techniques for planting yards and their maintenance that can be implemented effectively. easy for the people. The types of plants that are planted in the yard are types of vegetables that can support daily needs and the rest can be sold. Methods of activities carried out include socialization, training, and practice starting from land preparation, maintenance, development, implementation and demonstration. This activity is able to encourage and increase the awareness of the group of housewives in utilizing the yard, especially using the verticulture method of hydroponics, starting from seedling to plant maintenance.

Does energy poverty affect the well-being of people: Evidence from Ghana

Deemed as a multifaceted problem, energy poverty results in multiple forms of vulnerabilities. Using data on Ghana, we test the social vulnerability aspect of energy poverty by estimating its effect on subjective social status. Instrumenting energy poverty with energy prices, we observe a quadratic (U-shaped) relationship between multidimensional energy poverty and social status. This relationship is consistent across rural-urban and male-headed subgroups. Thus, further deprivation in modern energy services does not deteriorate one's social image but rather enhances it. Additionally, we find household income and education as essential channels through which energy poverty affects subjective social status. With existing global policies currently running to eradicate energy poverty, other approaches that aim to increase household income and education can reinforce each other to enhance the social image and increase household energy access.

Married women's decision-making autonomy in the household and maternal and neonatal healthcare utilization and associated factors in Debretabor, northwest Ethiopia.

Women's decision-making autonomy is very crucial for the improvement of women empowerment, and maternal, neonatal, and child healthcare utilization. As time immemorial, Ethiopian culture is largely gender stratified, and the position of women is subordinate to men in various household and health-seeking decision-making matters. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on women's decision-making autonomy, especially in the household and on maternal and newborn healthcare utilization. Therefore, this study assessed married women's decision-making autonomy in the household and on maternal and neonatal healthcare utilization and associated factors in Debretabor, Northwest Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1st to 30th, 2019. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 730 married women. Data were collected using a structured, pretested, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered into EPI INFO 7 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with women's decision-making autonomy in the household and maternal and neonatal healthcare utilization. The adjusted odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance at a p-value of ≤ 0.05. A total of 730 married women were included in the analysis. Thus, three-fourths (75.1%) of women had higher decision-making autonomy on their health, neonatal health, and other socio-economic aspects. Besides, the proportion of four and above antenatal visits, delivery at a health facility, postnatal checkup, knowledge of neonatal danger signs, and appropriate health-seeking practices for sick newborns among autonomous women were 52.1%, 56.1%, 71.4%, 32%, and 80% respectively. Age greater than 35 years old (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.62), monthly income of > 5000 ETB (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.36, 7.07), husband involvement (AOR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.55, 3.43), and adequate knowledge of neonatal danger signs (AOR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.2) were factors independently associated with women's decision-making autonomy on maternal and neonatal healthcare utilization and other socio-economic affairs. Our findings show that women's decision-making autonomy in the household and maternal and neonatal healthcare utilization was optimal. Increasing household income level, promotion of husband's involvement starting from the prenatal period, and increasing women's knowledge of maternal and neonatal danger signs will have a great role in the improvement of women's decision-making autonomy.

Poverty and income inequality effects of the relocation program in Shaanxi, China

Governments in developing countries often consider relocation an effective way of fighting poverty. However, few studies have examined the impact of relocation on household livelihoods. This paper examines the impact of the largest relocation in modern Chinese history on migrants' well‐being from the dual perspectives of poverty and income inequality reduction. Using survey data from southern Shaanxi and counterfactual analysis, we simulated the incomes of migrants in a non‐relocation counterfactual scenario. We found a significant increase in household income and a significant reduction in the incidence, depth, and severity of household poverty after relocation. However, there was an increase of income inequality among relocated households. To promote more balanced development among those resettled, fairness of resource redistribution should first be ensured. Second, timely improvement in support services and facilities for the resettled communities should make full use of information technology to promote equal access to public services and ensure that migrants enjoy equal opportunities for development. Third, communication infrastructure between cadres and the masses should be improved, the information gap between them should be reduced, and there should be regular evaluation of migrants' satisfaction. Fourth, give full play to the role of religious and other charitable organisations in the fight against poverty, strengthen the synergy between different regions and groups, and foster a cooperative relationship between the strong and the weak.

Changing lives, dynamic plans: Prospective assessment of 12-month changes in pregnancy timing intentions and personal circumstances using data from HER Salt Lake.

ObjectivesTo explore the association between changes in personal circumstances and shifts in pregnancy intentions.Study designNew start contraceptive clients, who desired to prevent pregnancy for at least one year enrolled in the survey arm of the HER Salt Lake Contraceptive Initiative (September 2015 –March 2017) and responded to the question “What are your future pregnancy plans?” at enrollment and 12-month follow-up. We estimated multivariable binary logistic fixed-effects regressions to examine the association between changes in personal circumstances and a change from never desiring a pregnancy at enrollment to considering one in the future at 12-month follow-up.ResultsThe majority of the 2825 participants (2246, 79%) maintained their pregnancy timing intention over the 12-month study period. Multivariable analyses of the 208 participants who changed from never desiring a pregnancy to considering pregnancy in the future at 12-month follow-up indicated that entering cohabitation (aOR 3.14, 95% CI 1.30–7.58), increased household income (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00–1.13), and changes from unemployment to full-time employment (aOR 5.94, 95% CI 1.29–27.36) are associated with increased the odds of desiring a future pregnancy after never wanting one a year prior.ConclusionsPregnancy intentions are dynamic over twelve months and covary with partner status, household income, and employment status. Pregnancy intentions are linked to changes in life circumstances. Health care providers need to frequently assess pregnancy intentions and resulting contraceptive or preconception needs.

An Analysis of the Outcome of Socio Economic Factors on Mobility and Changes in Consumption Pattern in Northern Punjab, Pakistan

The relationship between mobility and consumption pattern has been neglected in the past particularly in developing countries. Socio-economic mobility is the movement of individuals, social groups, or categories of people in the layers or strata between two different periods. For effective policy making, it is important to gauge the mobility pattern which portrays the socio-economic changes of society over the period as opposed to at one point in time. This brings up the need to examine the way in which elements of socio-economic mobility impacts the consumption in the emerging class of the society. Socio-economic factors and their influence on intra-temporal household mobility reveal the education as an important mediating factor in Northern Punjab. Whereas, opportunity of education and occupation work together to bridge the gap between an increase in household income and socio-economic status. This study concludes that education and occupation based mobility of households divert their consumption pattern toward more cultural goods. The emerging class seems to be attracted more towards conspicuous consumption including private schools, health care, shopping and the consumer goods to enhance their living standards.

Does the Level of Financial Cognition Affect the Income of Rural Households? Based on the Moderating Effect of the Digital Financial Inclusion Index

Financial cognitive ability is an important part of human capital, which has a direct impact on household income. The dual differences composed by rural residents’ cognition level and residents’ income make the relationship between the two complicated. Based on the analysis of the impact of financial cognitive level on rural household income, this paper takes into account the individual heterogeneity of financial cognition to build an unconditional quantile regression (UQR) model through the micro data of the China Household Financial Survey Project (CHFS). Incorporating the background of the rapid development of digital finance, this paper also studies the impact of rural residents’ financial cognition on household income. The empirical results of the article have the following conclusions: First, on the whole, the improvement of financial cognitive level promotes the increase of rural household income, but this promotion has significant differences at different quantile levels of household income. Second, the digital financial inclusion index in the region has a positive moderating effect on the impact of financial cognition on the income of rural households. Third, the heterogeneity of the impact of financial cognition on the income of rural households is reflected in the two aspects of regions and household assets.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KONVEKSI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI DESA TIMBANG LANGSA KECAMATAN LANGSA BARO

Solid waste is defined as anything that is not used and is in solid or semi-solid form. In connection with the previous discussion, it is necessary to know the theory of household income or income. This community service activity has the aim of empowering the residents of Timbang Langsa Village, Langsa Baro District so that they can play an active role in overcoming inorganic waste in the form of patchwork. This activity also helps increase household income in Timbang Langsa Village, Langsa Baro District. This goal is realized by providing skills to villagers to use patchwork into corsages/brooches that are suitable for sale. This activity was carried out with the background of wanting to empower community members in Timbang Langsa Village, Langsa Baro District so that they can play an active role in overcoming inorganic waste, in this case patchwork, by recycling. This activity also helps increase household income in Timbang Langsa Village, Langsa Baro District. This goal is realized by providing skills to villagers to use patchwork into corsages/brooches that are suitable for sale.

PENGEMBANGAN POTENSI KEWIRAUSAHAAN DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN PEREKONOMIAN MASYARAKAT DESA BLOKANG SERANG BANTEN

The development of rural local potential is one part of national development efforts. Desa Blokang, Serang is located between the industrial area of Tangerang and Serang that has the potential its natural resources, one of them is bamboo plants, but this local potential has not been utilized properly by the community, the desire of its inhabitants to be able to increase local income is not accompanied by an understanding of production and local resource innovation. Therefore, the purpose of this event is to provide training and assistance for its people about the economic potential of the village and develop the potential by increasing entrepreneurship. The method used is by enlightenment to the community. The positive response was seen from the enthusiasm from the partisipants in following the material and increased understanding of the diversification of local food production and marketing of products via the internet. This provides hope for an increase in household and village income with existing entrepreneurial opportunities.

Analysis of social welfare program and married women labor participation in West Sumatra

Social welfare program from the government has a role in reducing poverty rates and improving the welfare of poor households. Through social assistance, it can increase household income and indirectly alleviate the need for women to work. This study aims to analyze the effect of government social assistance on the probability of married women participating in the labor market. This study uses secondary data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) in 2019 in West Sumatra. Using the logit model, the results of this study show that married women who are receiving social assistance have a greater opportunity to participate in the labor market.

Increased Household Income Improves Nutrient Consumption in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The provision of high-quality food is a primary factor in ensuring adequate nourishment and preventing malnourishment-related diseases in Pakistan. This study, therefore, aimed to quantify the impact of income on nutrient consumption in Pakistan, with the hypothesis that income has a primary role in reducing malnourishment in the developing world. To do this, we estimated nutrient–income elasticity—defined as the proportion of change in nutrient consumption in response to a change in income—for total calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients, using the nationally representative Household Integrated Economic Survey data (2010–2011) for Pakistan. Nutrient–income elasticity values were derived using several parametric regression approaches. We also assessed the non-linearity and endogeneity of the relationship. Calorie–income elasticity was found to be significantly different from zero, irrespective of the estimation technique used. Income elasticity for macronutrients and micronutrients was also found to be significantly different from zero, ranging from 0.29 to 0.65. This study, therefore, supports the hypothesis that increased household income likely improves nutrient consumption.

Food Security and Nutrition in Mozambique: Comparative Study with Bean Species Commercialised in Informal Markets

In Mozambique (South-eastern Africa), Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna spp. are important staple foods and a major source of dietary protein for local populations, particularly for people living in rural areas who lack the financial capacity to include meat in their daily dietary options. This study focuses on the potential for improving diets with locally produced nutritious legumes whilst increasing food security and income generation among smallholder farmers. Using bean species and varieties commercialised as dry legumes in the country, it sets out to characterize and compare the chemical properties of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna spp. among the most commercialised dry legume groups in Mozambique. The principal component analysis showed a clear separation between Phaseolus and Vigna species in terms of proximate composition, whereas protein content was quite uniform in both groups. It concludes that the introduction of improved cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna species maize–legume intercropping benefits yield, diets and increases household income with limited and low-cost inputs while enhancing the resilience of smallholder farmers in vulnerable production systems affected by recurrent drought and the supply of legumes to urban informal markets.

26984 iPLEDGE pharmacy deserts exist across major metropolitan cities in the United States

Early treatment for acne is crucial to prevent long-term consequences; however, racial disparities in treatment and maldistribution of dermatologists hinders access to care. A study in the District of Columbia demonstrated limited access to iPLEDGE pharmacies in regions with low income and high nonwhite population. This study expands the evaluation of iPLEDGE pharmacy distribution. Twenty cities with a population greater than 500,000 were randomly selected; 4 cities per region. A list of pharmacies was obtained from the Board of Pharmacy and public sources and verified for iPLEDGE enrollment. The association between iPLEDGE pharmacy and demographic data obtained from the 2013-2017 American Community Survey Estimates was evaluated using Poisson regression. Of the 708 ZIP codes surveyed, 5237 total pharmacies were identified of which 2847 were registered in iPLEDGE. For every $1000 increase in median household income, rate ratio of iPLEDGE pharmacies increased by 10% and 12% in the Midwest and West, respectively. Overall, for every percentage increase in nonwhite individuals, rate ratio of iPLEDGE pharmacies decreased by 9%; the most prevalent decrease was in the Southwest by 30%. The rate ratio of iPLEDGE pharmacies decreased by 22% for every percentage increase in individuals below the poverty line; the most prevalent decrease was in the Southwest by 30%. For every unit increase in dermatologist density, iPLEDGE pharmacy density increased by 0.66 units. The administrative burden of processing isotretinoin may be discouraging pharmacies from registering in iPLEDGE. Restricted access to iPLEDGE pharmacies may contribute to the racial and socioeconomic differences in isotretinoin treatment.

Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization’s extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana

Globally, cocoa is famous for the production of chocolates and beverages. However, it also serves as a source of raw material for the manufacturing of high-quality cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Due to its high demand, cocoa is regarded as a major commodity for poverty alleviation in deprived cocoa farming communities. Government has therefore instigated relevant measures to address issues facing the sector by investing in extension programs. These programs act as information dissemination tools for teaching modern farming technologies and enhancing learning among farmers. This study highlighted the effects of the Cocoa Life Project (CLP) by Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) International on farm productivity and income of 200 cocoa farmers in three districts of the Eastern Region, Ghana. Regression on covariates, Heckman’s treatment effects model, and propensity scores were used to test the robustness of the estimates. A positive association between extension program participation, farm productivity, and household income was discovered. Specifically, after correcting for selection bias, the estimated results of the Heckman’s model showed that the extension program significantly increased participating farmers’ cocoa yield by 14.3%. The effects on total farm income showed a significant increase of 25.1 and 42.9%, respectively from regression on propensity scores and the Heckman’s model. Across all three models, program participation led to an increase in total household income by 46.1, 31.7, and 69.3%, respectively. Other variables such as farming characteristics, institutional and demographic factors affected farmers’ income, depending on the estimation method used. This study reiterated the supporting role played by extension programs in enhancing cocoa production and increasing household income in Ghana. Conclusively, government and development partners should invest in extension programs by providing enough logistics, training qualified agents, and creating a conducive atmosphere to support learning and technology adoption.

STRATEGI HOME INDUSTRI KONVEKSI DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA MASYARAKAT KOTA BINJAI (STUDI KASUS ABU BAKAR KONVEKSI MENCIRIM BINJAI TIMUR)

This study aims to determine how the potential and empowerment role of the convection home industry in increasing community household income, and to determine the SWOT analysis of strategies used to increase household income in Binjai city. The background of this research is that in the 2020-2024 RPJMN, one of the macro targets is to improve the processing industry, one of the agendas is to strengthen quality economic defense by encouraging MSMEs. This research method is descriptive qualitative accompanied by a SWOT analysis. The analysis technique used is descriptive method and SWOT analysis, the formulation of a strategy that is processed from the weight of the identification results of the SWOT factor. The results of the calculation of the SWOT analysis of the total IFAS are higher than the total EFAS. The strategy to increase the business of the research object is in cell I Growth is namely the Backward integration or Forward integration strategy. In order to increase its business strength or competitive position, Burn Ash Convection must make efforts to minimize costs and inefficient operations to control the quality and distribution of products.

39 Impact Of Socioeconomic Status On COVID-19 Disease Severity

Study Objective: To determine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the severity of COVID-19 infection upon emergency department presentation and overall hospital course. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 235 randomly selected patients admitted to a major health care system with a diagnosis of PCR-confirmed COVID-19. Severe disease was defined as the presence of any of the following: respiratory rate ≥30, oxygen saturation ≤89% at rest, requirement of mechanical ventilation, non-respiratory organ failure, septic shock, or death. Presence of these symptoms were assessed for each patient upon initial presentation to the emergency department, and in their overall hospital course. Socioeconomic status was estimated by extrapolating US census data for median household income from each patient’s zip code. Household incomes were then separated into quintiles. The percentage of patients within each quintile who were severe upon presentation and severe overall was determined. Demographic data for each subject was collected and logistic regression was used to control for confounding variables. Results: Of the 235 patients, the income quintiles were as follows: q1: <source -38,100;q2: $38,101-46,700;q3: $46,701-56,600;q4: $56,601-72,000;q5: $72,001+. The population was 43% White, 24% American Indian or Alaska Native, 19% Black, 5% Asian, 1% Pacific Islander, 1% Middle Eastern, and 8% two or more races. 27% of the study population was of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Using a logistic regression to control for confounding variables, a statistically significant association was seen between median income and likelihood of severe disease on presentation (odds ratio with each increasing quintile 0.80;95% CI 0.66-0.96) as well as between median income and likelihood of severe disease overall (odds ratio with each increasing quintile 0.74;95% CI 0.59-0.93). Severe disease upon presentation to the emergency department was associated with a longer length of stay (3.6 days longer on average, p = 0.002) and an increased likelihood of death (odds ratio 3.6;95% CI 1.58-8.02). Conclusions: Lower socioeconomic status as measured by median household income for a person’s home zip code is associated with a higher rate of severe COVID-19 disease both on presentation to the emergency department and during their overall hospital course. For each 1-quintile increase in median household income, the odds of severe disease on presentation decreases by 20% (p = 0.018) and the odds of severe disease overall decreases by 26% (p = 0.009). Particular strengths of this data set include a large quantity of highly granular clinical data as well as a diverse population in both urban and rural settings. This data can better inform public health officials, medical professionals, and policymakers of the impact of socioeconomic status on vulnerability to disease and encourage progressive policy in providing vaccination and resources for these populations.