Increase In Household Income Research Articles

THE IMPLICATIONS OF COVID 19 ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD WELLBEING IN CAMEROON: EVIDENCE FROM NDOP IN THE NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON

COVID-19 has changed a lot in the way people carry out their daily activities, this change in their daily routine has affected some key indicators of household wellbeing. This study aimed at examining the impact of COVID-19 on some of the key household indicators of wellbeing in Ndop, which is a rural area with agriculture as the main activity. Specifically, the study seeks to; assess the impact of COVID-19 on household disposable income, and evaluate the consequences of COVID-19 incidence on healthcare expenditure. We adopted a convenient and purposive sampling technique and questionnaires were administered to 360 respondents. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 and the models were estimated using ordinary least square (OLS) regression estimation techniques. The result revealed that COVID-19 has a negative and significant effect on household disposable income, as results suggest a drop in household income by 50% due to Covid-19. Secondly, COVID-19 has a negative and significant effect on household healthcare expenditure. To enhance the deteriorating household wellbeing, there is a need for the government to ease the movement of foodstuff from the rural areas to the urban milieu, as this can increase household income in rural areas and hence household expenditure while enhancing the application of Covid-19 protection and treatment measures.

Authority-enterprise Equilibrium Based Subsidy Policy for Natural Gas Hydrate Transportation Technology

The continued rise in oil prices and environmental concerns have made natural gas (NG) one of the world’s most important energy sources. As populations and economies grow, the demand for natural gas is increasing due to the expansion of the industrial and commercial sectors, as well as increased household incomes. The potential for significant increases in natural gas supply to meet growing demand makes decisions at all strategic, tactical and operational levels necessary in building new or restructuring existing natural gas transportation systems. In this paper, the multi-objective optimization of natural gas hydrate (NGH) transportation is proposed as a tool for supporting regulatory decisions. Three objective functions are involved in the formulation of the problem: minimization of subsidy costs, maximization of energy utilization, and maximization of profit for each NGH plant. As part of the design parameters for the NGH project, the regulatory agency must consider the entrepreneur’s return on investment and the needs of current and future consumers. In the absence of an optimization tool, this problem may result in unfair gas prices or a lack of investor interest. With a continuous increase in natural gas consumption, the proposed analysis examines growing markets. The mixed subsidy mechanism was applied to a typical example in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.

Impacto empírico do acesso a serviços financeiros na renda dos agricultores em Gana

ABSTRACT: The impact of access to financial services (AFS) and access to informal financial services (AIFS) on farmer income is examined in this study. After a multi-stage random sampling procedure, the study used a sample size of 478 people from two regions in Ghana. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) model was used to account for selection bias while the unconditional quantile regression (UQR) model was used for a heterogenous analysis. The findings showed that education, financial literacy, IT access, farm size, and distance were all factors of access to financial services. Similarly, the findings revealed a positive and statistically significant link between household income and access to formal financial services. Similarly, there was a positive and significant association between access to informal financial services and household income. The findings showed that access to formal and informal financial services has different effects on household income. As a result, the effects of access to financial services on income varied by quantile. Based on the findings of the study, we developed policies to boost financial services accessibility as a means of increasing household income.

Investigating Household Food Expenditures and the Engel’s curve in Ghana: The Empirics

This paper examines Ghana's annual household food expenditures and their Engel food curve using data from the 2013-2014 sixth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey which covered 16, 772 household and lasted for one-year. A sample size of 16,035 was however valid for the model estimation in this paper. Household demographics and specific variables, including income, education status, religion, number of rooms, access to clean water, ownership of household, electricity supply to household, and refrigerators availability at the household that influence the annual household food budget decisions in Ghana are examined. It establishes an inverse relationship between the share of the household food budget and the increase in household income. The paper established high annual household food expenditure elasticity with 0.52 pesewas out of every one cedi serving as an annual household marginal food budget share in Ghana, on average and ceteris paribus and provides additional statistical evidence that characterises food as a necessity in Ghana. Policy-wise, the central government is advised to take more pro-poor agricultural interventions to improve food production and reduce its cost in the country. With a rapidly growing population, these measures will bring Ghana's economy into a state of food security and allow the country to also achieve the SDG 2 goals it has set for itself.

Islamic Financial Institutions as Strengthening The Economy of The Ummah (Study on The Application of Shariah Agreements in Islamic Financial Institutions)

Islamic business institutions (sharia) is one of the instruments used to regulate the rules of Islamic economics. As part of the economic system, it is part of the entire social system. Therefore, its existence must be viewed in the context of the overall existence of society (human), as well as the values that apply in the society concerned. The research method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to analysis. This study uses descriptive analysis research methods. The types of data used are secondary data, data in the form of articles, books and research reports as well as other sources or information relevant to this study. The role of shari'ah financial institutions in encouraging economic growth is to apply the principles of Shari'ah in the management of financial institutions such as buying and selling and profit sharing then indirectly Shari'ah financial institutions not only touch the monetary sector but also have touched the real sector resulting in unstoppable investment flows, resulting in an increase in productive businesses. Which ultimately also increases household income, the state, as well as export-import activities.

No country for old men? Microsimulation effects of activating pensioners on the labour market

Being a pensioner in Croatia carries certain risks of poverty and inequality compared to the rest of the population. Low level of average pension compared to the minimal wage is just one case in point. On the other hand, the labour market shortage is not negligible and there is also a poor track record when it comes to pension system reforms in the last two decades. This paper investigates a possible path of the future pension system reform aimed at increasing household income levels -- focused on the labour market participation of people aged 65+ who are willing and able to solve labour shortages present in the market. The general aim of the paper is to analyze the effects that the establishment of the Pensioners Service Center might have on market income, mean household income by decile groups, poverty and inequality indices. It fills the research gap by conducting the first microsimulation of the pension system reform in Croatia focusing on market income. The hypothetical reform is simulated using the tax--benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD based on EU--SILC 2019 data for Croatia. Results confirm market income as the main cause of income inequality as well as that the second decile is the target group of the proposed intervention. Pensioners have a clear monetary incentive to increase their labour supply, which in return decreases all poverty and inequality indices.

IMPLICATION OF SLEEPING DURATION ON THE OVERALL HEALTH STATE OF FAMILY CAREGIVERS

Abstract Family caregiving is integral to long-term care for older adults. The National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP Public Policy Institute in 2020 estimated there are 53 million Americans providing care for loved ones. Caregiving intensity often impacts the health and well-being of caregivers, including influencing their sleep duration. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended an average of 7 or more sleeping hours for adults. Unfortunately, most caregivers' average hours of sleep per night do not meet this recommendation. Using secondary data from the Long-Term Caregiving study conducted by the AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research, the present study establishes the effect of sleep duration on the overall health of family caregivers while adjusting for socio-demographic factors. A binary logistic analysis was conducted to infer the effects of sleep duration, age, gender education, race, employment status, and household income relative to reporting high or low overall health wellbeing. The binary logistic model was statistically significant, χ2(16) = 77.5, p < .0001, Nagelkerke R2=0.111. Family caregivers with a sleeping duration of 7 hours or more were twice as likely to report a high overall health status than those who slept less than 7 hours (OR=2.08, 95%CI [1.52 – 2.84]). Increasing household income and being employed were positively associated with high overall health status. We do not find a statistically significant effect of gender, education level, age group, and race on overall health status. We recommend that policies that support family caregivers at a micro and macro level be implemented.

Consumer expenditure structure: Analysis based on extended linear expenditure system

This study has analyzed the consumer demand and expenditure structure of commodities concerning the income of the sampled households using the Extended Linear Expenditure System Model. Budget shares and expenditure elasticities were estimated for household consumption categories allowing for a comparison of expenditure elasticities between the two seasons. Expenditure elasticities for consumer expendables, durables, and transport were highly elastic. Tradable and non-tradable non-farm goods are highly expenditure elastic indicating that an increase in household income will result in a proportionately greater increase in expenditure on it. Increased expenditure on non-tradable goods and services may stimulate local production and create new employment and enterprise opportunities, while the increased expenditure on tradable goods represents a leakage of income from the local economy. An increase in farm incomes has the potential to stimulate economic growth through the stimulation of increased local production of non-farm goods and services. Increased income will also result in increased expenditure on goods not locally produced, which means leakage of income from the local economy. Increased production is limited by factors such as insecure tenure and cash flow problems that are amplified by high transaction costs associated with obtaining credit. Better access to credit would improve cash flow problems somewhat, but transaction costs need to be lowered through the improvement of physical and institutional infrastructure. Demand-led growth needs to be strengthened with the production of goods not currently produced. Processing raw food materials into more convenient items would encourage increased local expenditure with increased income and possibly reduce the leakage of income from the local economy. The diversification into non-farm activities such as product processing requires investment and poses a risk. Insecure tenure creates a disincentive to investment as producers are not guaranteed the benefits from their investment. Public policy should focus on alleviating tenure security and institutional infrastructure to strengthen the potential for demand-led growth. These results may be valid for any underdeveloped/developing agrarian regions or economy of the globe.

Socio-demographic and economic determinants of household expenditure on eating out in India - Evidence from India Human Development Survey (IHDS) II.

Background: 'Eating out (EO)' has witnessed a significant increase across nations and in India. Understanding food behaviour from an economic standpoint is essential to recognize food systems and nutrition transition. Aim: Our work compared the macro-data on per capita income and gross state domestic product from India with household expenditure on eating out. Using the India Human Development Survey II micro-data we studied the socio-demographic and economic determinants of household expenditure on eating out. Methods: The study design is a secondary data analysis of India Human Development Survey II from a sample of N = 42,152 households. It included socio-demographic and economic predictors, such as religion, caste, residence, migration for work, education, number of household members, income source, total annual income, consumption expenditure and poverty status. Results: No consistent trends emerged in the macroeconomic comparisons using gross state domestic product and per capita income. Results of logistic regression showed that the reserved caste categories OBC [COR 1.2 (1.1-1.2)] and SC/ST/Others [COR 1.1 (1-1.1)], household heads education up to secondary [COR 0.4 (0.4-0.5)] and higher secondary and above [COR 0.7 (0.6-0.8)], urban place of residence [COR 0.55 (0.53-0.58)], organised sector [COR 0.7 (0.6-0.7)] as the income source, higher annual income [COR 0.52 (0.50-0.54)], higher annual consumption expenditure [COR 0.44 (0.42-0.46)] and above poverty line [COR 2.1 (1.9-2.2)] were significantly positively associated with expenditure on eating out (p = <0.05). All these variables stayed significant in the multinomial regression model as well. Conclusion: This analysis confirms the increase in household income along with other demographics, increases the frequency of eating out. However, such trends remained inconsistent in macroeconomic assessments using gross state domestic product and per capita income.

Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pemeliharaan Unggas Lokal di Kelompok Wanita Tani Kejora Sawahlunto

This activity aims to realize a growing livestock business in Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) Kejora in Sawahlunto that can generate profits to increase household incomes for KWT Kejora partner groups. The implementation of this activity was carried out in three stages; the first was the delivery of material and distributing questionnaires, the second stage was training and modeling, and the third stage was post-training assistance. The service activities in the form of socialization and training on local poultry farming at the KWT Kejora Sawahlunto have been carried out well. The result of this activity was that this activity was attended by 20 group members and accompanied by field officers from the Food Security, Agriculture, and Fisheries Service of Swahlunto City. Group members generally know about local poultry farming (village chicken) but do not know how to raise chickens properly and do not know the factors that affect the sustainability of the livestock business. Therefore, this group must continue to be accompanied so that the sustainability of the group's business can develop and increase the household income of group members.

Influence of Digital Finance on Household Leverage Ratio from the Perspective of Consumption Effect and Income Effect

Household leverage ratio is an important factor affecting family stability. Digital finance has changed the means of payment and consumption frequency, but the relationship between digital finance and household leverage ratio is still unclear. The existence of household debt is defined as the existence of leverage. The higher the household debt, the greater the household leverage. Based on the matching data of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) 2019 and the China Digital Inclusive Finance Index, this paper studies the impact of digital finance on household leverage ratio and explores its mechanism theoretically and empirically. This research finds that digital finance can significantly promote the household leverage ratio and this conclusion is still valid after instrumental variable method and robustness test. The mechanism analysis shows that digital finance can promote household over-consumption and further expand household leverage ratio. Digital finance can also reduce household leverage ratio by increasing household income. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that the role of digital finance in expanding leverage ratio is stronger for urban areas and households with low educational level. For households with higher assets, digital finance helps to reduce leverage ratio. Therefore, the government should guide residents to consume rationally and give full play to the entrepreneurship-facilitating and income-increasing effect of digital finance. Meanwhile, the residents themselves should speed up the cultivation of digital financial literacy, which is of vital significance for lowering household leverage ratio and systemic financial risks. China’s development level of digital finance ranks among the top in the world. Studying the role of digital finance in China is helpful to provide experience reference for countries around the world.

Sustaining food security in the Karst Mountains through increasing household income: a case study of Gunungkidul Indonesia

One of the poverty areas in Indonesia is in Gunungkidul district, an arid area in the karst mountain area. The scarcity of surface water is the main obstacle to economic development activities in the Karst Mountains of Gunungkidul, especially for agriculture and animal husbandry. The vulnerability of nature, agro-climate, and geographical conditions are not suitable for agricultural economic activities. The income of the agricultural community in the karst mountain area is minimal, which causes high poverty. The highly volatile rainfall in the region and extreme climate change can be destructive. Hence, poverty occurs in Gunungkidul, where dry land and Karst Mountains dominate geographical conditions exacerbate this condition. This study investigates the pattern of household expenditure and analyzes the factors that increase household income. This study applied descriptive analysis and income determination function. The results showed that more than half of household expenditure was for food needs. Non-farming activities have a high contribution to household income. Therefore, to increase household income, households must engage in off-farm jobs. The higher the household income, the food security will be sustained.

Relationship between households’ share of food expenditure and income across South African districts: a multilevel regression analysis

This paper investigates the relationship between household income and the share of food expenditure in South Africa using clustered household income and socio-economic data published in the National Dynamics Income Study. To achieve this objective and because of the clustered nature of the data, a multilevel linear model, in particular, the random intercept model, was employed as a suitable method of investigation. Fixed effect methods were also used to compare results. The results confirmed that the share of household food expenditure is inversely related to household income in a district. This finding is consistent with Engel’s law, such that an increase in household income is related to a decrease in the proportion allocated to food items by a typical household within a district. It was found that the relationship between household income and food expenditure does not vary across districts. The finding also pointed out that the district context matters because the district’s average household income significantly explains the share of food expenditure at the household level.

Profit functions of catfish farming for increasing household income in Pekanbaru City Riau Province

The profit of catfish farm is a description of performance of the business, where the profit is determined by output and inputs price. This study aims to analyze of catfish farm profits and determinants of catfish farm profits. This study used a survey method, located in Pekanbaru City. The research data are cross section data what was obtained by using the inverview method, The sampling method used simple random sampling method with 98 catfish farmers, Data analysis used statistical analysis with multiple linear regression. There are several findings: First, catfish farms in Pekanbaru City is profitable. Second, the catfish price, labor wages, feed price PF 1000 depresiation costs are significantly to affect profits, but the price of seed and feed PF 800 do not significantly to effect it. The Third, catfish price s responsive to changes in profit of catfish farm. This is means to changes catfish prices have a major impact on changes in catfish farm profits. However, labor wages, feeds and depreciation cost are not responsive to farm profits. This study recommends that the output price policy is very important for the sustainability of this business.

Perspective of increasing value added of waste in integrated rice-livestock system on irrigated land agroecosystem

The farmers’ welfare has still the main milestone in agricultural development. Farmers are faced with a lack of access to productive assets that are managed as a source of income. The knowledge and technology owned by farmers in order to manage limited resources of farms and anticipate climate change are also still limited, causing a problem in increasing productivity, low efficiency, and added value of farming. Meanwhile, abundant plant and livestock waste have not been utilized optimally. This study aimed to determine the perspective of increasing the added value of plant and livestock waste as a bio-industrial farming system based on rice-livestock integration in irrigated land agroecosystems. The research was conducted in Setanggor Village, West Praya District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara from 2015-2020. The results of the study indicate that the processing of livestock waste into organic fertilizer has become a new source of income for farmers and workers and contributes to increasing household income to meet the minimum necessities of life. The use of organic fertilizer from livestock waste for 1-2 t ha-1 in rice farming can increase productivity by an average of 13.11% and farm efficiency by an average of 9.25%, providing additional income to farmers cooperator compared to noncooperator farmers by about IDR.3.638.360 ha-1 (23.73%). The processing and utilization of straw waste into animal feed can overcome the scarcity of feed in the dry season and provide daily weight gain of 0.58-0.69 kg. day-1. The development of a bio-industry farming system based on rice-livestock integration in an irrigated agroecosystem can increase farmers’ income in a sustainable manner.

Welfare implications of participating in agri‐value chains among vegetable farmers in Northern Ghana

AbstractThis study investigates the welfare implications of agri‐value chain participation utilizing data collected from 423 smallholder vegetable farmers in northern Ghana. The endogenous switching regression (ESR) model estimates the determinants of agri‐value chain participation and their associated impacts on farmers' welfare, measured by household income and consumption expenditure. The ESR model accounts for selectivity bias associated with observed and unobserved factors. We find that agri‐value chain participation improves vegetable farmers' welfare. Participation significantly increases household income and consumption expenditure by about 22% and 40%, respectively. Our results also reveal that agri‐value chain participation is significantly determined by education, household size, mobile phone ownership, irrigation, farm size, farmer group membership, and extension visits. Variables such as education, access to irrigation, farm size, access to credit, farmer group membership, and extension are the significant determinants of farmers' welfare [EconLit Citations: D24, Q12, Q18].

EMPOWERMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF FAMILY WELFARE GOVERNMENT PROGRAM FOR COUPLES WITH DISABILITIES AURA LENTERA BANYUWANGI

This research aims to overcome the problem of Empowerment and Inmprovement of Family Welfare for Couples with Disabilities Aura Lentera Banyuwangi. The purpose of this research is to overcome the problems of Partner Problems, namely there is still no continuity of empowerment programs carried out by the government for family couples with disabilities. Generally, training is only for persons who are still in their teens or in school. Some Based on these data, other problems can be identified as follows: 1. Many women and wives with disabilities become the main support for the family and help their husbands who have disabilities; 2. There are several couples, in general there are dominant partners who both have limitations as persons with disabilities, both husband and wife; 3. There is still a lack of Family Economic empowerment programs for people with visual impairments and other disabilities for people who are already married; 4. Lack of Accessibility Welfare Program for families with visual impairments and people with other visual impairments is still rare; 5. Pro-disability government policy programs. However, this information has not yet arrived or has not been reached by persons with disabilities; 6. Problems with limitations in improving the economy and family welfare of spouses with disabilities; 7. Government programs that have been made for all components of society are not yet accessible, especially for vulnerable groups, especially people with disabilities, both visually impaired and other handicapped; 8. Accessibility of information on economic empowerment and education is still not easily accessible to persons with disabilities, especially the visually impaired; 9. There is no family economic empowerment starting from family spiritual development; 10. Education is still rare in maintaining environmental cleanliness and health with healthy and halal eating patterns; 11. There has been no special socialization for groups of people with families who are already married to exercise regularly to be healthy and avoid various kinds of diseases; 12. Training is still rare in accordance with the limitations and competencies possessed by persons with disabilities, both visually impaired and other handicapped. Just a little like massage training. Forms of business skills to increase household income, such as home industry business skills to date are making cakes, and salted eggs. As well as some visually impaired persons who have vocal abilities and are members of the Al Mumtaz MSME arts community, which have not been accommodated in a sustainable manner. The solutions offered are 1. By holding a socialization of government programs for the disabled, inviting BLK and Welfare of the Banyuwangi Regency Government to share discussions; 2. Family economic empowerment, family spiritual development, self-actualization motivation in the fields of education, health, economy; 3. Socialization of healthy living, healthy and halal eating patterns; 4. Community motivation; 5. Accessibility of information on empowerment programs The output targets to be achieved are increased understanding of training participants, increased accessibility of Banyuwangi district government programs and hopes for improving the welfare of families with persons with disabilities; publication of online media and print media, compiling articles related to service in the form of national journals, photos and videos of activity documentation.Keywords: Empowerment; Accessibility; Women's Welfare; Government Program; Aura Lantern

&lt;p&gt;An Analysis of the Impact of Urban Married Women's Employment on Household Consumption&lt;/p&gt;

The realistic problem of the continuous downturn of Chinese residents' consumption has a long history. The tsunami like covid-19 has further worsened the consumption situation of the Chinese people. Using the questions and contents of the "Japan Household Panel Survey" (JHPS) questionnaire of Keio University, and taking the employment rate of other married women with the same income level in the same community as a tool variable, this paper empirically examines the impact of urban married women's employment on household consumption. The results show that the employment of married women in cities and towns significantly increases household consumption; Through the verification of the mechanism, it is found that the increase of total household income and the increase of marginal propensity to consume are important mechanisms for married women to obtain employment to promote urban household consumption, in which the increase of income plays a greater role in the improvement of low-income household consumption, and the increase of marginal propensity to consume plays a greater role in the improvement of high-income household consumption; The employment of married women has a positive impact on all kinds of household consumption, but it plays a greater role in promoting developmental consumption.

Market integration, income inequality, and kinship system among the Mosuo of China.

Increased access to defensible material wealth is hypothesised to escalate inequality. Market integration, which creates novel opportunities in cash economies, provides a means of testing this hypothesis. Using demographic data collected from 505 households among the matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo in 2017, we test whether market integration is associated with increased material wealth, whether increased material wealth is associated with wealth inequality, and whether being in a matrilineal vs. patrilineal kinship system alters the relationship between wealth and inequality. We find evidence that market integration, measured as distance to the nearest source of tourism and primary source of household income, is associated with increased household income and 'modern' asset value. Both village-level market integration and mean asset value were associated negatively, rather than positively, with inequality, contrary to predictions. Finally, income, modern wealth and inequality were higher in matrilineal communities that were located closer to the centre of tourism and where tourism has long provided a relatively stable source of income. However, we also observed exacerbated inequality with increasing farm animal value in patriliny. We conclude that the forces affecting wealth and inequality depend on local context and that the importance of local institutions is obscured by aggregate statistics drawn from modern nation states.

PKM Peningkatan Mutu Dan Produksi VCO Tradisional Pada Industri Rumah Tangga di Desa Baumata Kecamatan Taebenu Kabupaten Kupang

Community groups of farmers and plantation workers picking old coconuts are only sold in the market in raw form. They have not received an empowerment program in processing agricultural and plantation products. On the other hand, there are small household businesses that produce VCO with simple equipment, manually and by hand, so that production capacity is limited. They have not received science and technology assistance from universities. This service program (PKM) is located in Baumata Village. The purpose of PKM is to increase the potential of agricultural products as products that increase household income, which leads to an increase in community welfare. PKM is carried out by providing a grating machine and squeezing equipment. The activity stages are activity planning and partner survey, intervention, counseling and advice. This PKM increases the added value and selling value of coconut products. The fruit picked from coconut trees ranges from 10-40 seeds per day sold at a price of Rp. 3,000. Average income in the range of Rp. 30,000.00 - Rp. 100,000.00. Empowerment of community groups and small household businesses provides added value in terms of income and increases the welfare of farmers. Coconut is produced into VCO. VCO products are sold in 250 mL packages for Rp. 50.000,00 then farmers get added value and product processing value. 40 coconut seeds produced into VCO will produce 5000 mL of VCO equivalent to 20 bottles of 250 mL VCO or Rp. 1,000,000. Empowerment of this community group has the ability to produce VCO products quickly, easily, simply, has good sanitation and quality production, has P-IRT labeling and permits to be marketed as a family or group business. This increases family income and provides economic value for coconut products.