Increase In Household Income Research Articles

Understanding Gender, Income and Travel Behavior in Casablanca City – Morocco

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to extend the research on gendered differences in travel behavior in developing countries by analyzing travel behavior variability within as well as across gender and income groups in the case of Casablanca city. Methods: Data from the 2018 Casablanca Travel Survey show that overall, women are less mobile than men, make fewer work-related trips and more household maintenance trips, but these differences are heterogeneously distributed across income groups. With the increase in income, women tend to carry out more trips than men; the inverse is observed for the middle- and low-income categories. Results: While for the lowest income groups, walking is the most predominant mode for both men and women, we notice that the private car has the highest modal share within the highest income groups as with the increase in household income, both genders avoid non-motorized transport modes. The particular status of women in some households as breadwinners and reproducers as well as the socio-cultural context of the city shape their mobility and the choice of their activities. Conclusion: Hence, these findings suggest, from a policy perspective, that the public transit system along with spatial planning strategies need to be improved to help overcome women's mobility constraints, especially when they belong to low-income households so they can fully access the city amenities and opportunities. On the other hand, transport policies need to be not only gender-sensitive but also “vulnerable groups” sensitive as mobility impediments are similarly experienced by males and females in some contexts.

Pemberdayaan ekonomi kelompok nelayan Desa Pangkah Kulon-Gresik dalam memproduksi kerupuk ikan sebagai upaya peningkatan nilai ekonomi ikan sortiran

Pangkah Kulon is one of the villages in Gresik Regency which is located in Ujung Pangkah District, Gresik, East Java. The lack of public knowledge about fish processing makes people required to be more creative in increasing the selling value of fish into processed products. So far, fresh fish caught by fishermen are sold directly to middlemen, while fresh fish that do not pass the sorting is simply thrown away. To increase the economic value of fish into high selling value products, training in the production of fish crackers is carried out. The training was conducted on the socialization of creative preparations, training on the manufacture and creative industry of fish crackers. In this training, participants (fishermen's wives) are trained to operate production equipment, from dough making, milling, to cutting. The knowledge and skills provided can be used as a pioneering effort for the fish cracker creative industry which is a favorite food for the community in general. In addition, it is also a business opportunity that can increase household income.

Sosialisasi Peningkatan Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Kecamatan Talang Ubi Kabupaten Pali

The primary goal of Community Service (PKM) is to spread knowledge to the community surrounding the university where the professor is housed. Furthermore, the goal of Community Service (PKM) is to bring educational institutions closer to the community so that universities may help the government accelerate development activities and train high-quality development actors. Counseling and training are the goals of this Community Service (PKM) project in North Talang Ubi Village, Talang Ubi District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency. In terms of socialization of growing household income, the goal is to raise public The primary goal of Community Service (PKM) is to spread knowledge to the community surrounding the university where the professor is housed. Furthermore, the goal of Community Service (PKM) is to bring educational institutions closer to the community so that universities may help the government accelerate development activities and train high-quality development actors. Counseling and training are the goals of this Community Service (PKM) project in Desa Talang Ubi Utara, Kecamatan Talang Ubi, Kabupaten Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir. In terms of the socialization of growing household income, the goal is to raise public awareness about how to increase household income and ensure that the benefits of this service are embraced by the residents of North Talang Ubi Village. With the socialization of increasing household income, the community can find out how to alternatively increase household income with the economic potential in the family. From the activities that have been carried out, several obstacles occur, including the low level of education, which impacts thinking patterns in overcoming problems of family economic constraints, lack of job opportunities/opportunities.

Oyster Farming in Ilocos Sur, Philippines

The study looked into the management and culture methods used by oyster farmers in Ilocos Sur. The support given by numerous groups was also noted, along with a number of challenges and issues. Using an expert-validated survey questionnaire data were collected from 148 oyster producers from six municipalities namely, Candon, Sta. Maria, Narvacan, San Vicente, Caoayan and Sto. Domingo. According to the findings, the growers cultivate oysters using three different techniques: long line hanging, raft hanging, and stake (tulos) methods. Empty oyster shells, PVC, rubber strips, and bamboo poles are used for spat collection. The growing season is typically carried out in estuaries, rivers, and fishponds. According to the farmers, oyster prices are erratic but tend to rise around the holidays. Every production cycle, their oyster farming brings in an average of Php5,000 to 15,000 in revenue. Despite receiving technical and financial assistance from various authorities. oyster growers encounter a number of socioeconomic and environmental constraints that affect their production processes. In light of the aforementioned problems, it is recommended that institutions support growers by organizing and registering them and strengthening capacity building on sustainable oyster production technologies, including marketing and post-harvest management assistance. In order to create business opportunities in the neighborhood and increase household income, additional skill training should be offered. In addition, the province needs to develop marketing plans to control pricing.

BUDIDAYA SAYURAN SISTEM HIDROPONIK DI KELURAHAN PARDOMUAN KECAMATAN SIANTAR TIMUR KOTA PEMATANGSIANTAR

The limited land available has made the community less interested in farming. Even
 the small amount of household vegetable needs is obtained from markets and stalls. For this reason, the community needs to be given knowledge of vegetable farming by utilizing existing land so that at least it is able to meet the family's vegetable needs and if possible can increase household income. The output plan for this activity is: (1) Participants have technical skills in cultivating several types of vegetables; (2) Participants have technical knowledge and skills of hydroponic system vegetable cultivation; (3) Participants are able to produce several types of fresh vegetables; (4) Participants receive additional income; and (5) The local area can become a demonstration plot for similar activities. Methods and outcomes of activities: extension (100%), hydroponic vegetable cultivation practice (100%), sales (25%), and promotion activities (25%). The results and outcomes obtained in the community service activities carried out include increased public understanding of vegetable cultivation and hydroponic systems, vegetable self-sufficiency, utilization of empty space in the yard.

Effect of Major Illness Insurance on Vulnerability to Poverty: Evidence From China.

Disease is the primary cause of poverty in China. Health insurance is an essential mechanism for managing health risks and addressing the risk of financial loss. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) waves from 2010 to 2016, this study develops a random forest method to assess households' vulnerability to poverty and then examines the impact of major illness insurance on vulnerability to poverty by focusing on the rollout period of a major illness insurance scheme. The research also examines the impact of increased major illness insurance coverage on poverty reduction by focusing on the change from low- to high-coverage health insurance. The findings indicate that major illness insurance and improvements in the degree of coverage significantly reduce vulnerability to poverty. In addition, major illness insurance is found to alleviate the vicious cycle of poverty and disease through the mechanism of increasing household income, and its effect has strengthened over time. Compared to other poverty reduction policies, major illness insurance has a greater influence on poverty alleviation.

Profitability of Gliricidia-Maize System in Selected Dryland Areas of Dodoma Region, Tanzania

Declining soil fertility and climatic extremes are among major problems for agricultural production in most dryland agro-ecologies of sub-Saharan Africa. In response, the agroforestry technology intercropping of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)) and Maize (Zea mays L.) was developed to complement conventional soil fertility management technologies. However, diversified information on the profitability of Gliricidia-Maize intercropping system in dryland areas is scanty. Using data from the Gliricidia and maize models of the Next Generation version of the Agriculture Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), this study estimates the profitability of the Gliricidia-Maize system relative to an unfertilized sole maize system. Results show significant heterogeneity in profitability indicators both in absolute and relative economic terms. Aggregated over a 20-year cycle, Gliricidia-Maize intercropping exhibited a higher Net Present Value (NPV = Tsh 19,238,798.43) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR = 4.27) than the unfertilized sole maize system. The NPV and BCR of the latter were Tsh 10,934,669.90 and 3.59, respectively. Moreover, the returns to labour per person day in the Gliricidia-Maize system was 1.5 times those of the unfertilized sole maize system. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the profitability of the Gliricidia-Maize system is more negatively affected by the decrease in output prices than the increase in input prices. A 30% decrease in the former leads to a decrease in NPV and BCR by 38% and 30%, respectively. Despite the higher initial costs of the agroforestry establishment, the 30% increase in input prices affects more disproportionally unfertilized sole maize than the Gliricidia-Maize system in absolute economic terms, i.e., 11.1% versus 8.8% decrease in NPV. In relative economic terms, an equal magnitude of change in input prices exerts the same effect on the unfertilized sole maize and the Gliricidia-maize systems. This result implies that the monetary benefits accrued after the first year of agroforestry establishment offset the initial investment costs. The Gliricidia-Maize intercropping technology therefore is profitable with time, and it can contribute to increased household income and food security. Helping farmers to overcome initial investment costs and manage agroforestry technologies well to generate additional benefits is critical for the successful scaling of the Gliricidia-Maize intercropping technology in dryland areas of Dodoma, Tanzania.

Social Media Participation, Low-Carbon Agricultural Practices, and Economic Performance of Banana Farmers in Southern China.

Low-carbon agricultural practices (LAPs) can reduce carbon emissions in agricultural production for farmers in developing countries. However, the role of emerging social media has not received enough attention in the diffusion of LAPs among farmers. This study first attempts to examine the impact of farmers’ social media participation on their adoption intensity of LAPs using the Zero-truncated Poisson model and specify the effect of each participation activity on social media by the endogenous-treatment Poisson regression model, then discuss the economic performance of LAPs using the quantile regression model, based on the primary data collected from banana farmers in Southern China. The results show that social media participation exerts a positive and significant effect on farmers’ adoption intensity of LAPs. Specifically, the adoption intensity of LAPs in the treated group who participated in the short-video social media is about 1.1 times higher than that in the control group. The treatment effects of the five activities (watch, like, forward, comment, and release) on farmers’ adoption intensity of LAPs are positive and significant. We also find that adoption of LAPs can increase household income of farmers, and the effect presents particularly significant for those at the higher income level. Whilst, Social media participation can significantly increase household income of farmers who are at the lower income level. Our findings underscore the important role of social media in the diffusion of LAPs among farmers and income growth of households in developing countries. Thus, supportive strategies can be designed by policymakers for encouraging farmers to participate the emerging social media platforms and adopt more LAPs in agricultural production.

Influence of Household Remittance on Childhood Stunting in Nepal.

Migration is a livelihood strategy for many poor households in Nepal. About 56% of the households receive remittances, the country also has high rates of undernutrition as 36% of children under five years of age are stunted. Remittance are known to increase household income, potentially contributing to improvements in health and nutrition of children, but few studies have examined it in the Nepalese context. We used data of 2,498 children under 5 years of age from the Nepal Living Standard Survey 2010/11 to investigate associations between childhood stunting and household remittances. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the odds of child stunting by remittances received by the families in the 12 months preceding the survey. Guided by a conceptual framework, the model was adjusted for variables representing child, maternal and household level characteristics. Our investigation showed that the odds of a child being stunted decreased with increased levels of remittance received by households, 67% (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.67) lower for households receiving more than Nrs.60,000 remittance per year. However, there was no difference in the risk of stunting by gender of the household head and income categories. An increased household income could potentially reduce the burden of chronic undernutrition in poor families in Nepal, which in turn paves a path for the expansion of cash transfer programs. Further research is indicated to understand the threshold of remittance or cash transfer needed to estimate nutritional outcomes.

Adaptasi Ekonomi Rumah Tangga di Desa Sukowiryo Kabupaten Jember melalui Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran secara Vertikultur

The paddy-paddy-palawija or paddy-paddy-tobacco cropping pattern is generally cultivated by most of members Hidayah Tani group in Sukowiryo Village, Jelbuk district, Jember. Meanwhile vegetables are rarely cultivated in there. Vegetable cultivation in yard around the house using verticulture is one of the household economic adaptation efforts during pandemic for increasing income. The aim of this community service are provide knowledge and insight about alternative uses of yard around the house for vegetable cultivation using verticulture, improve family welfares, and environmentally sustainable agriculture implementation. The method used in this program are preparation, socialization, training, and evaluation approaches. The results of this program showed that the community was enthusiastic in vegetable cultivation using verticulture, because its efficient built on limited yard, easy and simple to built in, could increase household income if its commercialized, supporting family food security, easy to get healty food, verticulture building is easy to move.

Social capital and use of assisted reproductive technology in young couples: Ecological study using application information for government subsidies in Japan

BackgroundAssisted reproductive technology (ART) is a globally established treatment; however, large disparities exist in ART use among young couples. We investigated regional-level factors associated with ART use in Japan. MethodsWe calculated the use rate of ART using the number of women aged <35 years who applied for government subsidies in 2017; we divided that figure by the number of women aged 20–35 years in each prefecture. Prefectural-level average household income; social capital indicators including voting rate, volunteer rate, and move-in rate; and Gini coefficients as indicators of income inequality were linked to ART use, adjusting for prefectural size, the mean age of women at first marriage, number of ART facilities, and additional prefectural subsidies. ResultsThe rate of ART use (per 10,000 women) varied significantly from 22.0 to 58.8 across Japan's 47 prefectures. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the use rate increased by 0.048 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.007 to 0.088) for each 10,000-yen increase in average household income and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.65 to 2.3) for each 1% increase in volunteer rate. Conversely, the use rate decreased by 18.4 (95% CI, −28.6 to −8.1) for each 1% increase in the move-in rate. There was no significant association between ART use and income inequality. ConclusionAlthough we cannot infer causal relationships, the findings suggest that improving financial access and enhancing social capital may increase access to ART. Further research, particularly multilevel analysis using individual data, is required to confirm these findings.

Dynamic pathways of barriers and opportunities for food security and climate adaptation in Southern Mali

Barriers to food security and climate adaptation operate in complex and dynamic ways but are often perceived as static impediments to be overcome. In this study, we apply systems thinking for the assessment of barriers in agricultural decision-making for food security and climate adaptation. Using a mixed-method approach of participatory simulation game design and causal loop diagrams, we explore the dynamic pathways through which barriers inhibit farmers from achieving food security and climate adaptation in Southern Mali. Results show that the key barriers in the region are financial, land, and climate-related barriers including unavailability of formal credit sources, high input prices, inadequate land access and ownership rights, time and labor constraints in collective vs individual plots, and climate risks such as early and late season droughts, high temperature, excessive rainfall, water scarcity, and pest incidences. These barriers operate in complex, interdependent, and dynamic ways where factors that act as enablers in one context can also function as barriers in another context. We see such interdependencies in three cases: i) access to interlocked credit and loans for cotton cultivation acts as enablers of income generation for male farmers but become barriers to female farmers who do not cultivate cotton ii) land ownership and land use rights for male farmers act as enablers for cultivation of income-generating cash and food crops but acts as a barrier for female farmers by way of intra-household labor dynamics within collective plots iii) increase in land allocation to cotton and maize cultivation acts as enablers for increased household income but becomes a barrier to food security due to higher vulnerability to climate risks. Assessment of causal loop diagrams identified deep and shallow leverage points. Policies and interventions that focused on input subsidies and credit facilities are shallow leverage points where incremental changes will only lead to small improvements in farmers’ livelihoods. Policies that support improved access and ownership of land to female farmers are deep leverage points that can potentially shift the dominant cropping pattern to more diversified and climate-resilient production.

Contributions of savings and small loans made in Iringa Hope Joint SACCOs towards improving household welfare in Iringa region in Tanzania

This study evaluates the small loans and regular savings deposits by members of Iringa Hope Joint SACCOs (IHJS) towards improving household welfare in Iringa region in Tanzania. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire from 170 SACCO members. The sample was chosen from each SACCO using a simple random sampling technique. The analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS ver. 20, IBM, USA). The results revealed that Iringa Hope Joint SACCOs household welfare in Iringa region is improving due to increased household income, decision making, and capacity building that influences regular savings deposits by members. Furthermore, the study also revealed that employment has been increasing due to SACCOs’ financial access and it becomes sustainable as income increases. Therefore, IHJS should consider offering financial services at low interest rates to enable poorer smallholder farmers and small businesses to access finance. It should continue supporting the SACCOs' members with training to enable them to improve governance and performance of financial services.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Desinfektan Yang Aman Dan Ramah Lingkungan Di Wilayah Awipari Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Penyebaran Covid-19

This community service activity is motivated by the potential for the spread of the Covid virus which is still happening and the Awipari Village does not yet have health facilities that are balanced with its population. In addition, the use of disinfectants as a protection for families and the environment from the spread of the Covid-19 virus is still not available with natural ingredients and is safe for the environment. This is what training on the manufacture of safe and environmentally friendly disinfectants needs to be done. The main purpose of this community service is to help target partners to be more independent in providing the disinfectant needs that residents need. Furthermore, it can be used as an alternative field to increase household income. The specific target to be achieved in the future is that target partners are able and accustomed to using safe and environmentally friendly basic materials in making disinfectants. Community service activities will be held in September 2021 at the Awipari Village Office, Tasikmalaya City. The methods used are lectures, discussions, and the practice of making disinfectants directly. Community service activities are very well received by partner community groups. The community is enthusiastic and active in demonstrations and discussions and wants this service activity to be routine and continue with various training themes according to community needs.

Papua New Guinea agri-food trade and household consumption trends point towards dietary change and increased overweight and obesity prevalence

BackgroundPapua New Guinea (PNG) experienced positive GDP growth at approximately 4.3% per year during the last decade. With increases in overall wealth within the country, PNG is facing a double burden of malnutrition: comparatively high child stunting rates and a growing overweight and obesity epidemic. We focus on the latter by evaluating trends in agri-food import data from 2001 to 2018 and household consumption data from 2018 and 2009/10.ResultsThe analysis presented in this paper raises three red flags. First, international food import data suggest that the demand for ultra-processed, sugar-sweetened beverages and food have increased substantially over time in PNG. Sugar-sweetened beverages dominated the largest growth in processed food imports, increasing by 23% per capita per year between 2001 and 2018. Second, households across the country with a greater food expenditure on sugar-sweetened beverages have a higher probability of an overweight child (under 5 years old). Last, the probability of soft-drink consumption in PNG increases with greater income acquisition and improved market access. While the price of a soft drink is negatively correlated with the quantity consumed, analysis suggests that total household income has a quantitatively larger (and positive) association with soft drink consumption.ConclusionsTaxing (or increasing taxes on) sugar-sweetened beverages may not be a sufficient policy mechanism to curb overconsumption of soft drinks in PNG. Education and advocacy programs should be fostered that integrate improved dietary information on packaging, as well as greater access to and understanding of nutrition and diet information of common household consumption items. While increases in household income and market access are crucial to economic growth and transformation, PNG’s economic transition must be dovetailed with programs that expand and enhance health and nutrition information and education to improve household consumption decisions and overall household wellbeing.

ESTIMATION OF DEMAND SYSTEM FOR HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

This study aims to estimate the pattern of household demand for energy consumption such as electricity, water and fuel. The data used in this study is the publication of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). To obtain comprehensive estimation results, this study uses the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) approach which is currently the standard in household demand estimation systems. The unit of observation used in this paper is more than three thousand households representing 13 provinces in Indonesia. The results show that the largest household energy consumption expenditure is electricity consumption followed by fuel and water. However, unlike the case of other commodities, the elasticity of spending on electricity is negative. Thus, an increase in household income will shift spending from electricity to consumption of other goods such as fuel, water and others. Meanwhile, the price elasticity for all energy commodities is inelastic. The increase in energy consumption commodity prices did not change demand much. This means that households are still very dependent on the supply of energy goods produced by the government. Therefore, appropriate policies are needed in determining the basic electricity tariff, fuel prices and clean water supply so that basic household needs can be fulfilled. Keywords: Energy Consumption, System Demand, Household Expenditure, QUAIDSJEL Classifications: D12, Q41, R20DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11714

Consumption of High-Risk Foods in the Canadian Population, Foodbook Study, 2014 to 2015

Many foods have the potential to cause foodborne illness; however, some pose a higher risk. Data were collected through the Foodbook study, a population-based telephone survey conducted between 2014 and 2015 that assessed 10,942 Canadians' food exposures using a 7-day recall period. The 19 foods included in the survey were identified as high risk for common foodborne pathogens in Canada. Results were analyzed by age group, gender, region of residence, income, and education. Consumption proportions of high-risk foods ranged from 0.4% (raw oysters) to 49.3% (deli meats). Roughly 94% of the population reported consuming one or more high-risk food in the past week. Certain high-risk food behaviors were associated with demographic characteristics. High-risk adults such as those 65 years or older still report consuming high-risk foods of concern, including deli meats (41.8%), soft cheeses (13.7%), and smoked fish (6.3%). Consumption of certain foods differed between genders, with males consuming significantly more deli meats, hot dogs, and raw or undercooked eggs and females consuming significantly more prebagged mixed salad greens. The overall number of high-risk foods consumed was similar, with both genders most frequently consuming three to five high-risk foods. High-risk food consumption was seen to increase with increasing household income, with 14.2% of the highest income level consuming six-plus high-risk foods in the past week, compared with 7.1% of the lowest income level. If a respondent had heard of a risk of foodborne illness associated with a food, it did not affect whether it was consumed. Additional consumer food safety efforts put in place alongside current messaging may improve high-risk food consumption behaviors. Enhancing current messaging by using multifaceted communications (e.g., social media and information pamphlets) and highlighting the large incidence and severity of foodborne illnesses in Canada are important strategies to improve behavior change.

Contribution of pig farming to household in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District

The people of Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District have raised pigs as well as used them as a source of household income. Pig farming has been running for about 15 years, although sometimes it receives losses. This study aims to determine how much the contribution of pig farming to household income and the factors that affect the income of pig farming in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District. This research was conducted during March 2021, and the sample locations in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District in Tenga Village, Pakuweru Village, and Pakuure Village were determined using the purposive sampling method, with the consideration that these areas are areas that have a large population of pigs. The sample was determined by the total quota sampling method, namely all pig breeders in the three sample villages as many as 30 farmers. The analysis model used to estimate the factors that affect income is the multiple linear regression equation models. Pig farming was able to provide the income of IDR 17,431,281/year with an average of 26 pigs/farmer. Pig farming contributed 40% to household income. Pig farming has the largest contribution to the household income of pig breeders. The factors that influence the income of pig farming are the age of the farmer, the number of ownership of pigs, and the type of business combination. Farmers needs to increase the number of sows, to increase household income. The government’s policy is a program of providing assistance in the form of pigs, as broodstock for farmers.

Rural and structural transformation and their impacts on household in East Java

Empirical evidence shows that rural transformation and structural transformation in Indonesia vary between provinces in both the depth and speed of the change. One province that the local government has claimed to undergo a rapid rural transformation is the province of East Java. This paper aims to analyze the structural and rural transformations in East Java using district-level secondary data for the 2000-2020 period, obtained from East Java Provincial Statistics. Data analysis uses qualitative and descriptive methods. The results show that structural and rural transformations in East Java vary between districts and development clusters. Some districts in East java experienced a rapid decline in the agricultural sector’s contribution in 1990-2020, both in terms of regional gross domestic product and employment, compared to other districts. The results also show that there has been a transformation within the agricultural sector, with the sub-sectors of non-food (commodities) have gradually shifted out the contribution of the food crop subsector. The relatively rapid structural and rural transformation in East Java has succeeded in increasing rural household incomes and reducing poverty incidence in the province. In the future, to continue increasing household income and reduce poverty, the East Java government needs to maintain the momentum of its success through more targeted pro-growth and pro-poor investment policies.

Benefits and Risks of Smallholder Livestock Production on Child Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Livestock production may improve nutritional outcomes of pregnant women and children by increasing household income, availability of nutrient-dense foods, and women's empowerment. Nevertheless, the relationship is complex, and the nutritional status of children may be impaired by presence of or proximity to livestock and their pathogens. In this paper, we review the benefits and risks of livestock production on child nutrition. Evidence supports the nutritional benefits of livestock farming through income, production, and women's empowerment. Increasing animal source food consumption requires a combination of efforts, including improved animal management so that herd size is adequate to meet household income needs and consumption and addressing sociocultural and gendered norms. Evidence supports the inclusion of behavior change communication strategies into livestock production interventions to facilitate the sustainability of nutritional benefits over time, particularly interventions that engage women and foster dimensions of women's empowerment. In evaluating the risks of livestock production, evidence indicates that a broad range of enteric pathogens may chronically infect the intestines of children and, in combination with dietary deficits, may cause environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a chronic inflammation of the gut. Some of the most important pathogens associated with EED are zoonotic in nature with livestock as their main reservoir. Very few studies have aimed to understand which livestock species contribute most to colonization with these pathogens, or how to reduce transmission. Control at the point of exposure has been investigated in a few studies, but much less effort has been spent on improving animal husbandry practices, which may have additional benefits. There is an urgent need for dedicated and long-term research to understand which livestock species contribute most to exposure of young children to zoonotic enteric pathogens, to test the potential of a wide range of intervention methods, to assess their effectiveness in randomized trials, and to assure their broad adaptation and sustainability. This review highlights the benefits and risks of livestock production on child nutrition. In addition to identifying research gaps, findings support inclusion of poor gut health as an immediate determinant of child undernutrition, expanding the established UNICEF framework which includes only inadequate diet and disease.