Imperative Sentences Research Articles

Imperative Sentences that Employ Give-and-Receive Verbs and Politeness

Imperative Sentences that Employ Give-and-Receive Verbs and Politeness

Obligation and Aspect

‘Fred must open the door’ concerns Fred’s obligations. This obligative meaning is turned off by adding aspect: ‘Fred must have opened/be opening/have been opening the door’ are one and all epistemic. Why? In a nutshell: obligative ’must’ operates on procedural contents of imperative sentences, epistemic ‘must’ on propositional contents of declarative sentences; and adding aspect converts procedural into propositional content.

Politeness in Adaptation of Persian Multimodal Texts: The Case of “Half Life2”Videogame

Audiovisual translation is a different form of translation in that visual aspects of an image need to be taken into consideration. The aims of the current study were 1) investigating the factors of using adaptation strategy in Persian translation of “Half life 2” and 2) identifying the ideologies that the use of adaptation strategy factors indicates in the society. To this end, first a corpus of expressions of a videogame called “Half life 2” and their Persian translations were selected and analyzed. Then, according to (Bastin's, 2005) adaptation model, adaptation strategy factors were identified. Finally, the ideologies that the use of adaptation strategy factors indicates in the current society were recognized. The findings revealed that in addition to the adaptation factors in (Bastin's, 2005) model, politeness was also regarded as an adaptation strategy factor. The reasons for using politeness were “euphemism” and “showing power”. The findings indicated that since videogames are deductive (as cited in Orero, 2004), euphemism has been used as a way to regard politeness in adaptation strategy. The findings also showed that translating the expressions into imperative sentences in the translation of the videogames represent the power of the main character.

Trauma Rules 2 Incorporating Military Trauma Rules

This short, but important, text provides a succinct and systematic approach to management of the seriously injured patient. It takes a novel approach, as stated in the first edition published in 1997. In the preface, the editors write: ‘Learning should be fun, and this book is designed to be fun to read’. The editors have most certainly succeeded in this ambition. The text is unusual in layout and style. The editors and authors make use of short and imperative sentences, perhaps exposing the military background of the principal authors! The editors and authors are highly experienced and are accepted experts in their field. This gives the work an authoritative edge. The 70 rules are presented in an engaging and easily readable style. An evidence base is presented for each rule, where such evidence exists. The new edition includes rules for managing military trauma - so appropriate in the current world climate. For example, rules 2 and 3 describe the unique pathophysiology and austerity associated with military injury and will better inform civilian colleagues managing terrorist injury at home or when they deploy with humanitarian aid agencies to conflict environments. The work is divided into sections laid out chronologically, covering the period before patient arrival, the general approach to the trauma patient, initial assessment and resuscitation, and concluding with rules covering investigation and definitive care. A common approach for each rule is used and each rule is numbered. The reason for the rule is succinctly described; there follows a list of exceptions, if any exist. Diagrams, tables and clinical photographs are used to reinforce rules where appropriate. The work is short and easy to read. The entire work could be read in full at one sitting but can be delved into piecemeal on a case-bycase basis. A very small bit of nitpicking: rule 54 states ‘a tension pneumothorax cannot be diagnosed on a chest X-ray’. Perhaps that should read ‘a tension pneumothorax should not be diagnosed on a chest X-ray – the diagnosis is clinical’. This book succeeds in its stated aims. It provides a useful book for the pocket of those working in emergency rooms or in the field setting of a war or natural disaster.

Fundamental frequency movements in one-word imperatives

F0 contours in Spanish declarative and imperative sentences have traditionally been described as identical and it has not been until recently that several phonetic variables have been identified as markers of imperativity. These include higher overall F0s, early peak alignments in pre-nuclear pitch-accents, upstepped nuclear pitch-accents and marginal use of high boundary tones. Since previous analyses have concentrated on utterances with multiple pitch-accents, not much is know about productions with just one word. This study focuses on one-word utterances given the tendency of imperatives to be short and taking into account that some of the aforementioned phonetic markers cannot be used with a sole pitch-accent. The analysis of 117 declarative sentences and 256 imperatives produced by eight Spanish speakers demonstrated that in cases where declaratives and imperatives share the same contour (L+>H*L%), the latter tend to have higher F0 peaks (Wilcoxon signed-rank test; p<0.000). Besides, 32.4% of the imperatives showed F0 contours ending in high boundary tones, a marker not used in declaratives and only marginally found in imperatives with multiple pitch-accents. Current findings suggest that when segmental material limits F0 movements, speakers look for alternative phonetic strategies to distinguish between declaratives and imperatives.

Relationship Between Speech Intelligibility and Speech Comprehension in Babble Noise.

The authors investigated the relationship between the intelligibility and comprehension of speech presented in babble noise. Forty participants listened to French imperative sentences (commands for moving objects) in a multitalker babble background for which intensity was experimentally controlled. Participants were instructed to transcribe what they heard and obey the commands in an interactive environment set up for this purpose. The former test provided intelligibility scores and the latter provided comprehension scores. Collected data revealed a globally weak correlation between intelligibility and comprehension scores (r = .35, p < .001). The discrepancy tended to grow as noise level increased. An analysis of standard deviations showed that variability in comprehension scores increased linearly with noise level, whereas higher variability in intelligibility scores was found for moderate noise level conditions. These results support the hypothesis that intelligibility scores are poor predictors of listeners' comprehension in real communication situations. Intelligibility and comprehension scores appear to provide different insights, the first measure being centered on speech signal transfer and the second on communicative performance. Both theoretical and practical implications for the use of speech intelligibility tests as indicators of speakers' performances are discussed.

An Arabic Natural Language Interface System for a Database of the Holy Quran

In the time being, the need for searching in the words, objects, subjects, and statistics of words and parts of the Holy Quran has grown rapidly concurrently with the grow of number of Moslems and the huge usage of smart mobiles, tablets and lab tops. Because, databases are used almost in all activities of our life, some DBs have been built to store information about words and surah of Quran. The need for accessing Quran DBs became very important and wide uses, which could be done through database applications or using SQL commands, directly from database site or indirectly by a special format through LAN or even through the WEB. Most of peoples are not experienced in SQL language, but they need to build SQL commands for their retrievals. The proposed system will translate their natural Arabic requests such as questions or imperative sentences into SQL commands to retrieve answers from a Quran DB. It will perform parsing and little morphological processes according to a sub set of Arabic context-free grammar rules to work as an interface layer between users and Database.

HOW DOES THE WRITER SAVE THE READER'S FACE? (Descriptive Study at Using Face Concept in Politeness Strategy in some Notices in Singapore)

Giving command to other people should consider many things: choice of word, context of situation and social context. Those can help us, both as speaker or writer, avoid the rudeness and threaten other’s face. This paper is intended to take term ‘politeness’ into account within some examples of sentences formed in notices. The samples are taken from two different places in Singapore: in a guest house and in mosque. Those notices are analyzed using ‘face’ concept by showing the strategy used by the writer in both places. The result shows the writers from the two places use different strategy in commanding the reader. At guests house, the writer uses indirectness and give positive face to the reader. In this point, the writer tries to be close to the reader, decrease the distance between them. In the other side, the notices found in a mosque use imperative sentence. This form of sentence contains directive, asking the reader to do something directly. Based on the form and content of sentences in those notices, the readers will be potentially threatened. For that reason, the writer does FTA in most of notices.

치과위생사가 경험하는 언어폭력과 그에 따른 정서적 반응 및 이직의도와의 관계

치과위생사가 경험하는 언어폭력 정도에 대하여 조사하고, 언어폭력과 그에 따른 정서적 반응 및 이직의도와의 관계를 파악함으로써 치과위생사의 언어폭력 대처방안을 개발하고 치과위생사의 업무수행을 향상시키기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 대상자는 부산광역시에 소재한 치과병의원에 근무하고 있는 치과위생사 257명을 직접 방문하여 2014년 5월 17일부터 5월 31일까지 자료 수집하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같다. 환자 보호자에 의한 언어폭력 결과 나에게 반말을 한 적이 있다 80.5%였으며, 6개월 동안 1~2회 정도 언어폭력에 노출되어 있었다. 동료 선후배 치과위생사에 의한 언어폭력 결과 나에게 반말을 한 적이 있다 52.1%였고, 1주일 1~2회 20.2%로 나타났다. 치과의사에 의한 언어폭력 결과 나에게 반말을 한 적이 있다 47.5%, 나에게 강압적인 명령조로 말을 한 적이 있다 34.6%로 나타났다. 환자 보호자의 언어폭력 <TEX>$2.93{\pm}1.37$</TEX>, 동료 선후배 치과위생사의 언어폭력 <TEX>$2.37{\pm}1.64$</TEX>, 의사에 의한 언어폭력 <TEX>$2.28{\pm}1.61$</TEX> 순으로 언어폭력 중 가장 높게 나타났다. 환자의 언어폭력에 대해서 연령, 학력이 높을수록 기혼자일수록 언어폭력이 높은 것으로 나타났고 동료 치과위생사의 언어폭력에서는 연령이 낮을수록 미혼일수록 이직경험이 없을수록, 의사의 언어폭력에서는 미혼일수록 이직경험이 없을수록 언어폭력이 높게 나타났다. 이직의도 수준의 전체 평균은 3.06점으로 나타났으며, 언어폭력 후 정서적 반응, 이직의도(p<0.001)와도 유의한 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. '다른 곳으로 옮기고 싶다고 생각한 적이 있다' 3.11점으로 가장 높은 이직의도를 보였고, '다른 근무지를 찾는 것은 쉬운 일이다' 3.05점으로 가장 낮은 이직의도 수준을 보였다. 4. 나이와 환자의 언어폭력과는 상관관계(p<0.01)가 있었고, 환자의 언어폭력과 동료 간의 언어폭력, 치과의사의 언어폭력은 모두 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.001). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 치과위생사의 언어폭력 경험이 정서적 반응과 이직의도를 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 언어폭력을 감소시키기 위한 안전한 근무환경과 행정적 제도 마련이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of verbal violence against dental hygienists, their emotional reaction and the relation between their intention of job transfer and verbal violence so that it could offer the basic data for developing the way how to cope with verbal violence and for improving their performance. Two hundred fifty-seven dental hygienists working for dentists' in Busan were interviewed from May 17 to 31, 2014 to collect data, of which analysis was as follows: 1) As a result of verbal violence done by patients and their guardians, 80.5% said that they experienced crude language with 17.5% forceful and imperative sentence, and 13.2% ignorant statements about their job. They were exposed to verbal violence once or twice every 6 months. As a result of researching verbal violence of co-working senior or junior hygienists, 52.1% answered that their co-working senior or junior hygienists talked crude language and 38.1% said their co-workers happened to say crude language to them. The crude language experience was relatively high as 20.2% and once or twice a week. As a result of verbal violence done by dentists, 47.5% said that they've heard crude language and 34.6% said that they experienced forceful and imperative sentence. 2) The overall average of the intention to transfer their job was <TEX>$3.06{\pm}1.03$</TEX>, while the highest intention of job transfer was <TEX>$3.11{\pm}0.91$</TEX> where they said I have once wanted to transfer my job. 3) As a result of seeing the relation among verbal violence, emotional reaction and the intention of job transfer, there was co-relation between verbal violence and the patients' age (p<0.01); there were also co-relation between verbal violence of patients, co-workers and dentists (p<0.01). There was also significant relation between emotional reaction on verbal violence and their intention of job transfer (p<0.001).

KALIMAT IMPERATIF DALAM BAHASA JAWA

The language system in this world has universality. It means, every language has some element in common. As in the case of the structure of the sentence or sentences diversity. Javanese language has a diversity sentence similar to other languages. There is imperative sentence or order sentence in Javanese language. This sentence is spoken by speakers in order to get a reaction or response from the opponent speaker. Responses are expected to both verbal and nonverbal. The data taken from the mass media such as magazine or newspaper that is written by Javanese language. In addition, the data is also collected verbally from informants and other data generated creativelly by the writer as native speaker of Javanese language. The results obtained are, there are five characteristics that mark imperative sentence in the Javanese language, namely (1) the written sentence marked with (!), (2) the oral sentence intonation pattern [2] 3 # or [2] 3 2 # , (3) ended by -en, -a, -ana, or -na on his P, (4) can be given a pointer word commands like come, sumonggo, monggo, try, and (5 ) intonation is the main characteristic of imperative sentences. The second conclusion is that there are several markers in the Javanese language imperative sentence that P ended by -en, -a, -ana, or -na and use markers in the form of pointer commands like come, sumonggo, monggo, try . The third conclusion is that there are four categories of the order sentence in the Javanese language as submitted by Ramlan.

$$\hbox {F}_{0}$$ F 0 contour generation and synthesis using Bengali Hmm-based speech synthesis system

HMM based Bengali speech synthesis system (Bengali-HTS) generates highly intelligible synthesized speech but its naturalness is not adequate even though it is trained with a very good amount of speech corpus. In case of interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences, naturalness of the synthesized speech falls drastically. This paper proposes a method to overcome this problem by modifying the $$\hbox {F}_{0}$$F0 contour of synthetic speech based on Fujisaki model. The Fujisaki model features for different types of Bengali sentences are analyzed for the generation of $$\hbox {F}_{0}$$F0 contour. These features depend on prosodic word/phrase boundary of the sentence. So a two layer supervised classification and regression tree is trained to predict the prosodic word/phrase boundary. Fujisaki model then generates $$\hbox {F}_{0}$$F0 contour from input text using the prosodic word/phrase boundary and segmental duration information from HMM-based speech synthesis system. Moreover, for HMM training purpose, prosodic structure of sentence has been employed rather than lexical structure. From MOS and preference test it is found that proposed method significantly improved the overall quality of synthesized speech than that of Bengali-HTS.

BERTUTUR SANTUN MELALUI TTL

Abstract Courtesy ( politeness ) is one of the recalled strategies to maintain good relations between speaker and hearer . In this study, politeness is defined as the awareness of speakers will image the hearer; a concept called ‘the face’ (Brown and Levinson, 1987). To express politeness, one of which is realized with indirect speech act (TTL), for example, to declare a function directive, speakers can use direct speech (TL) with the imperative sentences and use TTL with declarative or interrogative sentences. This study aims to find a form of directive utterances in Japanese as well as politeness strategies. The benefit of this research is to provide choice to the learner how to speak Japanese, especially for express orders using TTL. Data obtained through the identification process to find speech that is suspected to contain commands mean. This step begins by identifying and marking the discourse in the form of dialogues that contains the event said directive . Directive speech is then transcribed (romanization) , which over the alphabet of Japanese characters into Latin letters. After transcription, triangulation to native speakers. Subsequently translation (transliteration) of the Japanese language as the source language (BS) into the Indonesian language as the target (BT). The translation process includes : (1) translation literally, is glossed words each forming the speech or discourse; (2) a free translation, the translation is bound context that focuses on BT. This is done so that the translation is communicative. Based on the results of the study found seven forms of expression TTL directive to express politeness in Japanese , namely : Form [ VTE ] , [ ~ mashō ] , [ ~ kara ] , [ ~ te hoshii ] , [ ~ yattorun ? ] , [ ~ U / yo ] , and [ ~ yoni suru shikanai ] . Keywords : command ; TTL ; politeness ; directive ; imperative

THE GENRE ANALYSIS OF FOOD LABEL FOR SUPPORTING SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES TO JOIN INTERNATIONAL TRADES

Label is necessary for trades and education. In business world, one of the requirements that should be fulfilled by the owner of industries or Small and Medium enterprises to go international is label. In education, how to make label should be taught as the students of economics faculty are encouraged to become enterpreneurs. This study focuses on the analysis of food label genre. It aims to explain how the stages of food label under study are structured, what stages of food label have in common, and how persuasion, and information is realized. Generic analysis based on social function and systemic functional analysis are used for analyzing thirty food labels as data. In selecting the data, random sampling technique was implemented. Thirty two stages were found in the food labels. However, there was not any label under the study that have the same order of stages. The realization of persuasion, product identification and information were word group, word group and numbers, declarative sentences, and imperative sentences.

Kokborok: A Major Tribal Language of Tripura

Kokborok: A Major Tribal Language of Tripura

The morpho-syntactic status of ne and its effect on the syntax of imperative sentences

ABSTRACTThis article argues that there is compelling evidence that French ne, even in dialects that still have this particle, is no longer negative, does not determine the scope of negation with respect to other operators, does not have properties of a head (optionality), and therefore cannot be analysed as the head of NEGP in Modern Standard French. Rather, ne should be considered as an affix merged to a Tense projection (TNSP) endowed with sub-label features of polarity. This article argues that this proposal provides a unified solution for the distributional properties of ne in finite and non-finite contexts alike. It especially provides an explanation for the structure of French negative imperatives, which are characterised by the proclisis of argument clitics (ne le prends pas ‘don't take it’), crucially linked to properties of Tense, as opposed to their enclisis in positive imperatives (prends-le ‘take it’) and in spoken registers where ne is absent (prends-le pas ‘don't take it’).

PEMEROLEHAN KALIMAT BAHASA INDONESIA ANAK USIA EMPAT TAHUN DUA BULAN (4;2) (STUDI KASUS PADA SEORANG ANAK)

This study was conducted to describe the following: (1) declarative sentence patterns children aged four years and two months, (2) the pattern of interrogative sentences children aged four years and two months, (3) pattern imperative sentence children aged four years and two months.This research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. The data of this study is the pattern of declarative sentences, interrogative, and imperative children aged four years and two months. Data sources of this study is the speech act olds four years and two months. The methods used to collect the data of this study are proficient method, see, observations and supported by observation and recording techniques. The types of sentences in terms of the syntactic form be spoken by children ages 4;2 consists of sentences declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Declarative sentence patterns in terms of syntactic function be spoken children ages 4;2 which is the Subject (S), the Subject-Predicate (S-P), Predicate-Object (P-O), Predicate (P), Predicate-Subject (P-S), Subject-Predicate-Object (S-P-O), Subject-Predicate-Complement (S-P-Pel), Subject-Description (S-Ket) and Subject-Predicate-Deskription (S-P-Ket). Interrogative sentence patterns that be spoken children ages 4;2 is a pattern of what, who, when, where, why, and how. Imperative sentence patterns children ages 4;2 sent is to use patterns, encourage, hope, and banned.

Bocheński on authority

Jozef Maria Bochenski introduced an important distinction between deontic and epistemic authority. A typical example of epistemic authority is the relation of a teacher to his students; a typical example of deontic authority is the relation between an employer and his employee. The difference between the two lies in domains of authority: declarative sentences make up the domain in the case of epistemic authority, orders—in the domain of deontic authority. In the article, I analyze in detail the concepts of the two kinds of authority and propose some new explications. The concept of epistemic authority is distinguished from the concept of infallibility and expertise; and the concept of deontic authority is distinguished from the concept of sovereign. I interpret various kinds of deontic authority in the light of the theory of imperative sentences. The concepts of gradation and de-gradation of authority are introduced and explicated.

KARAKTERISTIK BAHASA INDONESIA ORANG MINANGKABAU

The Indonesian is multi spoken languages society. Besides speaking with the official language (bahasa Indonesia), they also speaking in their own mother language. The use of local languages or the mother tongue is preferably as second language. Therefore, the acquisition of Indonesian, especially for Minangkabau society is strongly influenced by the structure of the first language. This is called as dialect or style. Slang or style can be seen from the lingual units that used by the speakers of the language. Lingual unit is a unit of language that carries meaning, both lexical and grammatical meaning. Unit lingual include morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and discourse. In addition, there is another element which is the smallest unit in the language, segmental elements (phonemes) and supra-segmental elements (intonation). The results of the data analysis showed that there are some unit lingual speech marking Indonesian Minang people, namely: elements of segmental and supra-segmental elements, phatic, and sentence structure. In term of segmental elements, I have found six phonemes in Minangkabau language that affects Indonesian, phonemes are: /e/, /p/, /s/, /k/, and /j/. Moreover, in supra-segmental elements it appears that there tends to tone up the filler constituent predicate function. In declarative sentences, tone up there on the last syllable. In interrogative sentences, tone up tens to present in interrogative qualifiers. In imperative sentences, the intonation rising filler constituents tend be found in the predicate function, especially on the final syllable.

BENTUK FATIS DALAM BAHASA MELAYU BANGKA

Form of fatis is sign of communication nonformal varians.This paper used linguistic theory with descriptivemethod. This paper will describe the forms of fatis in Bangka Malays. Signed of fatis varians in the BangkaMalays: ah (afektif reject), ayo (let’s), ok (agreement), kek (to make an imperative sentence more polite), mari(come on), and lah (already) and ya (yes, agreement).

Życzenia i winszowanie jako akt mowy

Wishing and congratulating as a speech act&#x0D; The paper attempts to synthesize and revise the views on wishing and congratulating as specific speech acts which are represented in Polish by the performative verbs życzę, życzymy ‘I/we wish’, winszuję, winszujemy ‘I/we congratulate’, by optative formulas based on aspect operators (niech, oby, aby, żeby ‘let’, ‘so that’ &amp;c.), and sometimes also by imperative sentences. It examines the conditions of fortuitousness of the wishes and their illocutive value, and especially the quite questionable honorific function of wishing formulas, and their connection with the linguistic relics of primitive magical thinking. The proposed interpretations emphasize the cultural and pragmatic function of wishes, rooted in history and tradition.